Depresyon, Anksiyete, Stres ve Fiziksel Aktivite: Yetişkin Bireyler Üzerine Kesitsel Bir Analiz

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amacı, farklı fiziksel aktivite düzeylerine sahip yetişkin bireylerin anksiyete, depresyon ve stres düzeylerini incelemektir. Araştırmanın verileri, Kişisel Bilgi Formu, Uluslararası Fiziksel Aktivite Anketi-Kısa Form (UFAA-KF) ve Depresyon, Anksiyete, Stres Ölçeği (DASS-21) yoluyla toplanmıştır. Çalışma için gerekli etik kurul izni alındıktan sonra veriler Türkiye'deki 81 ilin 55'inden çevrimiçi yöntemle ve kolayda örnekleme yoluyla toplanmıştır. Araştırmanın örneklemini ölçekleri eksiksiz dolduran 488 yetişkin birey oluşturmuştur. Yetişkin bireylerden elde edilen veriler, SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) 26.0 programı aracılığı ile analiz edilmiştir. Analizler öncesinde, MANOVA testinin yapılabilmesi için gerekli olan varsayımlar ele alınmıştır. Gerekli incelemeler sonrasında verilerin analizinde öncelikle 488 yetişkin bireyin ölçeklere vermiş oldukları cevapların puan ortalamaları doğrultusunda tanımlayıcı istatistikler ve MANOVA testi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmaya katılan bireylerin büyük çoğunluğunun anksiyete (%70,7), depresyon (%64,3) ve stres (%77,5) puan aralıklarının normal düzeylerde olduğu görülmüştür. Bu duruma karşın ileri ve çok ileri düzeyde anksiyete (%11,5), depresyon (%12,3) ve stres (%9,4) puan aralıklarına sahip bireylerin olduğu da görülmüştür. Fiziksel aktivite düzeylerinde ise katılımcıların %56,9’unun (n=278) inaktif ve minimal aktif olduğu görülmüştür. Hipotez test bulguları, inaktif bireylerin anksiyete, depresyon ve stres düzeylerinin anlamlı bir şekilde minimal aktif ve çok aktif gruplarda yer alan bireylerden daha yüksek olduğunu göstermiştir. Sonuç olarak, yetişkin bireyler için fiziksel aktivite ile negatif duygular arasında güçlü bir bağ olduğu söylenebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Anksiyete
• Depresyon
• Fiziksel Aktivite
• Stres

Depression, Anxiety, Stress and Physical Activity: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Adults

Abstract

The study aimed to examine the anxiety, depression, and stress levels of adults with different physical activity levels. The data of the study were collected through the Personal Information Form, International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF) and Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS-21). After obtaining the necessary ethics committee approval for the study, data were collected from 55 of 81 provinces in Turkey by online method and convenient sampling. The sample of the study consisted of 488 adult individuals who filled the scales completely. Data obtained from adult individuals were analysed by using the SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) 26.0 program. Before the analyses, the assumptions required for the MANOVA test were discussed. After the necessary examinations were performed, descriptive statistics and the MANOVA test were used in the analysis of the data regarding the mean scores of the answers given by 488 adult individuals to the scales. Most of the individuals participating in the study had normal scores for anxiety (70.7%), depression (64.3%) and stress (77.5%). Despite this situation, it was observed that there were individuals with severe and very advanced anxiety (11.5%), depression (12.3%) and stress (9.4%) score ranges. In terms of physical activity levels, 56.9% (n=278) of the participants were found to be inactive and minimally active. The hypothesis test results showed that the anxiety, depression and stress levels of inactive individuals were significantly higher than those in the minimally active and very active groups. As a result, it can be said that there was a strong link between physical activity and negative emotions for adults.

Keywords

• Anxiety
• Depression
• Physical Activity
• Stress

Kaynakça

1. Bailey AP, Hetrick SE, Rosenbaum S, Purcell R, Parker AG. (2017). Treating depression with physical activity in adolescents and young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Psychol Med. 1–20.
2. Biernat, E., Piątkowska, M., & Rozpara, M. (2022). Is the Prevalence of Low Physical Activity among Teachers Associated with Depression, Anxiety, and Stress?. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.
3. Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2013). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
4. Fredrickson, B. L. & Joiner, T. (2002). Positive emotions trigger upward spirals toward emotional well-being. Psychological science, 13(2), 172-175.
5. Hagen, E. H. (2011). Evolutionary theories of depression: A critical review. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 56(12), 716-726. doi: 10.1177/070674371105601203. Hammen, C. L. (2015). Stress and depression: old questions, new approaches. Current Opinion in Psychology, 4, 80–85. doi: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2014.12.024.
6. Hewett, Z. L., Pumpa, K. L., Smith, C. A., Fahey, P. P., & Cheema, B. S. (2018). Effect of a 16-week Bikram yoga program on perceived stress, self-efficacy and health-related quality of life in stressed and sedentary adults: A randomised controlled trial. Journal of science and medicine in sport, 21(4), 352-357.
7. Hu, S., Tucker, L., Wu, C., & Yang, L. (2020). Beneficial effects of exercise on depression and anxiety during the covid-19 pandemic: a narrative review. Frontiers in psychiatry, 11, 587557.
8. Huang Y, Zhao N. (2020). Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a webbased cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Res. 288:112954. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112954.

