Küreselleşmenin Gerilediği Çağda Türk Dünyasının Geleceği: Enerji ve Ulaşım Koridorlarının Birleştirilmesi

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 1, 184 - 210, 27.03.2026

İshak Turan

https://doi.org/10.11616/asbi.1824121

https://izlik.org/JA99XR28HR

Öz

1980’lerde malların, sermayenin, hizmetin ve insanların hızlı ve serbest dolaşımı ile teknoloji ve iletişimdeki büyük ilerlemeler küreselleşmeyi hızlandırmıştır. Diğer taraftan ekonomide koruyucu modellere dönülmeye başlanması, ekonomik yaptırımların artması, ticaret savaşları, gümrük vergilerin yükselmesi ve asimetrik tehditlerin ortaya çıkması “küreselleşmenin gerilemesi” olarak kavramsallaştırılmıştır. Bu doğrultuda çalışmanın amacı, küreselleşmenin giderek zayıfladığı bir çağda, Türk devletlerinin enerji ve ulaşım koridorları üzerinden ortak çıkarlarını nasıl sağlayacaklarını ortaya koymaktır. Çalışmanın bulguları göstermektedir ki Türk devletlerinin coğrafi sınırların ötesinde enerji ve mal ticareti fırsatlarına erişmek, AB ile ilişkileri güçlendirmek ve bölgesel aktörlerin çıkarlarını Türk Birliği'nin çıkarlarıyla uyumlu hale getirmek için çok yönlü bir dış politika geliştirmek üzere birlikte hareket etmelerinin hayati önem taşıdığıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Türk Devletleri teşkilatı , Kuşak ve Yol Girişimi , Orta Koridor , Enerji Koridoru , Küreselleşmenin Gerilemesi

The Future of Turkic World in the Age of Deglobalization: Connecting Energy and Transportation Corridors

https://izlik.org/JA99XR28HR

Öz

The rapid and free movement of goods, capital, services and people, as well as major advances in technology and communication accelerated globalization. However, the return to protective models in the economy, the increase in economic sanctions, trade wars and the rise of tariffs and asymmetric threats have sped up “deglobalization”. Accordingly, the aim of the study is to reveal how the Turkic states can ensure their common interests through energy and transportation corridors in an era of increasingly weakening globalization. The main findings of the study are that it is vital for them to act together to develop a multifaceted foreign policy to access energy and goods trade opportunities beyond geographical borders, strengthen relations with the EU, and align the interests of regional actors with those of the Turkish Union.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Organization of Turkic States , Belt and Road Initiative , Middle Corridor , Energy corridor , Deglobalization

