Zihinsel Antrenman Düzeyi ve Algılanan Yorgunluk Voleybolda Müsabaka Sonucunu Etkiler Mi?

Öz

Çalışma voleybolcuların zihinsel antrenman ve algılanan yorgunluk seviyelerinin müsabaka sonucu puanlarını nasıl etkilediğini incelemek amacıyla, Gençler Voleybol Bölge Şampiyonası’na katılan 10 kız, 11 erkek voleybol takımından toplam 225 sporcuyla araştırma yapılmıştır. Müsabakalar öncesi sporculara ‘‘Chalder Yorgunluk Ölçeği’’ ve ‘‘Sporda Zihinsel Antrenman Envanteri’’ uygulanmıştır. Şampiyona sonrası tüm takımların müsabaka puanları Okul Sporları Federasyonu’ndan alınmıştır. Sporcuların algılanan yorgunluk ve zihinsel antrenman düzeyleri ile müsabaka sonucu puanı arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek için Pearson korelasyon analizi yapılmıştır. Analiz sonucu, algılanan yorgunluk ve zihinsel antrenman düzeyi ile maç sonucu puanları arasında ilişki olduğundan, bağımsız değişkenlerin maç sonucu puanını yordama gücünü belirlemek için çoklu doğrusal regresyon analizi yapılmıştır. Analizler SPSS25 kullanılarak .05 anlamlılık düzeyinde değerlendirilmiştir. Analiz sonucunda, zihinsel antrenman düzeyi ile algılanan yorgunluk düzeyi arasında negatif yönlü ilişki (r=-.305, p<.01) ve müsabaka sonu puanı ile pozitif yönlü ilişki (r=.244, p<.01) görülürken, algılanan yorgunluk düzeyi ile müsabaka sonu puanı arasında negatif yönlü (r=-.149, p<.05) ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Regresyon analizi sonucuna göre zihinsel antrenman ve algılanan yorgunluk düzeyi birlikte müsabaka sonu puanının anlamlı bir yordayıcısıdır (F(2.222)=7.811, p<.005). İki değişken birlikte müsabaka sonu puanındaki varyansın %6’sını açıklamakla birlikte, yorgunluk düzeyinin müsabaka sonu puanı anlamlı yordamadığı görülürken, zihinsel antrenman düzeyinin müsabaka sonu puanı anlamlı yordadığı görülmüştür. Çalışma sonucunda zihinsel antrenman ve algılanan yorgunluk değişkenlerinin performansı etkilediği söylenebilir. Bu bağlamda sporcuların performansını artırmak için fiziksel antrenmanın yanında zihinsel antrenmanlara da yer verilmesi tavsiye edilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Zihinsel antrenman
• Algılanan yorgunluk
• Müsabaka sonucu

Do Mental Training Level and Perceived Fatigue Affect Competition Outcome in Volleyball?

Öz

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of mental training (MT) and perceived fatigue levels (PF) on the performance of volleyball players participating in the Junior Volleyball Regional Championships. A total of 225 athletes from 10 girls' and 11 boys' volleyball teams were selected as participants. Prior to the competitions, the athletes completed two surveys, namely the "Chalder Fatigue Scale" and the " Mental Training Qestionnaire-SMTQ," to assess their PF levels and MT proficiency, respectively. Following the conclusion of the championship, the competition scores of all teams were obtained from the School Sports Federation. To examine the relationships among PF, MT levels, and competition scores, a Pearson correlation analysis was conducted. The results revealed a significant negative correlation between MT level and PF level (r = -.305, p<.01), indicating that higher levels of MT were associated with lower levels of PF. Additionally, a significant positive correlation was found between MT level and end-of-competition score (r = .244, p<.01), indicating that higher levels of MT were related to better performance outcomes. Conversely, a significant negative correlation was observed between PF level and end-of-competition score (r = -.149, p<.05), suggesting that higher levels of PF were associated with lower performance scores. Furthermore, a multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to determine the combined predictive power of MT and PF level on the end-of-competition score. The results demonstrated that the two variables together significantly predicted the end-of-competition score (F(2, 222) = 7.811, p<.005). However, the individual contribution of PF level was not significant, whereas MT level emerged as a significant predictor. In conclusion, these findings indicate that MT and PF play crucial roles in the performance of volleyball players. Therefore, it is recommended that MT be integrated into athletes' training programs to enhance their overall performance outcomes.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Mental training
• Perceived fatigue
• Competition result

