Okyanus Kirliliğine Karşı Yeni Bir Finansal Yöntem: Mavi Tahviller

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 1, 421 - 436, 30.03.2023

Yasin Çam

https://doi.org/10.11616/asbi.1216778

Cited By: 1

Öz

Üretim ve tüketim döngüsü üzerine kurulu yaşamsal faaliyetler sonucu ortaya çıkan kirlilik yayılımı, ekosistemi tehdit etmektedir. Kirliliği önleme ve sürdürülebilirlik için uluslararası önleyici politikalar üzerine uzlaşılmıştır. Ancak, ülkelerin ekonomik çıkarları öne sürülerek yapılan anlaşmalara uyulmamaktadır. Bu bağlamda, yeni yöntemler ve alternatif politikalar üretilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, çevre koruma sürecinde alternatif politika olarak önemli bir yer edinen tematik tahvillerin yeni bir türü olan mavi tahvillerin ortaya çıkış süreci, gelişimi ve geleceğinin irdelenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Araştırma, doküman analizi tekniğiyle oluşturulmuş verilere dayalı nitel bir çalışma olarak tasarlanmıştır. Mavi tahvillerin, kamu ve özel sektör tarafından kullanımına yönelik öngörülerin de ele alındığı bu çalışmada çevre koruma sürecinde finansal yöntem olarak mavi tahvillerin kullanımının yaygınlaşmasının beklendiği, okyanuslardaki biyoçeşitliliği korumaya katkı sunacağı, küresel sürdürülebilirlik hedefleri için önemli bir role sahip olacağı ve okyanus ekonomisi ülkelerin ekonomilerinin devamlılığına katkı sunacağı bulgularına ulaşılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Okyanus, Kirlilik, Çevre, mavi tahviller

A New Financial Method Against Ocean Pollution: Blue Bonds

Öz

The spread of pollution, which occurs as a result of vital activities based on the production and consumption cycle, threatens the ecosystem. Agreed on international preventive policies for pollution prevention and sustainability. However, countries do not comply with the agreements made by asserting their economic interests. In this context, new methods and alternative policies are produced. In this study, it is aimed to examine the emergence, development and future of blue bonds, a new type of thematic bonds, which have an important place as an alternative policy in the environmental protection process. The study was designed as a qualitative study based on data created by document analysis technique. In this study, which also deals with the predictions for the use of blue bonds by the public and private sectors; It has been found that the use of blue bonds as a financial method in the environmental protection process is expected to become widespread, it will contribute to the protection of biodiversity in the oceans, it will have an important role in global sustainability goals and the ocean economy will contribute to the continuity of the economies of countries.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ocean, Pollution, Blue Bonds, Environment

