Ahlaki Muhakeme ve Ahlaki Duygu Yüklemede Gelişimsel Dinamikler

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 1, 117 - 131, 27.03.2026

Gamze Er Vargün

https://doi.org/10.11616/asbi.1824112

https://izlik.org/JA45EU46ZY

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amacı 5 ve 9 yaşındaki çocukların ahlaki muhakeme ve ahlaki duygu yükleme becerilerini incelemektir. Bu amaçla 71 çocukla (Ortyaş= 7.14, SSyaş=2.01) ev ortamında çevrimiçi görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Görüşmelerde çocuklara ahlaki kural ihlallerinin olduğu iki farklı hikaye (çikolata çalma ve şeker paylaşmama) sunulmuştur. Çocukların ahlaki muhakeme ve ahlaki duygu yükleme becerileri hikayelerle bağlantılı olarak hazırlanan sorular aracılığıyla ölçülmüştür. Veri analizinde SPSS 21.0 programı kullanılmıştır. Bulgular, araştırmaya katılan çocukların büyük çoğunluğunun ahlaki kural ihlallerini yanlış olarak değerlendirdiği (çikolata çalma: %97, n=69; paylaşmama: %90, n=64) göstermiştir. Kural ihlaline ilişkin çocukların değerlendirmeleri yaşa bağlı olarak farklılaşmazken cinsiyete bağlı olarak farklılaşmıştır. Çocuklar kural ihlallerini ağırlıklı olarak ahlaki muhakeme kategorisi ile açıklamışlardır. Son olarak, çocukların ahlaki duygu yükleme becerileri yaşa ve cinsiyete bağlı olarak farklılaşmıştır. Araştırmanın sonuçları ahlak gelişimindeki gelişimsel farklılıklara dikkat çekmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ahlaki Muhakeme , Ahlaki Duygu Yükleme , Ahlaki Kural İhlali , Erken ve Orta Çocukluk

Developmental Dynamics in Moral Reasoning and Moral Emotion Attribution

https://izlik.org/JA45EU46ZY

Öz

This study examines the moral reasoning and moral emotion attribution abilities of 5- and 9-year-old children. Online home-based interviews were conducted with 71 children (Mage = 7.14, SDage = 2.01). During the interviews, children were presented with two stories involving moral rule violations (stealing chocolate and not sharing candy), and their responses were assessed through related questions. Data were analyzed using SPSS 21.0. Findings revealed that most children judged the violations as wrong (stealing chocolate: 97%, n = 69; not sharing: 90%, n = 64). While evaluations did not differ by age, they varied by gender. Children mainly justified violations using moral reasoning. Moral emotion attribution also differed by age and gender. Overall, the results highlight developmental differences in children’s moral understanding.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Moral Reasoning , Moral Emotion Attribution , Moral Violation , Early and Middle Childhood

