Futbolcularda Hamstring Kas Grubu Esnekliği İle Seçili Biyomotor Beceriler Arasındaki İlişkinin Karşılaştırılması

Öz

Futbol; sürat, çeviklik, ivmelenme, esneklik, sıçramalar ve denge gibi özelliklerin performansı doğrudan etkilediği, çeşitli dinamik aktivitelerini içeren karmaşık bir spordur. Birçok spor aktivitesinde olduğu gibi futbolda da hareket açıklığını kısıtlayan sınırlı kas esnekliğinin kası yaralanmaya yatkın hale getirdiği ve performansı bozduğu bilinmektedir. Bu bilgiler doğrultusunda çalışmanın amacı; futbolcularda hamstring kas grubu esnekliği ile seçili biyomotor beceriler arasındaki ilişkinin karşılaştırılmasıdır. Araştırmaya yaş ortalaması 16.50±0.50 vücut ağırlık ortalaması 61.92±8.16 kg., boy uzunluğu ortalaması 1.74±0.06 cm., spor yaşı ortalaması 5.96±1.40 ve BKİ ortalaması 20.31±1.72 kg.m−2 olan 28 erkek futbolcu katılmıştır. Araştırmada “Kişisel Bilgi Formu,” “Aktif Diz Ekstansiyon Testi (ADET),” “İllinois Çeviklik Testi,” “20 Metre Sürat Testi,” “Durarak Uzun Atlama Testi” ve “Y Dinamik Denge Testi (YDDT)” veri toplama aracı olarak kullanılmıştır. Çalışma verileri SPSS paket programında tanımlayıcı istatistiklerden Pearson Korelasyon Testi ve Bağımsız Örneklem T Testi ile elde edilmiştir. Analizlerin tamamında p<.05 anlamlılık düzeyi olarak kabul edilmiştir. Çalışmanın bulgularına göre; denge ve esneklik ortalamaları arasında özellikle sol ayak denge ayağı iken pozitif yönde ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Hamstring esnekliği ile uzun atlama, çeviklik ve sürat testleri arasında anlamlı düzeyde bir ilişki olmadığı belirlensede esneklik artıkça atletik performans değer ortalamalarının da artığı görülmektedir. Bu durumda hamstring esnekliğinin performans çıktıları üzerine olumlu yönde bir etkisinin olduğuna işaret etmektir. Bununla birlikte literatürde çelişkili sonuçların olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Çeviklik
• Denge
• Futbol
• Hamstring kası esnekliği
• Uzun atlama

Comparison of the Relationship Between Hamstring Muscle Group Flexibility and Selected Biomotor Skills in Soccer Players

Öz

As in many sports activities, it is known that limited muscle flexibility, which restricts the range of motions in soccer, causes muscles to be prone to injury, impairing performance. This study aimed to compare the relationship between hamstring muscle group flexibility and selected biomotor skills in soccer players. This study was conducted with the participation of a total of 28 male soccer players with an average age of 16.50±0.50 years, an average body weight of 61.92±8.16 kg, an average height of 1.74±0.06 cm, an average training age of 5.96±1.40 years, and an average BMI of 20.31±1.72 kg.m-2. The “Personal Information Form,” “Active Knee Extension Test (AKET),” “Illinois Agility Test,” “20-M Sprint Test,” “Standing Long Jump Test,” and “Y Dynamic Balance Test (YDBT)” were used as data collection tools. The data were collected by Pearson Correlation Test and Independent Samples T-Test from among descriptive statistics in the SPSS package program. In all analyses, p<.05 was set as the significance level. Based on the findings: a positive correlation was found between the average scores of balance and flexibility, especially when the left foot was the balance foot. Although no significant relationship was found between hamstring flexibility and long jump, agility, and sprint tests, the mean athletic performance values appeared to have increased as the flexibility increased. This indicates that hamstring flexibility had a positive effect on performance outcomes.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Agility
• Balance
• Soccer
• Hamstring muscle flexibility
• Long jump

