Çalışma aynı lig düzeyinde (2. lig) rekabetçi hentbol takımlarının, takım/grup uyumu (group cohesion) düzeyine göre başarı sıralamasını değerlendirmek ve takım uyumu ile başarı sıralaması arasındaki ilişkiyi belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Takım uyumu Carron ve ark. (1985) tarafından geliştirilen, Türk sporcularına Unutmaz ve ark (2014) tarafından uyarlanan Takım Birlikteliği Envanteri (Group Environment Questinnaire-GEQ) ile belirlenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda, müsabakada 1. olan takımlar ile diğer takımların görev uyumu düzeyi benzerdir. Müsabakayı 1. ve 2. olarak tamamlayan takımların sosyal uyum düzeyleri en düşük, sonuncu olarak tamamlayan takımların en yüksektir. Erkek takımlarının görev uyumu düzeyi kadın takımlarından yüksektir. Ayrıca sosyal uyum ile takım başarısı arasında, görev uyumu ile cinsiyet arasında ilişki belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak takımların başarılı sıralamasında üst noktalara çıkmaları için görev uyumunun gerekli olmakla birlikte yeterli olmadığı, en alt lig düzeyindeki takımlarda yüksek sosyal uyumun başarısızlığa neden olabileceği ve erkeklerin kazanmak için kadınlardan daha fazla görev uyumu sergiledikleri belirlenmiştir.
Bakeman, R., & Helmreich, R. (1975). Cohesiveness and performance: Covariation and causality in an undersea environment. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 11(5), 478-489. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(75)90050-5.
Beal, D. J., Cohen, R. R., Burke, M. J., & McLendon, C. L. (2003). Cohesion and performance in groups: a meta-analytic clarification of construct relations. Journal of applied psychology, 88 (6), 989-1004. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.6.989.
Boone, K. S., Beitel, P., & Kuhlman, J. (1997). The effects of the win/loss record on cohesion. Journal of Sport Behavior, 20(2), 125-134. https://search.proquest.com/openview/0f5ea4b7b937c654d13179ba15623a88/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=30153
Brawley, L. R., Carron, A. V., & Widmeyer, W. N. (1987). Assessing the cohesion of teams: Validity of the Group Environment Questionnaire. Journal of Sport Exercise Psychology, 9(3), 275-294. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/jsp.9.3.275
Bray, C. D., & Whaley, D. E. (2001). Team cohesion, effort, and objective individual performance of high school basketball players. The Sport Psychologist, 15(3), 260-275. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.15.3.260
Carron, A. V., & Ball, J. R. (1977). An analysis of the cause-effect characteristics of cohesiveness and participation motivation in intercollegiate hockey. International Review of Sport Sociology, 12(2), 49-60. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/101269027701200203
Carron, A. V., & Brawley, L. R. (2000). Cohesion: Conceptual and measurement issues. Small group research, 31(1), 89-106. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/104649640003100105
Carron, A. V., Bray, S. R., & Eys, M. A. (2002a). Team cohesion and team success in sport. Journal of sports sciences, 20(2), 119-126. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/026404102317200828
Carron, A. V., & Chelladurai, P. (1981). Cohesiveness as a factor in sport performance. International Review of Sport Sociology, 16(2), 21-43. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/101269028101600202
Carron, A. V., Colman, M. M., Wheeler, J., & Stevens, D. (2002b). Cohesion and performance in sport: A meta analysis. Journal of Sport Exercise Psychology, 24(2), 168-188. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.24.2.168
Carron, A. V., Widmeyer, W. N., & Brawley, L. R. (1985). The development of an instrument to assess cohesion in sport teams: The Group Environment Questionnaire. Journal of Sport Exercise Psychology, 7(3), 244-266. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/jsp.7.3.244
Charbonneau, D., & Wood, V. M. (2018). Antecedents and outcomes of unit cohesion and affective commitment to the Army. Military Psychology, 30(1), 43-53. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/08995605.2017.1420974
Davids, K., & Nutter, A. (1988). The cohesion-performance relationship of English national league volleyball teams. Journal of Human Movement Studies, 15(5), 205-213.
