SWEDISH STATE ORDER AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: MANAGEMENT OF WELFARE

Öz

There is no study about Sweden, which is one of the most developed countries of Europe, among Turkish comparative public administration studies. In this descriptive study, which was made by taking this absence into account, Sweden's state structure and organization, elements of public administration and NGOs were analyzed. Considering the historical developments, it is observed that Sweden is the main role model of the Scandinavian countries that emphasize the welfare state understanding. The dualist model of public administration, which is based on strong local governments-small central government and the executive activities of the central government being carried out by autonomous public agencies, is typical. This dualism is unusual for a unitary state, as Sweden, which is not a federated state, has organized its welfare state like a federation. In the country where the separation of powers is fully in effect, the welfare state understanding and strong local governments reduce the share of NGOs in public services, but the widely organized Swedish NGOs maintain their importance in terms of social life and employment.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Sweden
• Welfare State
• Functional Dualism
• NGOs
• Comparative Public Administration.

İSVEÇ DEVLET DÜZENİ VE KAMU YÖNETİMİ HAKKINDA BİR DEĞERLENDİRME: REFAHIN YÖNETİMİ

Öz

Avrupa’nın en gelişmiş ülkelerinden olan İsveç’i, Türkçe karşılaştırmalı kamu yönetimi alan yazınında doğrudan konu edinen az sayıda çalışma bulunmaktadır. Anayasasında sosyal devlet olma ilkesi olan Türkiye için, dünyada bu konuda model kabul edilen İsveç’in kamu yönetimi düzeninin anlaşılması önemlidir. Bu hususları göz önüne alarak yapılan bu betimleyici araştırmada İsveç’in devlet yapısı ve örgütlenmesi ile kamu yönetimine ilişkin unsurları ve STK’ları analiz edilmiştir. Ülkenin güçlü yerel yönetimler-küçük merkezi yönetim ve merkezi yönetimin icrai faaliyetlerinin de özerk kamu ajanslarınca yürütülmesine dayanan düalist kamu yönetimi modeli tipiktir. Ülkenin düalist yapısı üniter bir devlet için sıra dışıdır, federe bir devlet olmayan İsveç refah devletini bir federasyon gibi örgütlemiştir. Ülkede refah devleti uygulamaları ile güçlü yerel yönetimler, STK’larının kamu hizmetlerindeki payını düşürmekte, ancak yaygın örgütlü İsveç STK’ları toplumsal yaşam ve istihdam açısından önemini korumaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İsveç
• Refah Devleti
• İşlevsel Düalizm
• STKlar
• Karşılaştırmalı Kamu Yönetimi.

Kaynakça

1. Akarçay, P. (2015), İsveç'te Yerel Siyaset ve Katılımcılık: Borgare Park Örneği, Akademik Bakış, Sayı 49, s. 383–400.
2. Aufrecht, S. E. (2000), The Ombudsman Office, (Ed. EOLLS), Public Administration and Public Policy Vol II, https://www.eolss.net/Sample-Chapters/C14/E1-34-05-08.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi:04.02.2021).
3. Çınar, Y. ve Göksel, T. (2019), Türkiye’de Yeni Seçim ve Cumhurbaşkanlığı Hükümet Sistemi’ne İlişkin Sayısal Analizler ve Politika Önerileri, TEPAV Yayınları: Ankara.
4. Ekiz, S. (2018), İsveç Anayasası Üzerine Notlar, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt: 20, Sayı: 1, s. 63-124.
5. European Justice (2019), Legal Professions/Sweden, https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/aiddevelopmentcooperationfundamentalrights/annualreportge2019en.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 29.08.2020).
6. Jacobsson, B., Sundströ, G. (2007), Governing State Agencies, Transformations in the Swedish Administrative Model Scores Rapportserie:5. https://www.score.su.se/polopoly_fs/1.26595.1320 939800!/20075.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi:01.02.2021).
7. Jacobsson, B., Pierre, J., Sundström G. (2015), Governing the Embedded State: The Organizational Dimension of Governance, Oxford University Press: NewYork.
8. Goverment Offices of Sweden (2017), Swedish Government Offices Yearbook 2017, https://www.government.se/49c2fc/contentassets/ 13ca34fb7bd24f1c9c4 dc0ac88093992/swedish-government-offices-yearbook-2017.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi:14.08.2020).

