Dijital Teknolojiler ve Psikolojik İyi Oluş; Covid-19 Pandemi Etkisi
Yıl 2023,
, 62 - 78, 29.10.2023
Feyza Meryem Kara
,
Halil Sarol
,
Gizem Karaca
Öz
COVID-19 salgını, birçok endüstride ve bir bütün olarak toplumda dijital ortamlara geçişleri desteklemiş hatta zorunlu hale getirmiştir. Özellikle egzersiz uygulayıcıları, pandeminin ilk aşamasından itibaren dijital çözümleri ve ileri teknoloji araçlarını hızla benimsemişlerdir. Bu kapsamda bireylerin dijital çözümleri benimseme hızları da dikkat çekmiştir. Bu araştırmanın amacı, COVID-19 salgını sırasında kadınların egzersizde dijital teknolojileri kullanma pratiklerinin psikolojik iyi oluş perspektifinden incelenmesidir. Pandemi sürecinde kadınların dijital çözümleri egzersizde kullanımlarına dair deneyimlerini psikolojik iyi oluş kuramı açısından derinlemesine incelemek amacıyla nitel araştırma yöntemi tercih edilmiştir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu pandemi sürecinde dijital egzersiz uygulamalarını kullanan 12 gönüllü kadın katılımcı oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubu, çok aşamalı örneklem yöntemi ile seçilmiştir. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak kişisel bilgi formu ve yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu kullanılmıştır. Araştırma verilerine tematik analiz uygulanmıştır. Sonuç olarak katılımcıların fiziksel aktivite aracılığıyla pandeminin sebep olduğu çeşitli olumsuz durumların önüne geçebildiği, bu durumun fiziksel, zihinsel, psikolojik ve sosyal açıdan bireylere katkı sağladığı görülmektedir. Modern çağın vazgeçilmezi haline gelen teknolojik imkanlar sayesinde ise bireylerin bu tür olumsuzluklarla baş edebilme ve iyi hissetme stratejilerini geliştirebildiği söylenebilmektedir.
Kaynakça
- Amagasa, S., Machida, M., Ding, D., & Inoue, S. (2020). Preventing infectious diseases outbreaks at exercise facilities. Managing Sport and Leisure, 27(1-2), 22-25. DOI: 10.1080/23750472.2020.1779116
- Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. DOI: 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
- Budak, D. (2022) Predictive Power Of Leisure Boredom On Psychological Well Being In Adults, 3. International Recreation and Sports Management Congress, Antalya, Turkey, pp.22-23.
- Creswell, J. W. 2013. Qualitative inquiry & research design choosing among five approaches, qualitative research methods, (3rd ed.). California: SAGE Publication.
- Demirel, M., Kaya A, Budak, D., Bozoğlu, M. S., & Yusuf, E. R. (2021). Effect of Covid-19 pandemic on recreational awareness and quality of life. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 23(2), 197-207.
- Çelik, F., & Yenal, T. H. (2020). COVID-19 ve hareketsiz yaşam. Akdeniz Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(2), 249-259. DOI: 10.38021/asbid.804705
- Daşdanbek-Acun, M., & Yıldırım, S. (2022). COVID-19 sürecinde sağlık çalışanlarının serbest zaman davranışları ve fiziksel aktivite düzeyindeki değişimde çevrim içi egzersiz uygulamalarının rolü: Nitel araştırmalar. Türkiye Klinikleri Journal of Sports Sciences, 14(3), 318-327. DOI: 10.5336/sportsci.2022-91379
- De la Vega, R., Almendros, L. J., Barquín, R. R., Boros, S., Demetrovics, Z., & Szabo, A. (2022). Exercise addiction during the COVID-19 pandemic: An international study confirming the need for considering passion and perfectionism. International Journal of Mental Health And Addiction, 20(2), 1159–1170. DOI: 10.1007/s11469-020-00433-7
- Dixit, S., & Nandakumar, G. (2021). Promoting healthy lifestyles using information technology during the COVID-19 pandemic. Rev. Cardiovasc. Med., 22(1), 115–125. DOI: 10.31083/j.rcm.2021.01.187
- Edwards, D. J., Edwards, S. D., & Basson, C. J. (2004). Psychological well-being and physical self-esteem in sport and exercise. International Journal of Mental Health Promotion, 6(1), 25-32. DOI: 10.1080/14623730.2004.9721921
- Edwards, S. D., Ngcobo, H. S. B., Edwards D. J., & Palavar, K. (2005). Exploring the relationship between physical activity, psychological wellbeing and physical self-perception in different exercise groups. South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, 27(1), 75-90. DOI: 10.4314/sajrs.v27i1.25908
- Ejiri, M., Kawai, H., Kera, T., Ihara, K., Fujiwara, Y., Watanabe, Y., & Obuchi, S. (2021). Exercise as a coping strategy and its impact on the psychological well-being of Japanese community-dwelling older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal study. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 57, 102054. DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.102054