Kaynakça

1. Arnason, A., Sigurdsson, S., Gudmundsson, A., Holme, I., Engebretsen, L., & Bahr, R. (2004). Risk factors for injuries in football. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 32(1), 5–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546503258912.
2. Aşçı, A., Altay, F., Cengiz, R., Hazır, T., & Bulca, Y. (2005). Football education, Ankara: Neyir Printing.
3. Ayala, F., Sainz De Baranda, P., De Ste Croix, M., & Santonja, F. (2012). Reproducibility and concurrent validity of hip joint angle test for estimating hamstring flexibility in recreationally active young men. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26(9), 2372–2382. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31823db1e2.
4. Behm, D. G., Blazevich, A. J., Kay, A. D., & McHugh, M. (2015). Acute effects of muscle stretching on physical performance, range of motion, and injury incidence in healthy active individuals: A systematic review. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 41, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2015-0235.
5. Bogalho, D., Gomes, R., Mendes, R., Dias, G., & Castro, M. A. (2022). Impact of flexibility on vertical jump, balance and speed in amateur football players. Applied Sciences, 12(11), 5425. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12115425.
6. Corkery, M., Briscoe, H., Ciccone, N., Foglia, G., Johnson, P., Kinsman, S., & Canavan, P. K. (2007). Establishing normal values for lower extremity muscle length in college-age students. Physical Therapy in Sport, 8(2), 66-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2006.11.004.
7. Croisier, J. L., Ganteaume, S., Binet, J., Genty, M., & Ferret, J. M. (2008). Strength imbalances and prevention of hamstring injury in professional soccer players: A prospective study. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 36, 1469–1475. https://doi.org/10.1177/036354650831676.
8. Çalık, S.U., Kamiş, O., Pekel, H., A., & Aydos, L. (2019). The effect of IAAF kids’ athletics program on some physical fitness tests of middle school students. Gazi Journal of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, 24(1), 51-61.