Dorak, F., & Vurgun, N. (2006). Takım sporları açısından empati ve takım birlikteliği ilişkisi. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(2), 73-77. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1501/Sporm_0000000060
Dyaram, L., & Kamalanabhan, T. (2005). Unearthed: the other side of group cohesiveness. Journal of Social Sciences, 10(3), 185-190. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09718923.2005.11892479
Evans, C. R., & Dion, K. L. (1991). Group cohesion and performance: A meta-analysis. Small Group Research, 22(2), 175-186. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1046496491222002
Eys, M. A., & Carron, A. V. (2001). Role ambiguity, task cohesion, and task self-efficacy. Small Group Research, 32(3), 356-373. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/104649640103200305
Gardner, D. E., Shields, D. L. L., Bredemeier, B. J. L., & Bostrom, A. (1996). The relationship between perceived coaching behaviors and team cohesion among baseball and softball players. The Sport Psychologist, 10(4), 367-381. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.10.4.367
Gioldasis, A., Stavrou, N., Mitrotasios, M., & Psychountaki, M. (2016). Cohesion and performance in soccer: A causal model. Sport Science Review, 25(1-2), 97. https://doi.org/10.1515/ssr-2016-0006
Hardy, J., Eys, M. A., & Carron, A. V. (2005). Exploring the potential disadvantages of high cohesion in sports teams. Small Group Research, 36(2), 166-187. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1046496404266715
Harrison, D. A., Price, K. H., & Bell, M. P. (1998). Beyond relational demography: Time and the effects of surface-and deep-level diversity on work group cohesion. Academy of Management Journal, 41(1), 96-107. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5465/256901
Hatem, Ö., & Aydın, O. (2009). Spor takımlarında kolektif yeterlik, öz-yeterlik ve saygınlık algıları ile başarı algı ve beklentileri arasındaki ilişkiler. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 26(2)
Heuzé, J.-P., Bosselut, G., & Thomas, J.-P. (2007). Should the coaches of elite female handball teams focus on collective efficacy or group cohesion? The Sport Psychologist, 21(4), 383-399. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.21.4.383
Heuzé, J.-P., Raimbault, N., & Fontayne, P. (2006a). Relationships between cohesion, collective efficacy and performance in professional basketball teams: An examination of mediating effects. Journal of sports sciences, 24(1), 59-68. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410500127736
Heuzé, J.-P., Sarrazin, P., Masiero, M., Raimbault, N., & Thomas, J.-P. (2006b). The relationships of perceived motivational climate to cohesion and collective efficacy in elite female teams. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 18(3), 201-218. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200600830273
Høigaard, R., Säfvenbom, R., & Tønnessen, F. E. (2006). The relationship between group cohesion, group norms, and perceived social loafing in soccer teams. Small Group Research, 37(3), 217-232. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1046496406287311
Hoyle, R. H., & Crawford, A. M. (1994). Use of individual-level data to investigate group phenomena issues and strategies. Small Group Research, 25(4), 464-485. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1046496494254003
Jordan, M. BrainyQuote.com.Available:https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/michael_jordan_167383. Accessed April 8, 2020.
Akpınar, S., Kirazcı, S. ve Aşçı, H. (2011). Group cohesion in exercise classes: An examination of gender and type of exercise class differences. Journal of Human Sciences, 8(2), 845-862.
Kocaekşi, S., & Koruç, Z. (2012). Başarılı ve başarısız hentbol takımlarının grup sargınlığı, kaygı, güdülenme ve yeterlik düzeylerinin karşılaştırılması. Hacettepe J. of Sport Sciences, 23(3), 129-143.
Kozachuk, J., Foroughi, C. K., & Freeman, G. (2016). Exploring electronic sports: An interdisciplinary approach. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 60(1), 2118-2122. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601479
Kozub, S. A., & Button, C. J. (2000). The influence of a competitive outcome on perceptions of cohesion in rugby and swimming teams. International Journal of Sport Psychology. 31 (1), 82–95.