- Ezzatvar, Y., Ramírez-Vélez, R., Izquierdo, M., & Garcia-Hermoso, A. (2022). Physical activity and risk of infection, severity and mortality of COVID-19: A systematic review and non-linear dose-response meta-analysis of data from 1 853 610 adults. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 56(20), 1188-1193. DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2022-105733
- Ferreira, L. N., Pereira, L. N., da Fé Brás, M., & Ilchuk, K. (2021). Quality of life under the COVID-19 quarantine. Quality of Life Research, 30, 1389-1405. DOI: 10.1007/s11136-020-02724-x
- Greenwood-Hickman, M. A., Dahlquist, J., Cooper, J., Holden, E., McClure, J. B., Mettert, K. D., Perry, S. R., & Rosenberg, D. E. (2021). "They're going to zoom it": A qualitative investigation of impacts and coping strategies during the
COVID-19 pandemic among older adults. Front Public Health, 9, 679-976. DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.679976
- Guerra-Balic, M., González-González, C. S., Sansano-Nadal, O., López-Dóriga, A., Ming-Kai, C., Ding, K., Yang, J., & Durstine, J. L. (2023) Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on physical activity, insomnia, and loneliness among Spanish women and men. Sci Rep 13, 2912. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30173-2
- Gürbüz, B. (2017). The conception and perception of leisure in Turkey. In K. Henderson, & A. Sivan (Eds), Leisure from International Voices, Champaign, IL: Sagamore Publishing.
- Gürbüz, B., & Henderson, K. A. (2014). Leisure activity preferences and constraints: Perspectives from Turkey. World Leisure Journal, 56(4), 300-316. DOI: 10.1080/16078055.2014.958195
- Gürkan, R. K., Koçak, F., & Başar, A. (2021). Engelli sporcularda psikolojik iyi oluş ve serbest zaman doyumu arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. International Journal of Sport, Exercise & Training Sciences - IJSETS, 7(2), 73-83. DOI: 10.18826/useeabd.890800
- Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y. et al. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet, 395(102233), 497-506. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
- Keyes, C. L., Shmotkin, D., & Ryff, C. D. (2002). Optimizing well-being: The empirical encounter of two traditions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(6), 1007-1022.
- Lades, L., Laffan, K., Daly, M., & Delaney, L. (2020). Daily emotional well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. British Journal of Health Psychology, 25(4), 902–911. DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12450
- Li, M., Nie, J., & Ren, Y. (2015). Effects of exercise dependence on psychological health of Chinese college students. Psychiatria Danubina, 27(4), 0-419.
- Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. California: SAGE Publications.
- Matias, T., Dominski, F. H., & Marks, D. F. (2020). Human needs in COVID-19 isolation. Journal of Health Psychology, 25(7), 871-882. DOI:10.1177/1359105320925149
- Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. California: SAGE Publications.
- Öner, Ç. (2019). Egzersiz katılımcılarının temel psikolojik ihtiyaçları ve mental iyi oluşlarının incelenmesi. Akdeniz Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(2), 159-174.
- Özçelik, E., Dönmez, E., Işık, Ö., & Güngör, N. B. (2022). Fitness merkezi üyelerinde COVID-19 korkusu ve kaygı ilişkisi. Akdeniz Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(Özel Sayı 2), 1101-1110. DOI: 10.38021/asbid.1203527
- Papouli, E., Chatzifotiou, S., & Tsairidis, C. (2020). The use of digital technology at home during the COVID-19 outbreak: Views of social work students in Greece. Social Work Education, 39(8), 1107-1115.
- Parker, K., Uddin, R., Ridgers, N. D., Brown, H., Veitch, J., Salmon, J., Timperio, A., Sahlqvist, S., Cassar, S., Toffoletti, K.,
Maddison, R., & Arundell, L. (2021). The use of digital platforms for adults’ and adolescents’ physical activity during the COVID-19 pandemic (our life at home): Survey study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(2), e23389. DOI: 10.2196/23389
- Patten, M. L., Newhart M. (2018). Understanding research methods: An overview of the essentials. (10th Ed.) Routledge, New York.