9. History of Sweden (2019), Sweden Official Website, https://sweden.se/society/history-of-sweden/, (Erişim Tarihi:01.04.2021).
10. Karlsson, M.ve Engvall G. (2019), Charitable Organisations In Sweden: Overview, https://uk.practicallaw.thomson reuters. com /8-633 0335?transitionType=Default&contextData =(sc.Default)&firstPage=true, (Erişim Tarihi:04.09.2019).
11. Lundström, T. Wijkström F. (1995), Defining the Nonprofit Sector: Sweden, Working Papers of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project No. 16, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Institute for Policy Studies.
12. Lövdén, L, E. (2004), Foreword To The Fifth Revised English Edition, Swedish Local Government Act, Stockholm.
13. Nordic Co-operation (2019), The History of Nordic Co-operation, https://www.norden.org/en/information/history-nordic-co-operation, (Erişim Tarihi:14.12.2020).
14. OECD (2015), Employment In General Government, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933532048, (Erişim Tarihi:16.10.2020).
15. OECD (2018), The Role Of Ombudsman Instıtutıons In Open Government, Working Paper on Public Governance No. 29, https://www.oecd.org/gov/the-role-of-ombudsman-institutions-in-open-government.htm, (Erişim Tarihi:09.09.2019).
16. Pollitt, C. (2012), Politics, Administration and Performance: A Continuing Search, But No One Best Way?, (Edited by Statskontoret), Statskontoret Den Effektiva Staten: En Antologi Fran Statskontoret., Stockholm, s. 117-160, https://repub.eur.nl/pub/40903/ COCOPS%20publication%205.pdf, . (Erişim Tarihi:19.09.2020).
17. Rosenthal, A. H. (1964), The Ombudsman-Swedish "Grievance Man", Public Administration Review, Vol. 24, No. 4, s. 226-230. Sama, T. B. (2012), NGOs and the Implementation of Active Labour Market Policies The Case of Finland and Sweden, University of Jyväskylä: Jyväskylä.
18. Instrument of Government (2015), Sverige Riksdagen https://www.riksdagen.se/en/SysSiteAssets/07.-dokument--lagar/the-instrument-of-government-2015.pdf/, (Erişim Tarihi:04.09.2020).
19. Sveriges Riksdag (2019a), The Fifteen Parliamentary Committees Parties, https://www.riksdagen.se/en/committees/the-15-parliamentary-committees/ (Erişim Tarihi:12.08.2020).
20. Sveriges Riksdag (2019b), Documents and Laws, https://www.riksdagen. se/en/documents-and-laws/, (Erişim Tarihi:12.08.2020).
21. Sveriges Riksdag, (2019c), Makes Laws, https://www.riksdagen.se/en /how- the- riksdag-works/what-does-the-riksdag-do/makes-laws/, (Erişim Tarihi:13.08.2020).
22. Sweden Ministry of Justice (2015), Swedish Juidicial System, Slanders: Stockholm.
23. Swedish Agency for Government Employers (2016), Facts on Swedish Central Government As Employer, https://www.arbetsgivarverket. se/globalassets/avtal-skrifter/skrifter/facts-on-swedish-central-government-as-employer-2015.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi:11.09.2020).
24. Swedish Royal Court (2019a), The Monarchy in Sweden, https://www.kungahuset.se/royalcourt/monarchytheroyalcourt/themonarchyinsweden.4.396160511584257f2180005799.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 01.10.2020).
25. Swedish Royal Court (2019b), Duties of the Monarch, https://www.kungahuset.se/royalcourt/monarchytheroyalcourt/dutiesofthemonarch.4.396160511584257f2180003302.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 01.10.2020).
26. United Nations DPADM (Division for Public Administration and Development Management) (2006), Kingdom of Sweden Public Administration Country Profile, http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/ public/documents/un/unpan023323.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi:20.08.2020).
27. Vamstad, J. (2016), Research on Giving in Sweden, (Eds. Hoolwerf, B. And Schuyt, T.), Giving In Europe, ERNOP Publication, http://ernop.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Giving-in-Europe-country-report-Sweden.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 05.09.2020).
28. Wallstörm, M. (2019), Minister for Foreign Affairs/ Statement of Government Policy In the Parliamentary Debate on Foreign Affairs, https://www.government.se/statements/2017/03/statement-of-government-policy-in-the-parliamentary-debate-on-foreign-affairs-2017/, (Erişim Tarihi:24.08.2020).
29. Worldatlas (2019), European Countries By Population Density, https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/european-countries-by-population-density.html, (Erişim Tarihi:04.09.2019).