The Effect of Body Composition on Breathing Performance in Male Football Players

Abstract

The respiratory system is one of the factors that affect athletic performance. Body composition factors affecting respiration in football players have a direct impact on player performance and endurance. The aim of our study is to investigate the effect of body composition factors on respiratory function in male soccer players. The Gaia 359 Plus Body Pass bioelectric impedance body analyser was used to determine body composition parameters of all subjects participating in the study. Body mass index (BMI), body fat, protein and mineral ratios were measured. The subjects were brought to the analyser barefoot, wearing a T-shirt and shorts. Respiratory function tests, FEV1, FEV1/FVC (Tiffenau index), FVC, SVC and MVV capacities were measured using an MGF Diagnostics CPFS/D USB spirometer. Football players with FEV1/FVC values <70% and those with a history of lung disease or upper respiratory tract infection were excluded from the study. Respiratory muscle forces (MIP and MEP) were measured using a portable, hand-held respiratory pressure meter (MicroRPM, Care Fusion Micro Medical, Kent, UK) according to ATS/ERS, 2002 guidelines. MIP was measured by residual volume and MEP by total lung capacity. SPSS 22 statistical software was used to analyse the data. In our study, body protein ratio affected FVC capacity but not other parameters. It was found that body fat ratio affects FVC, FEV1, SVC, and IC capacity but not FEV1/FVC, MVV respiratory muscle forces (MIP and MEP). It has been found that body mineral ratio only affects the FEV1 parameter in respiratory parameters and does not affect other respiratory functions and muscle strength values. In conclusion was found that body fat ratio affected respiratory function but not respiratory muscle strength, and body protein (FVC) and mineral ratio (FEV1) did not affect respiratory function and respiratory muscle strength.

Keywords

• Football
• Respiratory System
• Body Composition

Erkek Futbolcularda Vücut Kompozisyonunun Solunum Performansına Etkisi

Öz

Solunum sistemi sportif performansı etkileyen faktörlerden biridir. Futbolcular için solunumu etkileyen vücut kompozisyonu faktörleri, oyuncuların performansını ve dayanıklılığını doğrudan etkilemektedir. Çalışmamızın amacı erkek futbolcularda vücut kompozisyon faktörlerinin solunum fonksiyonuna etkisinin incelenmesidir. Çalışmaya katılan tüm deneklerin vücut kompozisyon parametrelerini belirlemek için Gaia 359 Plus BodyPass biyoelektrik empedans vücut analizörü kullanıldı. Vücut kitle endeksi (VKİ), Vücut yağ, protein ve mineral oranları alınmıştır. Denekler analizör üzerine tişört ve şort giyili şekilde çıplak ayakla çıkarıldı. Solunum fonksiyon testleri için FEV1, FEV1 / FVC (Tiffenau indeksi), FVC, SVC ve MVV kapasiteleri bir MGF Diagnostics CPFS / D USB Spirometre kullanıldı. FEV1 / FVC değeri <% 70 olan futbolcular ve akciğer hastalığı, üst solunum yolu enfeksiyonu öyküsü olanlar çalışma dışı bırakıldı. Solunum kas kuvvetleri için (MIP ve MEP), ATS / ERS, 2002 kılavuzlarına göre, portatif bir elle tutulan ağız solunum basıncı ölçüm cihazı (MicroRPM, CareFusion Micro Medical, Kent, İngiltere) ile ölçülmüştür. MIP ölçümü rezidüel hacim ile, MEP ise total akciğer kapasitesi uygulandı. Verilerin analizi için SPSS 22 istatistik programı kullanıldı. Çalışmamızda vücut protein oranının FVC kapasitesini etkilediği tespit edilirken diğer parametreleri etkilemediği tespit edilmiştir. Vücut yağ oranının FVC, FEV1, SVC ve İC kapasitelerini etkilerken, FEV1/FVC, MVV solunum kas kuvvetlerini (MİP ve MEP) etkilemediği tespit edilmiştir. Vücut mineral oranının solunum parametrelerinde sadece FEV1 parametresini etkilediği diğer solunum fonksiyon ve solunum kas kuvvet değerlerini etkilemediği tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, vücut yağ oranının solunum fonksiyonlarını etkidiği, solunum kas kuvvetlerini etkilemediği, vücut protein (FVC) ve mineral oranının (FEV1) ise solunum fonksiyon ve solunum kas kuvvetlerini etkilemediği tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Futbol
• Solunum Sistemi
• Vücut Kompozisyonu