- Rodrigues, N. G., Han, C. Q. Y., Su, Y., Klainin-Yobas, P., & Wu, X. V. (2022). Psychological impacts and online interventions of social isolation amongst older adults during COVID-19 pandemic: A scoping review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 78, 609–644. DOI: 10.1111/jan.15063
- Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Exploration of the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069-1081.
- Ryff, C. D. (1995). Psychological well-being in adult life. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 4(4), 99-104.
- Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(4), 719.
- Sagarra-Romero, L., Butragueño, J., Gomez-Bruton, A., Lozano-Berges, G., Vicente-Rodríguez, G., & Morales, J. S. (2022). Effects of an online home-based exercise intervention on breast cancer survivors during COVID-19 lockdown: a feasibility study. Supportive Care in Cancer: Official Journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer, 30(7), 6287–6297. DOI: 10.1007/s00520-022-07069-4
- Schrempft, S., Jackowska, M., Hamer, M., & Steptoe, A. (2019). Associations between social isolation, loneliness, and objective physical activity in older men and women. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 1-10. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-6424-y
- Schwendinger, F., & Pocecco, E. (2020). Counteracting physical inactivity during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence-based recommendations for home-based exercise. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(11), 3909. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17113909
- Sparkes, A. C., & Smith, B. (2009). Judging the quality of qualitative inquiry: Criteriology and relativism in action. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10(5), 491–497. DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.02.006
- Suh, A., & Li, M. (2022). How the use of mobile fitness technology influences older adults’ physical and psychological well-being. Computers in Human Behavior, 131, 107205. DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2022.107205
- Tison, G. H., Avram, R., Kuhar, P., Abreau, S., Marcus, G. M., Pletcher, M. J., & Olgin, J. E. (2020). Worldwide effect of COVID-19 on physical activity: A descriptive study. Annals of Internal Medicine, 173(9), 767-770. DOI: 10.7326/M20-2665
- Van Manen, M. (1990). Researching Lived Experience: Human Science for an Action Sensitive Pedagogy. London: Althouse Press.
- Wang, F., Gao, S., Chen, B., Liu, C., Wu, Z., Zhou, Y., & Sun, Y. (2022). A study on the correlation between undergraduate students' exercise motivation, exercise self-efficacy, and exercise behaviour under the COVID-19 epidemic environment. Frontiers in Psychology, 13:946896. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.946896
- WHO. Considerations for quarantine of individuals in the context of containment for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) Interim guidance 19 March 2020. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331497.
- Yumuk, E. D., Satılmış, S. E., & Güngörmüş, H. A. (2023). Back to the leisure: Covid scene vs. the post-Covid era in leisure activity participation. Herkes için Spor ve Rekreasyon Dergisi, 5(1), 22-26.
Digital Technologies and Psychological Well-Being; Covid-19 Pandemic Effects
Yıl 2023,
, 62 - 78, 29.10.2023
Feyza Meryem Kara
,
Halil Sarol
,
Gizem Karaca
Öz
This study examined women's use of digital technologies for exercising during the COVID-19 pandemic vis-à-vis the Six-factor Model of Psychological Well-being. A qualitative research design was adopted in investigating women's experiences of using digital exercise applications during the pandemic considering model of psychological well-being. The population of the study consisted of twelve (12) volunteer female participants who used digital exercise applications during the pandemic. A personal information form and a semistructured interview form were used as data collection tools. Thematic content analysis was applied to the data. The study concluded that during the pandemic, the participants could get ahead of various negative circumstances through physical activity, which contributed to them physically, mentally, psychologically, and socially. It is held that thanks to the technological devices that have become indispensable in the modern age, individuals can develop strategies to cope with life’s negativities and feel good.
Kaynakça
- Amagasa, S., Machida, M., Ding, D., & Inoue, S. (2020). Preventing infectious diseases outbreaks at exercise facilities. Managing Sport and Leisure, 27(1-2), 22-25. DOI: 10.1080/23750472.2020.1779116
- Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. DOI: 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
- Budak, D. (2022) Predictive Power Of Leisure Boredom On Psychological Well Being In Adults, 3. International Recreation and Sports Management Congress, Antalya, Turkey, pp.22-23.
- Creswell, J. W. 2013. Qualitative inquiry & research design choosing among five approaches, qualitative research methods, (3rd ed.). California: SAGE Publication.
- Demirel, M., Kaya A, Budak, D., Bozoğlu, M. S., & Yusuf, E. R. (2021). Effect of Covid-19 pandemic on recreational awareness and quality of life. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 23(2), 197-207.