Kaynakça

• Ağır, O., & Aksu, Z. (2024). Efforts for Energy-Based Regionalisation in the Turkic World: The Organization of Turkic States. Bilig, (109), 105–128. https://doi.org/10.12995/bilig.10905
• Akıllı, E., & Kim, Y. (2024). Crafting a Brand from Tradition: An Innovative Public Diplomacy Strategy for the Organization of Turkic States. Bilig, (110), 107–134. https://doi.org/10.12995/bilig.11005
• Akın, C., & Polat, Z. (2024). Türk Devletleri Teşkilatinin Diil Pollitikası. Avrasya Uluslararası Araştırmalar Dergisi, 12(40), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.33692/avrasyad.1394954
• Akyener, O. (2016). Doability Of Trans-Caspian Pipeline And Deliverability Of Turkmen Gas To Turkey & EU. Energy Policy Turkey, (1), 66–75.
• Alperen, Ü. (2018). “One Belt, One Road” Initiative and China’s Central Asian Policy. Bilge Strateji, 10(19), 17–38.
• Altunışık, M. B. (2024). Turkey’s ‘Return’ to Central Asia in a Shifting Global and Regional Context: New Opportunities and Limitations. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 26(5), 716–731. https://doi.org/10.1080/19448953.2024.2308971
• Avdaliani, E. (2024). China Uses Crises to Build Central Asia Influence. Retrieved April 15, 2024, from CEPA website: https://cepa.org/article/china-uses-crises-to-build-central-asia-influence/
• Aydın, M. E., & Liu, Y. (2024a). Organization of Turkic States: Diverse Motivations For A Common Aim. Siyasal: Journal of Political Sciences, 33(1), 35–54. https://doi.org/10.26650/siyasal.2024.33.1363769
• Aydın, M. E., & Liu, Y. (2024b). Organization of Turkic States: Diverse Motivations For A Common Aim. Siyasal: Journal of Political Sciences, 33(1), 35–54. https://doi.org/10.26650/siyasal.2024.33.1363769
• AzeMedia. (2025). The Middle Corridor: A Route Born of the New Eurasian Geopolitics. Retrieved October 4, 2025, from Aze.Media website: https://aze.media/the-middle-corridor-a-route-born-of-the-new-eurasian-geopolitics/
• Babayev, F. (2025). STRATEJİK İŞBİRLİĞİNDE YENİ DÖNEM: AZERBAYCAN-TÜRKİYE EKONOMİK ORTAKLIĞI. SDE Akademi, 5(3), 465–486. https://doi.org/10.58375/sde.1752264
• Baghırov, O. (2022). The Organization of Turkic States’ Economic Potential and Cooperation Prospects among its Members. Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs, 27(1), 53–73.
• Baki, P. M. (2022). Turkic World Vision–2040: A Step Forward for the Resilience of Turkic Cooperation. Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs, 27(1), 26–52.
• Baranyı, T. P. (2022). Hungary’s Role in the Organization of Turkic States as an Observer State: Limitations and Opportunities. PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs, 27(1), 121–136.
• Bay, E., Alimbekov, A., Mete, M., Cücük, E., & Yokuş, E. (2017). “Türk Dünyası Birliği” Algısı. Gazi Akademik Bakış, 11(21), 55–85. https://doi.org/10.19060/gav.379576
• Bayramov, A. (2024). The Green Energy Corridor between the EU and the Caspian Sea: Potential and Challenges. Caucasus Strategic Perspectives, 5(1), 81–96.
• Behera, N. C. (2021). Globalization, deglobalization and knowledge production. International Affairs, 97(5), 1579–1597. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiab119
• Bloomberght. (2025). Türkmen Gazında Vana Açıldı. Retrieved September 29, 2025, from Bloomberght website: https://www.bloomberght.com/iran-dan-turkmenistan-turkiye-gaz-ihracati-basladi-aciklamasi-3743247
• Bohr, A. (2004). Regionalism in Central Asia: New Geopolitics, Old Regional Order. International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-), 80(3), 485–502.
• BOTAS. (2025). Iğdır-Nahçıvan Doğal Gaz Boru Hattı Açıldı. Retrieved September 28, 2025, from https://www.botas.gov.tr/Icerik/igdirnahcivan-dogal-gaz-boru/1086
• Changgang, N. A., Guo. (2023). Türkiye’s Middle Corridor and China’s BRI: Identification and Assessment. Insight Turkey. Retrieved from https://www.insightturkey.com/commentaries/turkiyes-middle-corridor-and-chinas-bri-identification-and-assessment
• Chaziza, M. (2021). China’s New Silk Road Strategy and the Turkish Middle Corridor Vision. Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, 15(1), 34–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/25765949.2021.1881326
• Collins, K. (2009). Economic and Security Regionalism among Patrimonial Authoritarian Regimes: The Case of Central Asia. Europe-Asia Studies, 61(2), 249–281.
• Dator, J., Pratt, D., & Seo, Y. (2006). What Is Globalization? In East Asia and Beyond. Fairness, Globalization, and Public Institutions (pp. 13–18). University of Hawai’i Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv3zp081.5
• Değerli Çifçi, B., & Baycan, T. (2023). Marine Trade and Analysis of the Ports in the Black Sea Economic Cooperation Region. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 23(1), 61–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683857.2022.2096203