Kaynakça

1. Ackland, T. R., Lohman, T. G., Sundgot-Borgen, J., Maughan, R. J., Meyer, N. L., Stewart, A. D., ve Müller, W. (2012). Current status of body composition assessment in sport: review and position statement on behalf of the ad hoc research working group on body composition health and performance, under the auspices of the IOC Medical Commission. Sports Medicine, 42, 227-249.
2. Bostanci, Ö., Mayda, H., Yılmaz, C., Kabadayı, M., Yılmaz, A. K., ve Özdal, M. (2019). Inspiratory muscle training improves pulmonary functions and respiratory muscle strength in healthy male smokers. Respiratory physiology & neurobiology, 264, 28-32.
3. Bostanci, Ö., Kabadayi, M., Mayda, M. H., Yilmaz, A. K., ve Yilmaz, C. (2021). The relatıonship between shooting performance and respiratory muscle strength in archers aged 9-12. Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity, 13(3), 31-36.
4. Campa, F., Gobbo, L. A., Stagi, S., Cyrino, L. T., Toselli, S., Marini, E., ve Coratella, G. (2022). Bioelectrical impedance analysis versus reference methods in the assessment of body composition in athletes. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 122(3), 561-589.
5. Cansu, Ö. (2022). Postmenopozal kadınlarda kemik mineral yoğunluğunun solunum fonksiyonları ve egzersiz kapasitesi ile olan ilişkisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bakırçay Üniversitesi, Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, Fizyoterapi ve Rehabilitasyon Ana Bilim Dalı, İzmir.
6. Ceylan, E., Cömlekçi, A., Akkoclu, A., Ceylan, C., Itil, O., Ergör, G., ve Yeşil, S. (2009). The effects of body fat distribution on pulmonary function tests in the overweight and obese. Southern Medical Journal, 102(1), 30-35.
7. Chen, Y., Horne, S. L., ve Dosman, J. A. (1993). Body weight and weight gain related to pulmonary function decline in adults: a six year follow up study. Thorax, 48(4), 375-380.
8. Collins, L. C., Hoberty, P. D., Walker, J. F., Fletcher, E. C., ve Peiris, A. N. (1995). The effect of body fat distribution on pulmonary function tests. Chest, 107(5), 1298-1302.