9. Josefsson, T., Lindwall, M., & Archer, T. (2014). Physical exercise intervention in depressive disorders: Meta-analysis and systematic review. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 24(2), 259–272. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12050.
10. Kandola A, Ashdown-Franks G, Hendrikse J, Sabiston CM, Stubbs B. (2019). Physical activity and depression: towards understanding the antidepressant mechanisms of physical activity. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 107:525–39. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019. 09.040.
11. Keerthi, L. & I. Madhuri. (2020). A Study on Impact of Stress on the Medical Students. IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences, 19(1), 1-3. https://doi.org/10.9790/0853-1901190103.
12. Kline, RB. (2010). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. 3rd ed. New York: Guildford Press.
13. Long, S., Rogers, M., & Gjelsvik, A. (2019). The influence of depression status on weekly exercise in children ages 6 to 17 years. Preventive Medicine Reports, 13, 199–204. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.12.018.
14. Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behaviour research and therapy, 33(3), 335-343.
15. Mammen G, Faulkner G. (2013). Physical activity and the prevention of depression: a systematic review of prospective studies. Am J Prev Med. 45(5):649–57.
16. Martell, C. R., Dimidjian, S., Herman-Dunn, R., Lewinsohn, P. M., & Herman-Dunn, R. (2010). Behavioral activation for depression: A clinican’s guide. New York: Guilford Publications.
17. Mura G, Moro MF, Patten SB, Carta MG. (2014). Exercise as an add-on strategy for the treatment of major depressive disorder: a systematic review. CNS spectrums. 19(6):496–508.
18. Nelson, M. E., Rejeski, W. J., Blair, S. N., Duncan, P. W., Judge, J. O., King, A. C., et al. (2007). Physical activity and public health in older adults: Recommendation from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Circulation, 116, 1094–1098.
19. Netz, Y., Wu, M.-J., Becker, B. J., & Tenenbaum, G. (2005). Physical activity and psychological well-being in advanced age: A metaanalysis of intervention studies. Psychology and Aging, 20(2), 272–284. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.20.2.272.
20. Ozamiz-Etxebarria N, Dosil-Santamaria M, Picaza-Gorrochategui M, Idoiaga-Mondragon N. (2020). Stress, anxiety, and depression levels in the initial stage of the COVID-19 outbreak in a population sample in the northern Spain. Cad Saude Publica. 36:e00054020. doi: 10.1590/0102-311x000 54020.
21. Öztürk, M. (2005). Üniversitede eğitim-öğretim gören öğrencilerde uluslararası fiziksel aktivite anketinin geçerliliği ve güvenilirliği ve fiziksel aktivite düzeylerinin belirlenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara.
22. Pallant, J. (2005). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS for windows. Australia: Australian Copyright. Çev: Balcı ve Ahi, 2017.
23. Rhodes RE, Warburton DE, Murray H. (2009). Characteristics of physical activity guidelines and their effect on adherence: a review of randomized trials. Sports Med. 39:355–75. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200939050-00003.
24. Schuch FB, Stubbs B, Meyer J, Heissel A, Zech P, Vancampfort D, et al. (2019). Physical activity protects from incident anxiety: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Depress Anxiety. 36(9):846–58. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1002/ da. 22915.
25. Schuch FB, Vancampfort D, Firth J, Rosenbaum S, Ward PB, Silva ES, et al. (2018). Physical activity and incident depression: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Am J Psychiatry. 175(7):631–48. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1176/ appi. ajp. 2018. 17111194.
26. Škrlec, I., Talapko, J., Pustijanac, E., & Meštrović, T. (2021, January). Depression, anxiety, stress and physical activity in health-related university students during COVID-19. In Proceedings (pp. 1-6).
27. Soylu, N. B. (2021). Covid-19 pandemisi sürecinin anesteziyoloji ve reanimasyon hekimlerinin depresyon, anksiyete ve stres seviyeleri ile çalışma ve sosyal hayatlarına olan etkisinin değerlendirilmesi.
28. Warburton DE, Nicol CW, Bredin SS. (2006). Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence. CMAJ. 174:801–9. doi: 10.1503/cmaj. 051351
29. WHO (2010). Global recommendations on physical activity for health. Geneva: World Health Organization.
30. WHO. Physical activity. 2018 [cited 15.07.2020]. Available from: https:// www. who. int/ news- room/ fact- sheets/ detail/ physi cal- activity.
31. Wolf, S., Seiffer, B., Zeibig, J. M., Welkerling, J., Brokmeier, L., Atrott, B., & Schuch, F. B. (2021). Is physical activity associated with less depression and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic? A rapid systematic review. Sports Medicine, 51(8), 1771-1783.
32. Wu C, Yang L, Li Y, Dong Y, Yang B, Tucker LD, et al. Effects of exercise training on anxious-depressive-like behavior in alzheimer rat. Med Sci Sports Exerc. (2020) 52:1456–69. doi: 10.1249/MSS.00000000000 02294.
33. Yates BE, DeLetter MC, Parrish EM. (2020). Prescribed exercise for the treatment of depression in a college population: an interprofessional approach. Perspect Psychiatr Care. 56:894–9. doi: 10.1111/ppc.v12508
34. Yılmaz, Ö., Boz, H. & Arslan, A. (2017). Depresyon Anksiyete Stres Ölçeğinin (DASS 21) Türkçe kısa formunun geçerlilik-güvenilirlik çalişması. Finans Ekonomi ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2(2), 78-91.
35. Yılmaz, Ö., Boz, H., & Arslan, A. (2017). Depresyon Anksiyete Stres Ölçeğinin (Dass 21) Türkçe Kısa Formunun Geçerlilik-Güvenilirlik Çalışması. Finans Ekonomi ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2(2), 78-91.
36. Zhua, X., Haegele, J., & Healy, S. (2019). Movement and mental health: Behavioral correlates of anxiety and depression among children of 6–17 years old in the U.S. Mental Health and Physical Activity, 16, 60–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mhpa.2019.04.002.