• Detchev, T., & Dimitrova, B. (2025). Azerbaijan’s Expansion on the European gas Markets and the Opening of Central Asian Economies to the World. Retrieved from https://journals.uni-vt.bg/dbe/eng/vol5/iss1/art9
• EEAS. (2019). Joint Communication on the EU and Central Asia: New opportunities for a stronger partnership. The Diplomatic Service of the European Union. Retrieved from https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/joint-communication-eu-and-central-asia-new-opportunities-stronger-partnership_en
• EI. (2025). 2025 Statistical Review of World Energy (No. 74). London: Energy Institute. Retrieved from Energy Institute website: www.energyinst.org/statistical-review
• Ereforms. (2024). Invest in Karabakh and Eastern Zangezur. Center for Analysis of Economic Reforms and Communication of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Retrieved from Center for Analysis of Economic Reforms and Communication of the Republic of Azerbaijan website: https://ereforms.gov.az/files/review/pdf/en/9b858ef47fff7f082f61acc60e3f1ffc.pdf
• Ereforms. (2025). Transit Review. Coordinating Council of the Republic of Azerbaijan on Transit Freight. Retrieved from Coordinating Council of the Republic of Azerbaijan on Transit Freight website: https://ereforms.gov.az/files/review/pdf/en/0fa14e275d4d43886e278110b872a7c1.pdf
• European Commission. (2007). The EU and Cenrtal Asia: Strategy for a New Partnership. Council of the European Commission. Retrieved from https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-10113-2007-INIT/en/pdf
• European Commission. (2023). Joint Roadmap for Deepening Ties between the EU and Central Asia. Council of the European Commission.
• European Commission. (2025). Joint Declaration following the First European Union-Central Asia Summit. Council of the European Commission. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/hr/statement_25_980
• F. Rezzan, U. (2023). Türkiye-Azerbaycan-Diplomatik İliskilerinde haydar Aliyev Dönemi: “Tek Millet-İki Devlet.” Karadeniz Uluslararası Bilimsel Dergi, (60), 184–195.
• Faluszczak, M. (2011). New dimensions of globalization. Monthly Labor Review, 30–31.
• Firat, B. (2025). Geopolitics, Infrastructure and Scale-Making in the Southern Gas Corridor. Ethnos, 90(2), 265–286. https://doi.org/10.1080/00141844.2023.2240543
• Furuncu, Y. (2025). Strategic Analysis of the Southern Gas Corridor: SWOT Assessment and Future Prospects in the European Energy Market. Ekonomi İşletme ve Maliye Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(1), 41–56. https://doi.org/10.38009/ekimad.1546023
• Hamzaoğlu, H. (2025). Central Asia and Organization of Turkic States in Hungarian Foreign Policy. Bilig, (114), 25–51. https://doi.org/10.12995/bilig.7873
• Hasanov, R., (Sam), C. for S. R., & Council, T. (2015). The Turkic Council: A Strong Regional Mechanism to Enhance Cooperation in Eurasia (pp. 1–4). Center for Strategic Research (SAM). Retrieved from Center for Strategic Research (SAM) website: https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep05095.3
• Held, D., McGrew, A., Goldblatt, D., & Perraton, J. (1999). Globalization. Global Governance, 5(4), 483–496.
• IRU. (2020). TIR and the Facilitation of Unimpeded Trade for China. The International Road Transport Union. Retrieved from The International Road Transport Union website: https://www.iru.org/system/files/uibe-report-final-en.pdf
• IRU. (2022). IRU Annual Report 2021. The International Road Transport Union. Retrieved from The International Road Transport Union website: https://www.iru.org/system/files/IRU%20Annual%20Report%202021.pdf
• IRU. (2023). IRI Annual report 2023. The International Road Transport Union. Retrieved from The International Road Transport Union website: https://www.iru.org/system/files/IRU%20Annual%20Report%202023.pdf
• IRU. (2025). Making freight truly paperless: E-CMR. Retrieved October 4, 2025, from https://www.iru.org/what-we-do/facilitating-trade-and-transit/e-cmr
• Isik, A. F., & Zou, Z. (2019). China-Turkey Security Cooperation Under the Background of the ‘Belt and Road’ and the ‘Middle Corridor’ Initiatives. Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, 13(2), 278–293. https://doi.org/10.1080/25765949.2019.1605572
• Ismailzade, F. (2024). Connecting Caspian and Black Sea Regions in an Era of Geopolitical Challenges (No. 51; pp. 17–23). European Institute of Romania. Retrieved from https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/300147/1/1885370148.pdf
• James, H. (2018). Deglobalization: The Rise of Disembedded Unilateralism. Annual Review of Financial Economics, 10(Volume 10, 2018), 219–237. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-financial-110217-022625