9. Demir, O., & Yüksel, O. (2022). Investigation of the effects of kids’ athletics on physical fitness parameters of 10-12 age group children. Journal of Physical Education and Sports Studies, 14(2), 69-86. https://doi.org/10.55929/besad.1159690.
10. Ekstrand, J., & Gillquist, J. (1982). The frequency of muscle tightness and injuries in soccer players. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 10(2), 75–78. https://doi.org/10.1177/036354658201000202.
11. Faigenbaum, A. D., Bellucci, M., Bernieri, A., Bakker, B., & Hoorens, K. (2005). Acute effects of different warm-up protocols on fitness performance in children. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 19(2), 376-381.
12. Favero, J. P., Midgley, A. W., & Bentley, D. J. (2009). Effects of an acute bout of static stretching on 40 m sprint performance: Influence of baseline flexibility. Research in Sports Medicine, 17(1), 50–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/15438620802678529.
13. García-Pinillos, F., Ruiz-Ariza, A., Moreno del Castillo, R., & Latorre-Román, P. Á. (2015). Impact of limited hamstring flexibility on vertical jump, kicking speed, sprint, and agility in young football players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 33(12), 1293-1297. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2015.1022577.
14. Gribble, P. A., Hertel, J., & Plisky, P. (2012). Using the star excursion balance test to assess dynamic postural control deficits and outcomes in lower extremity injury: a literature and systematic review. Journal of Athletic Training, 47(3), 339-357. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-47.3.08.
15. Güneş, S., Taşkın, H., & Türk, S., (2019). The effect of small-side game on agility performance in soccer. Kilis 7 December University Journal of Physical Education and Sport Sciences 3(1), 59-65.
16. Herbert, R. D., de Noronha, M., & Kamper, S. J. (2011). Stretching to prevent or reduce muscle soreness after exercise. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (7). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004577.
17. Huang, S., Zhang, H., J., Wang, X., Lee, W., C., C., & Lam, W., K. (2022). Acute effects of soleus stretching on ankle flexibility, dynamic balance and speed performances in soccer players. Biology, 11(3), 374. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11030374.
18. Karasar, N. (2011). Scientific research methods. Ankara: Nobel Publications.
19. Kartal, A. (2020). The relationships between dynamic balance and sprint, flexibility, strength, jump in junior soccer players. Pedagogy Phys. Cult. Sports, 24, 285–289.
20. Kirkini, A., Christou, M., Apostolidis, A., Toumpi, E., & Hadjicharalambous, M. (2019). High level of sit-and-reach flexibility enhances neuromuscular explosiveness performance in young elite soccer players. Proceedings, 25, 27 https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019025027.
21. Kuilart, K. E., Woollam, M., Barling, E., & Lucas, N. (2005). The active knee extension test and Slump test in subjects with perceived hamstring tightness. International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine, 8(3), 89-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijosm.2005.07.004.
22. Lehance, C., Binet, J., Bury, T., & Croisier, J. L. (2009). Muscular strength, functional performances and injury risk in professional and junior elite soccer players. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 19(2), 243–251. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2008.00780.x.
23. McMillan, K., Helgerud, J., Grant, S. J., Newell, J., Wilson, J., Macdonald, R., & Hoff, J. (2005). Lactate threshold responses to a season of professional british youth soccer. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 39(7), 432-436.
24. Mercier, D., Leger, L., & Desjardins, M. (1986). Nomogram to predict performance equivalence for distance runners. Track Tech, 94, 3004.
25. Miller, M. G., Herniman, J. J., Ricard, M. D., Cheatham, C. C., & Michael, T. J. (2006). The effects of a 6-week plyometric training program on agility. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 5(3), 459.
26. Moir, G., Button, C., Glaister, M., & Stone, M. H. (2004). Influence of familiarization on the reliability of vertical jump and acceleration sprinting performance in physically active men. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 18(2), 276-280.
27. Norris C. M., & Matthews M. (2005). Inter-tester reliability of a self-monitored active knee extension test. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 9(4), 256- 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2005.06.002.
28. Oliveira, A. S. C., Barbieri, F. A., & Gonçalves, M. (2013). Flexibility, torque and kick performance in soccer: Effect of dominance. Science and Sports, 28(3), e67–e70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2013.01.004.
29. Opplert, J., & Babault, N. (2018).Acute effects of dynamic stretching on muscle flexibility and performance: an analysis of the current literature. Sport Med. 48, 299–325.
30. Overmoyer, G.V., & Reiser, R.F. (2015). Relationships between lower- extremity flexibility, asymmetries, and the Y balance test. J. Strength Cond. Res., 29, 1240–1247 DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000693.
31. Rahnama, N., Lees, A., & Bambaecichi, E. (2005). Comparison of muscle strength and flexibility between the preferred and non-preferred leg in English soccer players. Ergonomics, 48(11–14), 1568–1575. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140130500101585.
32. Reiman, M. P. & Manske, R. C. (2009). Functional testing in human performance. Human kinetics.
33. Rey, E., Padrón-Cabo, A., Barcala-Furelos, R., & Mecías-Calvo, M. (2016). Effect of high and low flexibility levels on physical fitness and neuromuscular properties in professional soccer players. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 37(11), 878-883. DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-109268.
34. Robinson, R., & Gribble, P. (2008). Kinematic predictors of performance on the star excursion balance test. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 17(4) 347-357 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.17.4.347.
35. Sands, W. A., McNeal, J. R., Murray, S. R., Ramsey, M. W., Sato, K., Mizuguchi, S., & Stone, M. H. (2013). Stretching and its effects on recovery: A review. Strength Cond. J., 35, 30–36 DOI: 10.1519/SSC.0000000000000004.
36. Shaffer, S. W., Teyhen, D. S., Lorenson, C. L., Warren, R. L., Koreerat, C. M., Straseske, C. A., & Childs, J. D. (2013). Y-balance test: a reliability study involving multiple raters. Military Medicine, 178(11), 1264-1270. https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED-D-13-00222.
37. Stølen, T., Chamari, K., Castagna, C., & Wisløff, U. (2005). Physiology of soccer: an update. Sports Medicine, 35, 501-536. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200535060-00004.
38. Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics. Pearson Education.
39. Thacker, S. B., Gilchrist, J., Stroup, D. F., & Kimsey, C. D. (2004) The Impact of Stretching on Sports Injury Risk: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 36, 371–378.
40. Torres, R., Pinho, F., Duarte, J. A., & Cabri, J. M. (2013). Effect of single bout versus repeated bouts of stretching on muscle recovery following eccentric exercise. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 16(6), 583-588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2013.01.002.
41. Turki-Belkhiria, L., Chaouachi, A., Turki, O., Chtourou, H., Chtara, M., Chamari, K., & Behm, D. G. (2014). Eight weeks of dynamic stretching during warm-ups improves jump power but not repeated or single sprint performance. European Journal of Sport Science, 14(1), 19–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2012.726651.
42. Voight, M., & Blackburn, T. (2000). Proprioception and balance training and testing fallowing injury. Knee Ligament Rehabilitation. New York: Chuchill Livingstone, 361-85.
43. Witvrouw, E., Danneels, L., Asselman, P., D’Have, T., & Cambier, D. (2003). Muscle flexibility as a risk factor for developing muscle injuries in male professional soccer players: A prospective study. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 31(1), 41–46. ttps://doi.org/10.1177/0363546503031001180.
44. Woolstenhulme, M. T., Griffiths, C. M., Woolstenhulme, E. M., & Parcell, A. C. (2006). Ballistic stretching increases flexibility and acute vertical jump height when combined with basketball activity. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 20(4), 799–803. doi: 10.1519/R-18835.1.
45. Yanci, J., Calleja-Gonzalez, J., Cámara, J., Mejuto, G., San-Román, J., & Los-Arcos, A. (2017). Validity and reliability of a global positioning system to assess 20 m sprint performance in soccer players. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part. P J. Sport Eng. Technol. 231, 68–71. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754337115624818.