Kaynakça

• Armon, C. ve Dawson, T. L. (1997). Developmental trajectories in moral reasoning across the life span. Journal of Moral Education, 26(4), s.433-453. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/0305724970260404
• Benenson, J. F., Gauthier, E. ve Markovits, H. (2021). Girls exhibit greater empathy than boys following a minor accident. Scientific Reports, 11(1), s.7965. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-XXXXX-X
• Chiasson, V., Vera-Estay, E., Lalonde, G., Dooley, J. J. ve Beauchamp, M. H. (2017). Assessing social cognition: age-related changes in moral reasoning in childhood and adolescence. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 31(3), s.515-530, https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2016.1268650
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2. basım). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
• Çelikadam, C., Balım, S., Aktaş, B., Aykaç, B., Karasu, M. ve Cesur, S. (2023). Çocukların gözünden ayıp kavramsallaştırmasının ve ilgili ahlaki duyguların sosyal alan kuramı çerçevesinde incelenmesi. Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi, 11(27), s.117–138. https://doi.org/10.7816/nesne-11-27-08
• Eisenberg, N. (2000). Emotion, regulation and, moral development. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, s.665-697.
• Eisenberg-Berg, N. (1976). The relation of political attitudes to constraint-oriented and prosocial moral reasoning. Developmental Psychology, 12(6), s.552-553.
• Eisenberg-Berg, N. (1979). Development of children’s prosocial moral judgment. Developmental Psychology, 15(2), s.128-137.
• Eisenberg, N. ve Fabes, R. (1998). Prosocial development. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, s.517-540.
• Eisenberg, N., Lennon, R. ve Roth, K. (1983). Prosocial development: A longitudinal study. Developmental Psychology, 19(6), s.846.
• Er-Vargün, G. (2019). Çocuklarda olumlu sosyal davranışın yordayıcıları olarak ahlaki muhakeme, ahlaki duygu ve ebeveyn davranışları. Mersin Üniversitesi, Mersin: Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi.
• Er-Vargün, G. ve Akgün, S. (2024). Maternal hostility, moral reasoning and sharing in children. Current Psychology, 43(9), s.8261-8271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-05019-9
• Fabes, R. A., Carlo, G., Kupanoff, K. ve Laible, D. (1999). Early adolescence and prosocial/moral behavior I: The role of individual processes. Journal of Early Adolescence, 19(1), s.5-16.
• Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G. ve Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39, s.175-191. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
• Field, A. (2009). Discovering Statistics Using SPSS, London: UK.
• Gilligan, C. (1982). In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development. HarvardUniversity Press.
• Gummerum, M., Hanoch, Y., Keller, M., Parsons, K. ve Hummel, H. (2010). Prescholler’s allocations in the dictator game: The role of moral emotions. Journal of Economic Psychology, 31, s.25-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2009.09.002
• Gummerum, M. ve López-Pérez, B. (2020). “You shouldn’t feel this way!” Children’s and adolescents’ interpersonal emotion regulation of victims’ and violators’ feelings after social exclusion. Cognitive Development, 54, s.100874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2020.100874
• Gummerum, M., López-Pérez, B., Ambrona, T., Rodríguez-Cano, S., Dellaria, G., Smith, G. ve Wilson, E. (2016). Children's moral emotion attribution in the Happy Victimizer task: The role of response format. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 177(1), s.1-16.
• Hamlin, J. K., Wynn, K., Bloom, P. ve Mahajan, N. (2011). How infants and toddlers react to antisocial others. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(50), s.19931-19936. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1110306108
• Işıker, Y. ve Sözer, M. A. (2025). The effect of argumentationbased activities on the development of moral reasoning. The Journal of Educational Research, 118(5), s.437-449. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2025.2492271
• Jambon, M., Colasante, T. ve Malti, T. (2021). A longitudinal investigation of the happy victimizer tendency in childhood: A matter of control or care?Developmental Psychology, 57(5), s.689–701. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0001176
• Kanakogi, Y., Miyazaki, M., Takahashi, H., Yamamoto, H., Kobayashi, T. ve Hiraki, K. (2022). Third-party punishment by preverbal infants. Nature Human Behaviour, 6(9), s.1234-1242. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-022-01354-2
• Keller, M., Lourenço, O., Malti, T. ve Saalbach, H. (2003). The multifaced phenomenon of ‘happy victimizers’: A cross-cultural comparison of moral emotions. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 21, s.1-18.  https://doi.org/10.1348/026151003321164582
• Killen, M. ve Dahl, A. (2021). Moral reasoning enables developmental and societal change. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 16(6), s.1209-1225. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691620964076
