Comparison of Speed, Agility and Reactive Agility Performance in Soccer Players

Öz

Futbolun talepleri son zamanlarda önemli ölçüde değişmiş ve artmıştır. Günümüzde bir futbol müsabakası sırasında, oyuncuların daha fazla güce sahip olmaları, yüksek şiddet gerektiren hareketleri daha sık ve sayıda yapmaları ve daha uzun mesafeleri kat etmeleri gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı futbolcuların sprint, çeviklik ve reaktif çeviklik performansları arasındaki farklılıkları araştırmaktır. Çalışmaya toplam 59 erkek futbolcu (14-19 yaşlar arası) gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. Oyuncular yaşlarına göre 15 yaş altı (U-15; n = 20), 17 yaş altı (U-17; n = 20) ve 19 yaş altı (U-19; n = 19) oyuncular olarak 3 grupta değerlendirilmiştir. Katılımcılara 10-30m sprint, çeviklik t testi ve reaktif çeviklik testleri uygulanmıştır. Tüm verilerin normallik testi varsayımını karşılayıp karşılamadığını doğrulamak için Kolmogorov-Smirnov testi kullanılmıştır. Çalışma sonuçlarının karşılaştırmaları ise tek yönlü ANOVA ile yapılmıştır. ANOVA sonuçları, anlamlı bir grup etkisi gösterdiğinde, gruplar arası farklılıkları belirlemede post-hoc Bonferroni testi kullanılmıştır. Anlamlı farklılık tespit edilen tek yönlü varyans analizi deseninde değişkenler arasındaki ilişkinin gücünü hesaplamak için eta-kare (etki büyüklüğü) (η2) katsayısından faydalanılmıştır. Grup karşılaştırmalarında, katılımcıların 10 m sprint (F= 6,29, p <0.05), 30 m sprint (F= 8,25, p <0.05), çeviklik t testi (F= 33,49, p <0.05)) ve reaktif çeviklik performanslarında (F= 48,12 p <0.05) anlamlı farklılıklar bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak, katılımcıların performans parametrelerinde yaşa bağlı olarak bazı iyileşmeler olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Agility
• Speed
• Reactive Agility
• Performance
• Soccer

Kaynakça

1. Alptekin, A., Agbuga, B., Egesoy, H. (2017). The validity and reliability of the open skill agility test system (Reactive agility test system). Oral presentation, 15th International Sports Sciences Congress. 15-18 November. Antalya, Türkiye.
2. Balsom, P. (1994). Sprint performance in soccer. Science and Football,8,16-19.
3. Bradley, P.S., Sheldon, W., Wooster, B., Olsen, P., Boanas, P., Krustrup, P. (2009). High-intensity running in English FA Premier League soccer matches. J. Sports Sci. 27, 159–168. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
4. Brughelli, M., Cronin, J., Levin, G., Chaouachi, A. (2008). Understanding change of direction ability in sport. Sports Med. 38, 1045–1063. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
5. Carling, C., Bloomfield, J., Nelsen, L., Reilly, T. (2008). The role of motion analysis in elite soccer. Sports Med. 38, 839–862. [CrossRef]
6. Deprez, D., Buchheit, M., Fransen, J., Pion, J., Lenoir, M., Philippaerts, R.M., Vaeyens, R. A. (2015). Longitudinal study ınvestigating the stability of anthropometry and soccer-specific endurance in pubertal high-level youth soccer players. J. Sports Sci. Med. 14, 418–426.
7. Di Salvo, V., Baron, R., González-Haro, C., Gormasz, C., Pigozzi, F., Bachl, N. (2010). Sprinting analysis of elite soccer players during European Champions League and UEFA Cup matches. J Sports Sci, 28(14), 1489–1494.
8. Faude, O., Koch, T., Meyer, T. (2012). Straight sprinting is the most frequent action in goal situations in professional football. J. Sports Sci. 30, 625–631. [CrossRef]