• Kacowicz, A. M. (1999). Regionalization, Globalization, and Nationalism: Convergent, Divergent, or Overlapping? Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, 24(4), 527–555.
• Karabulut, S. (2021). Medeniyet Dili Olarak Türkçe. Akademi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 8(23), 334–343.
• Keohane, R. O., & Nye, J. S. (2000). Globalization: What’s New? What’s Not? (And So What?). Foreign Policy, (118), 104–119. https://doi.org/10.2307/1149673
• Kim, S. S. (1999). East Asia and Globalization: Challenges and Responses. Asian Perspective, 23(4), 5–44.
• Koçak, M. (2023). Potential of Organization of Turkic States in the International System: Promises and Vulnerabilities. Insight Turkey, 25(4), 115–138.
• Kornprobst, M., & Paul, T. V. (2021). Globalization, deglobalization and the liberal international order. International Affairs, 97(5), 1305–1316. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiab120
• Krapohl, S., & Vasileva-Dienes, A. (2020). The region that isn’t: China, Russia and the failure of regional integration in Central Asia. Asia Europe Journal, 18(3), 347–366. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10308-019-00548-0
• Kussaionava, M. (2025). Kazakistan ve Azerbaycan’dan, Hazar Denizi’nden Taşınan Yük Hacmini 10 Milyon Tona Çıkarma Hedefi. Retrieved October 4, 2025, from https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/kazakistan-ve-azerbaycandan-hazar-denizinden-tasinan-yuk-hacmini-10-milyon-tona-cikarma-hedefi/3506314
• Mehdiyev, E. E. (2025). The Convention on the Legal Status of the Caspian Sea: Losers and Winners. Uluslararası İdil - Ural ve Türkistan Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(1), 14–22. https://doi.org/10.59305/ijvuts.1614837
• Melikova, Z. (2024). Economic Relations of Türkiye with the Turkic States of South Caucasus and Central Asia. Eurasian Research Journal, 6(3), 55–73.
• MfaofAz. (2020). Trilateral Statement of the leaders of Azerbaijan, Russian Federation and Armenia of November 10, 2020. Retrieved October 5, 2025, from Xarici İşlər Nazirliyi website: https://www.mfa.gov.az/index.php/en/category/end-of-the-conflict-in-november-2020-and-post-conflict-situation/xin.gov.az
• MFAofTürkiye. (2025). Türkiye’s relations with TRACECA (Transport Corridor Europe-Caucasus-Asia). Retrieved October 4, 2025, from Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Foreign Affairs website: https://www.mfa.gov.tr/traceca.en.mfa
• MINENERGY. (2025). Joint venture set up for Azerbaijan-Central Asia Green Energy Corridor project. Retrieved September 29, 2025, from Ministry of Energy of Azerbaijan website: https://minenergy.gov.az/en/
• Mussayev, A. (2024). Trans-Caspian International Transport Route. Retrieved October 4, 2025, from https://www.ey.com/en_kz/insights/strategy-transactions/trans-caspian-international-transport-route Naim, M. (2009). Globalization. Foreign Policy, (171), 28–34.
• Nolan, P. (2018). Governing Globalization: China, the Global Economy, and BRI. Horizons: Journal of International Relations and Sustainable Development, (10), 22–41.
• OEC. (2025). Turkmenistan Exports, Imports, and Trade Partners. Retrieved September 30, 2025, from The Observatory of Economic Complexity website: https://oec.world/en/profile/country/tkm
• Osuli Odlu, Q., Amirahmadian, B., & Rezaei Rad, E. (2025). Assessing the Feasibility of the Trans-Caspian Pipeline: Prospects and Constrains. Journal of World Sociopolitical Studies, 9(3), 595–630. https://doi.org/10.22059/wsps.2025.392738.1509
• OTS. (2009). Nakhchivan Agreement. Organization of Turkic States. Retrieved from https://www.turkicstates.org/u/d/basic-documents/nakhchivan-agreement-on-the-establishment-of-the-copperation-council-of-turkic-speaking-states-1-en.pdf
• OTS. (2021). Turkic World Vision 2040. Organization of Turkic States. Retrieved from https://www.turkicstates.org/en/news/turkic-world-vision-2040
• OTS. (2025). Organizations of Turkic States Transport Cooperation. Retrieved October 4, 2025, from Organizations of Turkic States website: https://www.turkicstates.org/en/areas-of-cooperation-detail/4-transport-cooperation
• Patnaik, P. (2016). Globalization and the Impasse of Capitalism. Social Scientist, 44(11/12), 3–14.
• Romanowski, M. (2017). Central Asia, Russia, and China: U.S. Policy at Eurasia’s Core (No. 28). German Marshall Fund of the United States. Retrieved from German Marshall Fund of the United States website: https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep18900
• Sakit, D. (2025). How Azerbaijan and Europe Are Joining Forces to Develop Renewable Energy – Caspian – Alpine Society. Retrieved September 29, 2025, from Caspian—Alpine Society website: https://caspian-alpine.org/how-azerbaijan-and-europe-are-joining-forces-to-develop-renewable-energy/