• Killen, M. ve Smetana, J. G. (2015). Origins and development of morality. Handbook of Child Psychology and Developmental Science, s.1-49.
• Kohlberg, L. (1973). The claim to moral adequacy of a highest stage of moral judgment. The Journal of Philosophy,70(18), s.630-646.
• Kumru, A., Carlo, G. ve Edwards, C. P. (2004). Olumlu sosyal davranışların ilişkisel, kültürel, bilişsel ve duyuşsal bazı değişkenlerle ilişkisi. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 19(54), s.109–125.
• Kumru, A., Carlo, G., Mestre, M. V. ve Samper, P. (2012). Prosocial moral reasoning and prosocial behavior among Turkish and Spanish adolescents. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 40(2), s.205–214. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2012.40.2.205
• Lewis, M. (2008). Self-conscious emotions: Embarrassment, pride, shame, and guilt. L. F. Barrett, M. Lewis ve J. M. Haviland-Jones (Ed.), Handbook of Emotions içinde (ss. 742–756). Guilford.
• Lourenço, O. (1997). Children’s attributions of moral emotions to victimizers: Some data, doubts and suggestions. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 15, s.425-438.
• Malti, T. ve Dys, S. P. (2015). A developmental perspective on moral emotions. Topoi, 34(2), s.453-459. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11245-013-9224-5
• Malti, T., Eisenberg, N., Kim, H. ve Buchmann, M. (2013). Developmental trajectories of sympathy, moral emotion attributions, and moral reasoning: The role of parental support. Social Development, 22(4), s.773-793.  https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12031
• Malti, T., Gasser, L. ve Buchmann, M. (2009). Aggressive and prosocial children’s emotion attributions and moral reasoning. Aggressive Behavior, 35(90), s.90-102.  https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20289
• Malti, T., Gummerum, M. ve Buchmann, M. (2007). Contemporaneous and one-year longitudinal prediction of children’s prosocial behavior from sympathy and moral motivation. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 168, s.277–299. https://doi.org/10.3200/GNTP.168.3.277-300.
• Malti, T. ve Krettenauer, T. (2013). The relation of moral emotion attributions to prosocial and antisocial behavior: A meta-analysis. Child Development, 84(2), s.397-412. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01851.x
• Malti, T. ve Ongley, S. F. (2014). The development of moral emotions and moral reasoning. M. Killen ve J. G. Smetana (Ed.), Handbook of Moral Development içinde (ss.163-183).
• Manzi, F., Peretti, G., Di Dio, C., Itakura, S., Kanda, T., Ishiguro, H., ... ve Marchetti, A. (2025). Cross-cultural moral judgments and emotions in preschoolers: human and robot transgressions in Japan and Italy. Behaviour & Information Technology, 44(10), s.3484-3500. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2025.2477779
• McHugh, M. L. (2012). Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic. Biochemia Medica, 22(3), 276-282.
• Miller, P. A., Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A. ve Shell, R. (1996). Relations of moral reasoning and vicarious emotion to young children's prosocial behavior toward peers and adults. Developmental Psychology, 32(2), s.210-219.
• Nunner-Winkler, G. ve Sodian, B. (1988). Children’s understanding of moral emotions. Child Development, 59(5), s.1323-1338.
• Ongley, S. F., Nola, M. ve Malti, T. (2014). Children’s giving: Moral reasoning and moral emotions in the development of donation behaviors. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 458. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00458
• Piaget, J. (2015). Çocuğun ahlaki yargısı.(Çev. D. İdil). İstanbul: Pinhan Yayıncılık.
• Smetana, J. G. (2006). Social domain theory: Consistencies and variations in children’s moral and social judgments. M. Killen ve J. G. Smetana (Ed.), Handbook of moral development (ss. 119-154) içinde. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
• Turiel, E. (1983). The Development of Social Knowledge: Morality and Convention. Cambridge University Press.
• Turiel, E. (2006). The development of morality. N. Eisenberg (Ed.), Handbook of Child Psychology içinde (6. baskı, Cilt 3: Social, emotional, and personality development; W. Damon, Seri Editörü, ss. 789–857). Wiley.
• Walker, L. J. (1984). Sex differences in the development of moral reasoning: A critical review. Child Development, s.677-691.
• Walker, L. J. (1989). A longitudinal study of moral reasoning. Child Development, s.157-166.
• Walker, L. J. (2006). Gender and morality. M. Killen ve J. G. Smetana (Eds.), Handbook of moral development içinde (ss.93-118). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
• West, S. G., Finch, J. F. ve Curran, P. J. (1995). Structural equation models with nonnormal variables: Problems and remedies. R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural 297 equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications içinde (s. 56–75). Sage Publications, Inc.
• White, C. B. (1975). Moral development in Bahamian school children: A cross-cultural examination of Kohlberg’s stages of moral reasoning. Developmental Psychology, 11(4), s.535-536.
• Zahn-Waxler, C., Cole, P. ve Barrett, K. (1992). Empathy development. Developmental Psychology, 28(1), s.103–115.