9. Fiorilli, G., Iuliano, E., Mitrotasios, M., Pistone, E.M., Aquino, G., Calcagno, G., Di Cagno, A. (2017). Are change of direction speed and reactive agility useful for determining the optimal field position for young soccer players? J. Sports Sci. Med. 16, 247–253.
10. Gregson, W., Drust, B., Atkinson, G., Salvo, V. D. (2010). Match-to-match variability of high-speed activities in premier league soccer. Int j Sports Med, 31(4), 237–242.
11. Harris, N.K., Cronin, J.B., Hopkins, W.G., Hansen, K.T. (2008). Relationship between sprint times and the strength/power outputs of a machine squat jump. J. Strength Cond. Res. 22, 691–698. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
12. Haugen, T. and Buchheit, M. (2015). Sprint running performance monitoring: methodological and practical considerations. Sports Med. 46, 641–656. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
13. Horicka, P., Simonek, J., Brodani, J. (2018). Diagnostics of reactive and running agility in young football players. Phys Act Rev, 6, 29-36.
14. Little, T. and Williams, A. G. (2005). Specificity of acceleration, maximum speed, and agility in professional soccer players. J Strength Cond Res, 19 (1), 76–8. https://doi.org/10.1519/14253.1
15. Lloyd, R.S. and Oliver, J.L. (2012). The youth physical development model: A new approach to long-term athletic development. Strength Cond. J. 34, 61–72. [CrossRef]
16. Kacoglu, C. and Kırkaya, I. (2020). The acute effects of pre-conditioning activities with a weighted vest on subsequent linear sprint and change of direction performance in physical education students, Asian J Edu Train, 6 (3), 341-346.
17. Krosta R, Drozd M, Goralczyk R, Kostrzewa M, Fischerova P, Ingatieva A. (2020). Models of speed development in soccer. Balt J Health Phys Act. 12 (2), 27-34. doi: 10.29359/BJHPA.12.2.04
18. Mann, D.T., Williams, A.M., Ward, P., Janelle, C.M. (2007). Perceptual-cognitive expertise in sport: A meta-analysis. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol. 29, 457–478. [CrossRef]
19. Matlak, J., Tihanyi, J., Rácz, L. (2016). Relationship between reactive agility and change of direction speed in amateur soccer players. J Strength Cond Res, 30 (6), 1547-1552.
20. Mohr, M., Krustrup, P., Bangsbo, J. (2003). Match performance of high standard soccer players with special reference to development of fatique. J Sport Sci, 21 (7), 519-528.
21. Negra, Y., Chaabene, H., Hammami, M., Amara, S., Sammoud, S., Mkaouer, B., Hachana, Y. (2017). Agility in young athletes: is it a different ability from speed and power? J Strength Cond Res, 31 (3), 727-735.
22. Nikolaidis, P.T., Knechtle, B., Clemente, F., Torres-Luque, G. (2016). Reference values for the sprint performance in male football players aged from 9–35 years. Biomed. Hum. Kinet. 8, 103–112.
23. Paul, D.J., Gabbett, T.J., Nassis, G.P. (2016). Agility in team sports: Testing, training and factors affecting performance. Sports Med. 46, 421–442. [CrossRef]
24. Pojskic, H., Åslin, E., Krolo, A., Jukic, I., Uljevic, O., Spasic, M., Sekulic, D. (2018). Importance of reactive agility and change of direction speed in differentiating performance levels in junior soccer players: Reliability and validity of newly developed soccer-specific tests. Front. Physiol. 15, 9: 506. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00506. [CrossRef]
25. Raya, M. A., Gailey, R. S., Gaunaurd, I. A., Jayne, D. M., Campbell, S. M., Gagne, E., Tucker, C. (2013). Comparison of three agility tests with male service members: Edgren side step test, t-test, and illinois agility test. J Rehabil Res Dev, 50 (7), 951-960.
26. Reilly, T. and Doran, D. (2003). ‘Fitness assessment’ in Reilly, T; and Williams Science and Soccer, Routeledge, New York. 21-47.
27. Rumpf, M.C., Lockie, R.G., Cronin, J.B., Jalilvand, F. (2016). Effect of different sprint training methods on sprint performance over various distances: A brief review. J. Strength Cond. Res. 30, 1767–1785. [CrossRef]
28. Salaj, S. and Markovic, G. (2011). Specificity of jumping, sprinting, and quick change-of-direction motor abilities. J. Strength Cond. Res. 25, 1249–1255. [CrossRef]
29. Sekulic, D., Gilic, B., Foretic, N., Spasic, M., Uljevi´c, O., Versi´c, S. (2020). Fitness profiles of professional futsal players: Identifying age-related differences. Biomed. Hum. Kinet. 12, 212–220. [CrossRef]
30. Sheppard, J. M. and Young, W. B. (2006). Agility literature review: Classifications, training and testing. J Sports Sci, 24 (9), 919-32.
31. Spasic, M., Krolo, A., Zenic, N., Delextrat, A., Sekulic, D. (2015). Reactive agility performance in handball; development and evaluation of a sport-specific measurement protocol. J. Sports Sci. Med. 14, 501–506.
32. Stolen, T., Chamari, K., Castagna, C., Wisløff, U. (2005). Physiology of soccer: an update. Sports Med, 35 (6), 501-36. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200535060-00004.
33. Trajkoviç, N., Sporis, G., Kristicevic, T., Madic, D.M., Bogataj, S. (2020). The importance of reactive agility tests in differentiating adolescent soccer players, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17 (11), 3839. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17113839
34. Trecroci, A., Longo, S., Perri, E., Iaia, F.M., Alberti, G. (2019). Field-based physical performance of elite and subelite middle-adolescent soccer players. Res. Sport. Med. 27, 60–71.
35. Waldron, M. and Murphy, A.A. (2013). Comparison of physical abilities and match performance characteristics among elite and subelite under-14 soccer players. Pediatr. Exerc. Sci. 25, 423–434. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
36. Vieira, L.H.P., Carling, C., Barbieri, F.A., Aquino, R., Santiago, P.R.P. (2019). Match running performance in young soccer players: A systematic review, Sports Med. 49 (2), 289-318. doi: 10.1007/s40279-018-01048-8.
37. Young, W. and Rogers, N. (2014). Effects of small-sided game and change-of-direction training on reactive agility and change-of-direction speed, Journal of Sports Sciences, 32 (4), 307-314, doi: 10.1080/02640414.2013.823230