Kaynakça

1. Adın, R. M. (2019). Chalder yorgunluk ölçeği’nin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması ve genç yetişkin bireylerde psikometrik özelliklerinin incelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara.
2. Amar, B., & Chéour, F. (2014). Effects of self-talk and mental training package on self-confidence and positive and negative affects in male kickboxers. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 19(5), 31-34. https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-19513134
3. Aslan, C. S., Koç, H., & Karakollukçu, M. (2015). Voleybol 1. liginde oynayan erkek sporcuların seçilmiş fiziksel, fizyolojik ve motorik özelliklerinin belirlenmesi. İnönü Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(3), 1-13. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/inubesyo/issue/28569/304808.
4. Astuti, Y., Bakhtiar, S., Barlian, E., & Gistituati, N. (2022). Development of mental training and playing circuit-based training programs on volleyball materials. Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice, 22(12), 244-254. https://doi.org/10.33423/jhetp.v22i12.5463
5. Bar-Eli, M., & Blumenstein, B. (2004). Performance enhancement in swimming: the effect of mental training with biofeedback. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 7(4), 454-464. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1440-2440(04)80264-0
6. Bayraktar, B., & Kurtoğlu, M. (2009). Sporda performans, etkili faktörler, değerlendirilmesi ve artırılması. Klinik Gelişim Dergisi, 22(1), 16-24.
7. Boughattas, W., Salha, M. B., & Moella, N. (2022). Mental training for young athlete: a case of study of NLP practice. SSM-Mental Health, 2, 100076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmmh.2022.100076
8. Chaouachi, A., Coutts, A. J., Chamari, K., Wong, D. P., Chaouachi, M., Chtara, M., ... & Amri, M. (2009). Effect of Ramadan intermittent fasting on aerobic and anaerobic performance and perception of fatigue in male elite judo athletes. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 23(9), 2702-2709. http://doi.org/ 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181bc17fc