• SGC. (2024). What Is Southern Gas Corridor? Retrieved September 27, 2025, from https://www.sgc.az/en
• SGC. (2025). Southern Gas Corridor CJSC Delivered Positive Results for the 2023 Fiscal Year. Retrieved September 27, 2025, from https://www.sgc.az/en/news/southern-gas-corridor-cjsc-delivered-positive-results-for-the-2023-fiscal-year
• SOCAR. (2025). SOCAR Türkiye Entegre Raporu 2024. Socar Türkiye. Retrieved from Socar Türkiye website: https://www.socar.com.tr/raporlar
• Steger, M. B., & Wilson, E. K. (2012). Anti-Globalization or Alter-Globalization? Mapping the Political Ideology of the Global Justice Movement. International Studies Quarterly, 56(3), 439–454.
• Tahmazli, E. (2025). Turkic Economic Outlook 2024 (No. 4). Center for Analysis of Economic Reforms and Communication. Retrieved from Center for Analysis of Economic Reforms and Communication website: https://ereforms.gov.az/
• Taş, B., & Beyzatlar, M. A. (2023). The Belt and Road Initiative’s impact on income and consumption within the Organization of Turkic States. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, (38), 19–36. https://doi.org/10.18092/ulikidince.1125706
• TicaretGov. (2024). Türk Devletleri Teşkilatı Üyeleri Arasındaki Ticaret 42 Milyar Dolara Yükseldi. Retrieved October 4, 2025, from Https://ticaret.gov.tr website: https://ticaret.gov.tr/haberler/turk-devletleri-teskilati-uyeleri-arasindaki-ticaret-42-milyar-dolara-yukseldi
• TicaretGov. (2025). Zengezur Koridoru’nda Tarihi Adım. Retrieved October 4, 2025, from T.C. Ulaştırma ve Altyapı Bakanlığı website: https://www.uab.gov.tr/haberler/zengezur-koridoru-nda-tarihi-adim
• Tidwell, A., & Lerche, C. (2004). Globalization and Conflict Resolution. International Journal of Peace Studies, 9(1), 47–59.
• Tolmaç, S. (2025). Çin’den Yola Çıkan Iki Yük Treni Türkiye’den Avrupa’ya Hareket Edecek. Retrieved October 4, 2025, from https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/gundem/cinden-yola-cikan-iki-yuk-treni-turkiyeden-avrupaya-hareket-edecek/3649600
• TPAO. (2025). Offshore Operations of TPAO: Azerbaijan. Retrieved September 28, 2025, from https://www.tpao.gov.tr/en/azerbaijan
• Tukumov, Y. (2023). Kazakhstan’s Strategic Priorities in the Turkic World. Insight Turkey, 25(4), 25–38.
• Turksoy, T. (2025). President Aliyev Highlights Strategic Importance of Zangezur Corridor. Retrieved October 5, 2025, from Caspian News website: https://caspiannews.com/news-detail/president-aliyev-highlights-strategic-importance-of-zangezur-corridor-2025-9-2-0/
• Türkyılmaz, S. (2018). Ismail Gaspıralı ve Rusya Türklerinde Milli Uyanış. İstanbul: Ketebe Yayınları.
• Twillert, N. van, & Vega, S. H. (2023). Risk or opportunity? The Belt and Road Initiative and the role of debt in the China-Central Asia-West Asia Economic Corridor. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 64(3), 365–377. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1080/15387216.2021.2012816
• UNDP. (2024). Global Multidimensional Poverty Index 2024: Poverty Amid Conflict. United Nations Development Program. Retrieved from https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/hdp-document/mpireport2024en.pdf
• Üngör, Ç. (2024). A Bridge No More? Turkiye’s Geopolitical Significance in the Twenty-first Century. Survival, 66(4), 85–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2024.2380199
• Üngör, Ç. (2025). A ‘bridge’ pushed to the periphery?: Turkey’s geopolitical significance in the Asia-Pacific century. Turkish Studies, 26(1), 28–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2024.2391812
• Yaldız, F. (2023). The Political Vision of the Organization of Turkic States: An Analysis of the Turkic World Vision 2040. Eurasian Research Journal, 5(2), 61–79.
• Yazici, E. (2022). Kazakhstan Crisis Exposes Limits of Turkey’s Reach in Central Asia. Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved from Institute for the Study of War website: https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep39688
• Yetkin, G. B. (2023). Marshall Mcluhan’ın “Global Köy” Teorisinden XXI. Yüzyıl Rus Blogger Edebiyatına Bakış: Olga Savelyeva Portakallar. Bir Yetişkinin Dürüst Öyküsü. Mevzu – Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (10), 113–140. https://doi.org/10.56720/mevzu.1312281
• Yildiran, M. (2019). The Chinese Vision of BRI and Its Effects on Turkey and West Asia. In J. Syed & Y.-H. Ying (Eds.), China’s Belt and Road Initiative in a Global Context: Volume I: A Business and Management Perspective (pp. 211–234). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14722-8_9
• Zala, S. V. (2012). Globalization and Nation-State. The Indian Journal of Political Science, 73(2), 261–266.