- Çelik, F., & Yenal, T. H. (2020). COVID-19 ve hareketsiz yaşam. Akdeniz Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(2), 249-259. DOI: 10.38021/asbid.804705
- Daşdanbek-Acun, M., & Yıldırım, S. (2022). COVID-19 sürecinde sağlık çalışanlarının serbest zaman davranışları ve fiziksel aktivite düzeyindeki değişimde çevrim içi egzersiz uygulamalarının rolü: Nitel araştırmalar. Türkiye Klinikleri Journal of Sports Sciences, 14(3), 318-327. DOI: 10.5336/sportsci.2022-91379
- De la Vega, R., Almendros, L. J., Barquín, R. R., Boros, S., Demetrovics, Z., & Szabo, A. (2022). Exercise addiction during the COVID-19 pandemic: An international study confirming the need for considering passion and perfectionism. International Journal of Mental Health And Addiction, 20(2), 1159–1170. DOI: 10.1007/s11469-020-00433-7
- Dixit, S., & Nandakumar, G. (2021). Promoting healthy lifestyles using information technology during the COVID-19 pandemic. Rev. Cardiovasc. Med., 22(1), 115–125. DOI: 10.31083/j.rcm.2021.01.187
- Edwards, D. J., Edwards, S. D., & Basson, C. J. (2004). Psychological well-being and physical self-esteem in sport and exercise. International Journal of Mental Health Promotion, 6(1), 25-32. DOI: 10.1080/14623730.2004.9721921
- Edwards, S. D., Ngcobo, H. S. B., Edwards D. J., & Palavar, K. (2005). Exploring the relationship between physical activity, psychological wellbeing and physical self-perception in different exercise groups. South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, 27(1), 75-90. DOI: 10.4314/sajrs.v27i1.25908
- Ejiri, M., Kawai, H., Kera, T., Ihara, K., Fujiwara, Y., Watanabe, Y., & Obuchi, S. (2021). Exercise as a coping strategy and its impact on the psychological well-being of Japanese community-dwelling older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal study. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 57, 102054. DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.102054
- Ezzatvar, Y., Ramírez-Vélez, R., Izquierdo, M., & Garcia-Hermoso, A. (2022). Physical activity and risk of infection, severity and mortality of COVID-19: A systematic review and non-linear dose-response meta-analysis of data from 1 853 610 adults. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 56(20), 1188-1193. DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2022-105733
- Ferreira, L. N., Pereira, L. N., da Fé Brás, M., & Ilchuk, K. (2021). Quality of life under the COVID-19 quarantine. Quality of Life Research, 30, 1389-1405. DOI: 10.1007/s11136-020-02724-x
- Greenwood-Hickman, M. A., Dahlquist, J., Cooper, J., Holden, E., McClure, J. B., Mettert, K. D., Perry, S. R., & Rosenberg, D. E. (2021). "They're going to zoom it": A qualitative investigation of impacts and coping strategies during the
COVID-19 pandemic among older adults. Front Public Health, 9, 679-976. DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.679976
- Guerra-Balic, M., González-González, C. S., Sansano-Nadal, O., López-Dóriga, A., Ming-Kai, C., Ding, K., Yang, J., & Durstine, J. L. (2023) Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on physical activity, insomnia, and loneliness among Spanish women and men. Sci Rep 13, 2912. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30173-2
- Gürbüz, B. (2017). The conception and perception of leisure in Turkey. In K. Henderson, & A. Sivan (Eds), Leisure from International Voices, Champaign, IL: Sagamore Publishing.
- Gürbüz, B., & Henderson, K. A. (2014). Leisure activity preferences and constraints: Perspectives from Turkey. World Leisure Journal, 56(4), 300-316. DOI: 10.1080/16078055.2014.958195
- Gürkan, R. K., Koçak, F., & Başar, A. (2021). Engelli sporcularda psikolojik iyi oluş ve serbest zaman doyumu arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. International Journal of Sport, Exercise & Training Sciences - IJSETS, 7(2), 73-83. DOI: 10.18826/useeabd.890800
- Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y. et al. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet, 395(102233), 497-506. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
- Keyes, C. L., Shmotkin, D., & Ryff, C. D. (2002). Optimizing well-being: The empirical encounter of two traditions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(6), 1007-1022.