9. Cheung, D., Chow, C., & Chan, K. (2016). The effect of perceived fatigue on physical performance in athletes. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 15(1), 178-184. PMID: 27803630; PMCID: PMC4974864.
10. Coimbra, D. R., Bevilacqua, G. G., Pereira, F. S., & Andrade, A. (2021). Effect of mindfulness training on fatigue and recovery in elite volleyball athletes: a randomized controlled follow-up study. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 20(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.52082/jssm.2021.1
11. Gabbett, T., Georgieff, B., Anderson, S., Cotton, B., Savovic, D., & Nicholson, L. (2006). Changes in skill and physical fitness following training in talent-identified volleyball players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 20(1), 29-35.
12. Gantois, P., Caputo Ferreira, M. E., Lima-Junior, D. D., Nakamura, F. Y., Batista, G. R., Fonseca, F. S., & Fortes, L. D. S. (2020). Effects of mental fatigue on passing decision-making performance in professional soccer athletes. European Journal of Sport Science, 20(4), 534-543. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2019.1656781
13. Glass, C. R., Spears, C. A., Perskaudas, R., & Kaufman, K. A. (2019). Mindful sport performance enhancement: Randomized controlled trial of a mental training program with collegiate athletes. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 13(4), 609-628. https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2017-0044
14. Ha, H., Jeong, D., Hahm, B. J., & Shim, E. J. (2018). Cross-cultural validation of the korean version of the chalder fatigue scale. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 25(3), 351-361 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-017-9701-0
15. Horta, T. A., Bara Filho, M. G., Coimbra, D. R., Miranda, R., & Werneck, F. Z. (2019). Training load, physical performance, biochemical markers, and psychological stress during a short preparatory period in Brazilian elite male volleyball players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 33(12), 3392-3399. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000002404
16. Kahrović, I., Radenković, O., Mavrić, F., & Murić, B. (2014). Effects of self-talk strategy in mental training of athletes. Facta Universitatis, Series: Physical Education and Sport, 12(1), 51-58. UDC 796.011.1:159.922.73
17. Karaca, R., & Gündüz, N. (2021). Oryantiring sporcularinda zihinsel antrenman ve performans ilişkisinin incelenmesi. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 19(1), 99-115. https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.719991
18. Karasar, N. (2022). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (37. basım). s.114 Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık. MacMahon, C., Schücker, L., Hagemann, N., & Strauss, B. (2014). Cognitive fatigue effects on physical performance during running. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 36(4), 375-381. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2013-0249
19. Malcata, R. M., & Hopkins, W. G. (2014). Variability of competitive performance of elite athletes: a systematic review. Sports Medicine, 44, 1763-1774. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0239-x
20. Mamassis, G., & Doganis, G. (2004). The effects of a mental training program on juniors pre-competitive anxiety, self-confidence, and tennis performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 16(2), 118-137. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200490437903
21. Millet, G. P., Groslambert, A., Barbier, B., Rouillon, J. D., & Candau, R. B. (2004). Modelling the relationships between training, anxiety, and fatigue in elite athletes. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 26(6), 492-498. doi: 10.1055/s-2004-821137. doi: 10.1055/s-2004-821137
22. Öner, Ç., & Cankurtaran, Z. (2020). Elit okçuların zihinsel beceri ve tekniklerinin atış performanslarını belirleyici rolü [The determinative role of the mental skills and techniques of elite archers in their shooting performance]. Uluslararası Egzersiz Psikolojisi Dergisi, 2(1), 1-9. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/intjourexerpsyc/issue/55257/709431
23. Pageaux, B., & Lepers, R. (2018). The effects of mental fatigue on sport-related performance. Progress in Brain Research, 240, 291-315. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.10.004
24. Rahimian Aghdam, S., Alizadeh, S. S., Rasoulzadeh, Y., & Safaiyan, A. (2019). Fatigue assessment scales: A comprehensive literature review. Archives of Hygiene Sciences, 8(3), 145-153.
25. Russell, S., Jenkins, D., Halson, S., & Kelly, V. (2020). Changes in subjective mental and physical fatigue during netball games in elite development athletes. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 23(6), 615-620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2019.12.017
26. Russell, S., Jenkins, D., Rynne, S., Halson, S. L., & Kelly, V. (2019). What is mental fatigue in elite sport? Perceptions from athletes and staff. European Journal of Sport Science, 19(10), 1367-1376. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2019.1618397
27. Sun, H., Soh, K. G., Roslan, S., Wazir, M. R. W. N., & Soh, K. L. (2021). Does mental fatigue affect skilled performance in athletes? A systematic review. PLoS One, 16(10), e0258307. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258307
28. Tohirjonovich, A. Q. (2022). The importance of functional training in the athlete training system. International Journal of Social Science & Interdıscıplınary Research, 11(11), 261-264. Retrieved from https://gejournal.net/index.php/IJSSIR/article/view/1103
29. Twist, C., & Highton, J. (2013). Monitoring fatigue and recovery in rugby league players. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 8(5), 467-474. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.8.5.467
30. Weerakkody, N. S., Taylor, C. J., Bulmer, C. L., Hamilton, D. B., Gloury, J., O’Brien, N. J., ... & Patterson, T. A. (2021). The effect of mental fatigue on the performance of Australian football specific skills amongst amateur athletes. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 24(6), 592-596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2020.12.003
31. Wolframm, I. A., & Micklewright, D. (2011). The effect of a mental training program on state anxiety and competitive dressage performance. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 6(5), 267-275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2011.03.003
32. Yarayan, Y. E., & İlhan, E. L. (2018). Sporda zihinsel antrenman envanteri’nin (SZAE) uyarlama çalışması. Gazi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 23(4), 205-218. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/gbesbd/issue/39519/409805