9. Cotes, J. E., Chinn, D. J., Reed, J. W. (2001). Body mass, fat percentage, and fat free mass as reference variables for lung function: effects on terms for age and sex. Thorax 56 (1), 839–844
10. Durmic, T., Popovic, B. L., Svenda, M. Z., Djelic, M., Zugic, V., Gavrilovic, T., ... ve Leischik, R. (2017). The training type influence on male elite athletes’ ventilatory function. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine, 3(1), e000240.
11. Erail, S., Bostanci, Ö., ve Polat, A. V. (2022). Ultrasound Assessment of Diaphragm Thickness in Athletes. International Journal of Morphology, 40(2), 376-383.
12. Fosbøl, M. Ø., ve Zerahn, B. (2015). Contemporary methods of body composition measurement. Clinical physiology and functional imaging, 35(2), 81-97.
13. George, D., ve Mallery, P. (2010) SPSS for Windows step by step. A simple study guide and reference. Needham Heights: Allyn & Bacon.
14. Hackett, D. A., ve Sabag, A. (2021). Lung function and respiratory muscle strength and their relationship with weightlifting strength and body composition in non-athletic males. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, 286, 103616.
15. Heymseld, S.L.T., Wang, Z., ve Going, S. (2005). Human Body Composition. (2. Edition). Human Kinetics.
16. Hancox, R. J., Poulton, R., Ely, M., Welch, D., Taylor, D. R., McLachlan, C. R., ... ve Sears, M. R. (2010). Effects of cannabis on lung function: a population-based cohort study. European Respiratory Journal, 35(1), 42-47.
17. Jung, D. H., Shim, J. Y., Ahn, H. Y., Lee, H. R., Lee, J. H., ve Lee, Y. J. (2010). Relationship of body composition and C-reactive protein with pulmonary function. Respiratory medicine, 104(8), 1197-1203.
18. Karasar, N. (2017) Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. (32. Baskı). Nobel Yayınevi. Kılıç, L. (2019). Vücut kompozisyonunun değerlendirilmesi-nutrisyonel destek. Güncel Göğüs Hastalıkları Serisi 7 (1), 67-74.
19. Kim, S. R., Choi, U. S., Choi, J. H., ve Koh, H. J. (2003). Association of body fat and body mass ındex with pulmonary function in women in their forties. Journal of the Korean Academy of Family Medicine, 24(9), 827-832.
20. Kocahan, T., ve Akınoğlu, B. (2019). The effect of body composition on pulmonary function in elite athletes. Progress in Nutrition, 21(3), 542-551.
21. Komici, K., D’Amico, F., Verderosa, S., Piomboni, I., D’Addona, C., Picerno, V., ... ve Guerra, G. (2022). Impact of body composition parameters on lung function in athletes. Nutrients, 14(18), 3844.
22. Koziel, S., Ulijaszek, S. J., Szklarska, A., ve Bielicki, T. (2007). The effects of fatness and fat distribution on respiratory functions. Annals of Human Biology, 34(1), 123-131.
23. Lacasse, Y., ve Cormier, Y. (2006). Hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Orphanet journal of rare diseases, 1(25), 1-9. Lazarus, R., Sparrow, D., ve Weiss, S. T. (1997). Effects of obesity and fat distribution on ventilatory function: the normative aging study. Chest, 111(4), 891-898.
24. Lee, H. S., ve Lee, J. (2021). Influences of ketogenic diet on body fat percentage, respiratory exchange rate, and total cholesterol in athletes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(6), 2912.
25. Lemieux, S., Prud'homme, D., Bouchard, C., Tremblay, A., ve Després, J. P. (1993). Sex differences in the relation of visceral adipose tissue accumulation to total body fatness. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 58(4), 463-467.
26. Li, A. M., Chan, D., Wong, E., Yin, J., Nelson, E. A. S., ve Fok, T. F. (2003). The effects of obesity on pulmonary function. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 88(4), 361-363.
27. Linn, T., Santosa, B., Grönemeyer, D., Aygen, S., Scholz, N., Busch, M., ve Bretzel, R. G. (2000). Effect of long-term dietary protein intake on glucose metabolism in humans. Diabetologia, 43, 1257-1265.
28. Lukaski, H., ve Raymond-Pope, C. J. (2021). New frontiers of body composition in sport. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 42(07), 588-601.
29. Mohamed, E. I., Maiolo, C., Iacopino, L., Pepe, M., Daniele, N., ve Lorenzo, A. (2002). The impact of body-weight components on forced spirometry in healthy Italians. Lung, 180, 149-159.