Kaynakça

• ADB (2021a). Sovereign Blue Bonds Quick Start Guide. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/731026/adb-sovereign-blue-bonds-start-guide.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 16.03.2022).
• Clifford Chance (2019). Blue Bonds Expanding to The Oceans. https://www.cliffordchance.com/content/dam/cliffordchance/briefings/2019/11/blue-bonds-expanding-to-the-oceans.pdf
• Eren, Z. (2021). Zararlı Alg Patlaması ve Marmara Denizindeki Müsilaj Problemi İlişkisi, Journal of Environmental and Natural Studies, 3(2), s. 203-213.
• Eriksen M, Lebreton L.C.M., Carson H.S., Thiel M., Moore C.J., vd. (2014). Plastic Pollution in the World’s Oceans: More than 5 Trillion Plastic Pieces Weighing over 250,000 Tons Afloat at Sea. PLoS ONE 9(12): e111913. doi:10.1371/ journal.pone.0111913
• Haward, M. (2018). Plastic Pollution Of The World’s Seas And Oceans As A Contemporary Challenge in Ocean Governance, Nature Communications, 9:667, doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-03104-3
• Hoegh-Guldberg, O., vd. (2014). The Ocean. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and 3 Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment 4 Report of the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change [Barros, V.R., C.B. Field, D.J. Dokken, 5 M.D. Mastrandrea, K.J. Mach, T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. 6 Girma, E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea, and L.L. White (eds.)]. 7 Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, United 8 Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, s. 1655-1731.
• https://ourworldindata.org/plastic-pollution (Erişim Tarihi: 15.06.2022).
• https://www.environmental-finance.com/content/the-green-bond-hub/sustainable-bonds-to-exceed-the-trillion-dollar-barrier-in-2022-for-second-consecutive-year.html (Erişim Tarihi: 07.11.2022).
• https://www.statista.com/statistics/1134796/plastic-production-by-industrial-sector-worldwide/ (Erişim Tarihi: 22.11.2022).
• https://www.statista.com/statistics/237584/distribution-of-the-world-population-by-continent/ (Erişim Tarihi: 10.11.2022).
• https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/mar/24/microplastics-found-in-human-blood-for-first-time#:~:text=Microplastic%20pollution%20has%20been%20detected,and%20may%20lodge%20in%20organs. (Erişim Tarihi: 20.11.2022).
• IDB ve UN (2021). Accelerating Blue Bonds Issuances in Latin America and the Caribbean. https://www.idbinvest.org/en/publications/accelerating-blue-bonds-issuances-latin-america-and-caribbean (Erişim Tarihi: 16.03.2022).
• J.A. Ivar do Sul ve M.F. Cost (2014). The Present And Future Of Microplastic Pollution in The Marine Environment. Environmental Pollution, 185, s. 352-364.
• Kavzoğlu, T., Çölkesen, İ., Sefercik, U.G. ve Öztürk, M.Y. (2021). Marmara Denizi’ndeki Müsilaj Oluşumlarının Çok Zamanlı Optik ve Termal Uydu Görüntülerinden Makine Öğrenme Algoritması ile Tespiti ve Analizi. Harita Dergisi, 166, s. 1-9.
• Kelemen, R.D. ve Vogel, D. (2010). Trading Places: The Role of the United States and the European Union in International Environmental Politics, Comparative Political Studies, 43 (4), s. 427-456.
• Landrigan PJ, Stegeman JJ, Fleming LE, Allemand D, Anderson DM, Backer LC, Brucker-Davis F, Chevalier N, Corra L, Czerucka D, Bottein M-YD, Demeneix B, Depledge M, Deheyn DD, Dorman CJ, Fénichel P, Fisher S, Gaill F, Galgani F, Gaze WH, Giuliano L, Grandjean P, Hahn ME, Hamdoun A, Hess P, Judson B, Laborde A, McGlade J, Mu J, Mustapha A, Neira M, Noble RT, Pedrotti ML, Reddy C, Rocklöv J, Scharler UM, Shanmugam H, Taghian G, van de Water JAJM, Vezzulli L, Weihe P, Zeka A, Raps H, Rampal P. (2020). Human Health and Ocean Pollution. Annals of Global Health, 86(1): 151, s. 1–64. DOI: https://doi. org/10.5334/aogh.2831
• Lebreton, L. C. M., vd. (2017). River Plastic Emissions To The World’s Oceans. Nature Communications, 8, 15611 doi: 10.1038/ncomms15611
• Mathew, J. ve Robertson, C. (2021). Shades Of Blue in Financing: Transforming The Ocean Economy With Blue Bonds. Journal Of Investment Compliance, 22(3), s. 243-247.
• Menteşe, Betül (2021), Yeşil Tahvilin Gelişimi ve Türkiye’deki Uygulamaları, Muhasebe ve Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi. 3(1), 94-116.
• Michelle Voyer, Genevieve Quirk, Alistair McIlgorm & Kamal Azmi (2018) Shades Of Blue: What Do Competing Interpretations Of The Blue Economy Mean For Oceans Governance?, Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 20:5, 595-616, DOI: 10.1080/1523908X.2018.1473153
• Morgan Stanley (2019). Blue Bonds: The Next Wave of Sustainable Bonds. https://www.morganstanley.com/ideas/blue-bonds-sustainable-investing-next-wave (Erişim Tarihi: 16.03.2022).
• Najam, A. (2005). Developing Countries and Global Environmental Governance: From Contestation to Participation to Engagement, International Environmental Agreements, 5, s. 303-321.
• Pokazeev, K., Sovga, E., ve Chaplina, T. (2021). Pollution in the Black Sea: Observations About the Ocean’s Pollution, Springer Oceanography; Springer: Switzerland.
• Recalde, A., Lee, H., Jung, J., Ramos, S. (2019). Plastic Flow in Worldwide Context, Technical Report, Institut für Abfall- und Kreislaufwirtschaft, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.29715.22567
• UN (2020a). Blue Bonds Reference Paper for Investments Accelerating Sustainable Ocean Business.
• https://globalcompact.no/app/uploads/2020/06/Blue-Bonds-Reference-Paper-for-Sustainable-Ocean-Investments-2.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 16.03.2022).
• UN (2020b). Practical Guidance to Issue a Blue Bond. https://ungc-communications-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/docs/publications/Practical-Guidance-to-Issue-a-Blue-Bond.pdf
• Van Sebille, E., Spathi, C. ve Gilbert, A. (2016). The Ocean Plastic Pollution Challenge: Towards Solutions in the UK. Grantham Institute Briefing Paper, 19, s. 1–16.
• Vikas, M. ve Dwarakish, G.S. (2015). Coastal Pollution: A Review, Aquatic Procedia 4, 381-388.