- Lades, L., Laffan, K., Daly, M., & Delaney, L. (2020). Daily emotional well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. British Journal of Health Psychology, 25(4), 902–911. DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12450
- Li, M., Nie, J., & Ren, Y. (2015). Effects of exercise dependence on psychological health of Chinese college students. Psychiatria Danubina, 27(4), 0-419.
- Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. California: SAGE Publications.
- Matias, T., Dominski, F. H., & Marks, D. F. (2020). Human needs in COVID-19 isolation. Journal of Health Psychology, 25(7), 871-882. DOI:10.1177/1359105320925149
- Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. California: SAGE Publications.
- Öner, Ç. (2019). Egzersiz katılımcılarının temel psikolojik ihtiyaçları ve mental iyi oluşlarının incelenmesi. Akdeniz Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(2), 159-174.
- Özçelik, E., Dönmez, E., Işık, Ö., & Güngör, N. B. (2022). Fitness merkezi üyelerinde COVID-19 korkusu ve kaygı ilişkisi. Akdeniz Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(Özel Sayı 2), 1101-1110. DOI: 10.38021/asbid.1203527
- Papouli, E., Chatzifotiou, S., & Tsairidis, C. (2020). The use of digital technology at home during the COVID-19 outbreak: Views of social work students in Greece. Social Work Education, 39(8), 1107-1115.
- Parker, K., Uddin, R., Ridgers, N. D., Brown, H., Veitch, J., Salmon, J., Timperio, A., Sahlqvist, S., Cassar, S., Toffoletti, K.,
Maddison, R., & Arundell, L. (2021). The use of digital platforms for adults’ and adolescents’ physical activity during the COVID-19 pandemic (our life at home): Survey study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(2), e23389. DOI: 10.2196/23389
- Patten, M. L., Newhart M. (2018). Understanding research methods: An overview of the essentials. (10th Ed.) Routledge, New York.
- Rodrigues, N. G., Han, C. Q. Y., Su, Y., Klainin-Yobas, P., & Wu, X. V. (2022). Psychological impacts and online interventions of social isolation amongst older adults during COVID-19 pandemic: A scoping review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 78, 609–644. DOI: 10.1111/jan.15063
- Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Exploration of the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069-1081.
- Ryff, C. D. (1995). Psychological well-being in adult life. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 4(4), 99-104.
- Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(4), 719.
- Sagarra-Romero, L., Butragueño, J., Gomez-Bruton, A., Lozano-Berges, G., Vicente-Rodríguez, G., & Morales, J. S. (2022). Effects of an online home-based exercise intervention on breast cancer survivors during COVID-19 lockdown: a feasibility study. Supportive Care in Cancer: Official Journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer, 30(7), 6287–6297. DOI: 10.1007/s00520-022-07069-4
- Schrempft, S., Jackowska, M., Hamer, M., & Steptoe, A. (2019). Associations between social isolation, loneliness, and objective physical activity in older men and women. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 1-10. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-6424-y
- Schwendinger, F., & Pocecco, E. (2020). Counteracting physical inactivity during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence-based recommendations for home-based exercise. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(11), 3909. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17113909
- Sparkes, A. C., & Smith, B. (2009). Judging the quality of qualitative inquiry: Criteriology and relativism in action. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10(5), 491–497. DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.02.006
- Suh, A., & Li, M. (2022). How the use of mobile fitness technology influences older adults’ physical and psychological well-being. Computers in Human Behavior, 131, 107205. DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2022.107205
- Tison, G. H., Avram, R., Kuhar, P., Abreau, S., Marcus, G. M., Pletcher, M. J., & Olgin, J. E. (2020). Worldwide effect of COVID-19 on physical activity: A descriptive study. Annals of Internal Medicine, 173(9), 767-770. DOI: 10.7326/M20-2665
- Van Manen, M. (1990). Researching Lived Experience: Human Science for an Action Sensitive Pedagogy. London: Althouse Press.
- Wang, F., Gao, S., Chen, B., Liu, C., Wu, Z., Zhou, Y., & Sun, Y. (2022). A study on the correlation between undergraduate students' exercise motivation, exercise self-efficacy, and exercise behaviour under the COVID-19 epidemic environment. Frontiers in Psychology, 13:946896. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.946896
- WHO. Considerations for quarantine of individuals in the context of containment for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) Interim guidance 19 March 2020. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331497.
- Yumuk, E. D., Satılmış, S. E., & Güngörmüş, H. A. (2023). Back to the leisure: Covid scene vs. the post-Covid era in leisure activity participation. Herkes için Spor ve Rekreasyon Dergisi, 5(1), 22-26.