30. Park, J.E., Chung, J.H., Lee, K. H., ve Shin, K.C. (2012). The effect of body composition on pulmonary function. Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, 72 (5), 433-40.
31. Peralta, G. P., Marcon, A., Carsin, A. E., Abramson, M. J., Accordini, S., Amaral, A. F., ... ve Garcia-Aymerich, J. (2020). Body mass index and weight change are associated with adult lung function trajectories: the prospective ECRHS study. Thorax, 75(4), 313-320.
32. Pingleton, S. K., ve Harmon, G. S. (1987). Nutritional management in acute respiratory failure. Jama, 257(22), 3094-3099.
33. Polkey, M. I., Green, M., ve Moxham, J. (1995). Measurement of respiratory muscle strength. Thorax, 50(11), 1131.
34. Rasmussen, F., ve Hancox, R. J. (2014). Mechanisms of obesity in asthma. Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical İmmunology, 14(1), 35-43.
35. Rochester, D. F., ve Esau, S. A. (1984). Malnutrition and the respiratory system. Chest, 85(3), 411-415.
36. Ro, H. J., Kim, D. K., Lee, S. Y., Seo, K. M., Kang, S. H., ve Suh, H. C. (2015). Relationship between respiratory muscle strength and conventional sarcopenic indices in young adults: a preliminary study. Annals of rehabilitation medicine, 39(6), 880-887.
37. Santana, H., Zoico, E., Turcato, E., Tosoni, P., Bissoli, L., Olivieri, M., ... ve Zamboni, M. (2001). Relation between body composition, fat distribution, and lung function in elderly men. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 73(4), 827-831.
38. Sanya, A. O., ve Adesina, A. T. (1998). Relationship between estimated body fat and some respiratory function indices. The Central African Journal of Medicine, 44(10), 254-258.
39. Sarsan, A., Alkan, H., Başer, S., Yıldız, N., Özgen, M. ve Ardıç, F. (2013). Obez Kadınlarda Aerobik Egzersiz Programının Solunum Fonksiyonları ve Kardiyorespiratuar Kapasitesi Üzerine Etkisi. Türk Fiziksel Tıp ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi/Türkiye Uluslararası Tip ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi, 59 (2), 140-144.
40. Schols, A. M. W. J. (2001). Nutrition and respiratory disease. Clinical Nutrition, 20, 173-179.
41. Soori, M., Mohaghegh, S., Hajain, M., ve Moraadi, B. (2016). Effects of Ramadan fasting on inspiratory muscle function. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine, 7 (3), e35201.
42. Steele, R. M., Finucane, F. M., Griffin, S. J., Wareham, N. J., ve Ekelund, U. (2009). Obesity is associated with altered lung function independently of physical activity and fitness. Obesity, 17(3), 578-584.
43. Sutherland, T. J., McLachlan, C. R., Sears, M. R., Poulton, R., ve Hancox, R. J. (2016). The relationship between body fat and respiratory function in young adults. European Respiratory Journal, 48(3), 734-747.
44. Syam, A. F., Sobur, C. S., Abdullah, M., ve Makmun, D. (2016). Ramadan fasting decreases body fat but not protein mass. International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 14(1), e29687.
45. Tabachnick, B. G., ve Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics, (6. Baskı). Pearson.
46. Wang, R., Custovic, A., Simpson, A., Belgrave, D. C., Lowe, L. A., ve Murray, C. S. (2014). Differing associations of BMI and body fat with asthma and lung function in children. Pediatric Pulmonology, 49(11), 1049-1057.
47. Wannamethee, S. G., Shaper, A. G., ve Whincup, P. H. (2005). Body fat distribution, body composition, and respiratory function in elderly men. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 82(5), 996-1003.
48. Weisberg, S. P., McCann, D., Desai, M., Rosenbaum, M., Leibel, R. L., ve Ferrante, A. W. (2003). Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue. The Journal of Clinical İnvestigation, 112(12), 1796-1808.
49. Witard, O. C., Turner, J. E., Jackman, S. R., Kies, A. K., Jeukendrup, A. E., Bosch, J. A., ve Tipton, K. D. (2014). High dietary protein restores overreaching induced impairments in leukocyte trafficking and reduces the incidence of upper respiratory tract infection in elite cyclists. Brain, Behavior, and İmmunity, 39, 211-219.