Landers, D. M., & Lüschen, G. (1974). Team performance outcome and the cohesiveness of competitive coacting groups. International Review of Sport Sociology, 9(2), 57-71. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/101269027400900203
Langfred, C. W. (1998). Is group cohesiveness a double-edged sword? An investigation of the effects of cohesiveness on performance. Small Group Research, 29(1), 124-143. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1046496498291005
Light Shields, D. L., Gardner, D. E., Light Bredemeier, B. J., & Bostro, A. (1997). The relationship between leadership behaviors and group cohesion in team sports. The Journal of Psychology, 131(2), 196-210. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00223989709601964
Mach, M., Dolan, S., & Tzafrir, S. (2010). The differential effect of team members' trust on team performance: The mediation role of team cohesion. Journal of Occupational Organizational Psychology, 83(3), 771-794. https://doi.org/ https://doi.org/10.1348/096317909X473903
Marcos, F. M. L., Miguel, P. A. S., Oliva, D. S., & Calvo, T. G. (2010). Interactive effects of team cohesion on perceived efficacy in semi-professional sport. Journal of sports science medicine, 9(2), 320-325.
Marcos, F. M. L., Sánchez-Miguel, P. A., Sánchez-Oliva, D., Alonso, D. A., & García-Calvo, T. (2012). Evolution of perceived cohesion and efficacy over the season and their relation to success expectations in soccer teams. Journal of Human Kinetics, 34(1), 129-138. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2478/v10078-012-0072-y
Matheson, H., Mathes, S., & Murray, M. (1997). The effect of winning and losing on female interactive and coactive team cohesion. Journal of Sport Behavior, 20(3), 284-298.
McGrath, J. E. (1962). The influence of positive interpersonal relations on adjustment and effectiveness in rifle teams. The Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology, 65(6), 365–375. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0047395
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The Relationship Between Group Cohesion and Team Achievement: The Case of University Handball 2. League Teams
The purpose of the study is to evaluate the success ranking of competitive handball teams at the same league level (2nd league) according to the group cohesion level and to determine the relationship between success ranking and group cohesion. Group cohesion was determined according to the Team Environment Questinnaire (GEQ), which was developed by Carron et al. (1985), and adapted to Turkish athletes by Unutmaz et al. (2011). As a result of the research, task cohesion levels of the teams that came first in the competition and the other teams are similar. The task cohesion level of men's teams is higher than women's teams. In addition, the relationship between social cohesion and team success, and between task cohesion and gender were analyzed.
As a result, it has been concluded that although task cohesion is necessary, it is not enough to achieve top positions, high social cohesion in the teams in the lowest league may cause failure and men exhibit more task cohesion than women in order to win.
Bakeman, R., & Helmreich, R. (1975). Cohesiveness and performance: Covariation and causality in an undersea environment. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 11(5), 478-489. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(75)90050-5.
Beal, D. J., Cohen, R. R., Burke, M. J., & McLendon, C. L. (2003). Cohesion and performance in groups: a meta-analytic clarification of construct relations. Journal of applied psychology, 88 (6), 989-1004. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.6.989.
Boone, K. S., Beitel, P., & Kuhlman, J. (1997). The effects of the win/loss record on cohesion. Journal of Sport Behavior, 20(2), 125-134. https://search.proquest.com/openview/0f5ea4b7b937c654d13179ba15623a88/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=30153
Brawley, L. R., Carron, A. V., & Widmeyer, W. N. (1987). Assessing the cohesion of teams: Validity of the Group Environment Questionnaire. Journal of Sport Exercise Psychology, 9(3), 275-294. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/jsp.9.3.275
Bray, C. D., & Whaley, D. E. (2001). Team cohesion, effort, and objective individual performance of high school basketball players. The Sport Psychologist, 15(3), 260-275. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.15.3.260
Carron, A. V., & Ball, J. R. (1977). An analysis of the cause-effect characteristics of cohesiveness and participation motivation in intercollegiate hockey. International Review of Sport Sociology, 12(2), 49-60. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/101269027701200203
Carron, A. V., & Brawley, L. R. (2000). Cohesion: Conceptual and measurement issues. Small group research, 31(1), 89-106. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/104649640003100105
Carron, A. V., Bray, S. R., & Eys, M. A. (2002a). Team cohesion and team success in sport. Journal of sports sciences, 20(2), 119-126. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/026404102317200828
Carron, A. V., & Chelladurai, P. (1981). Cohesiveness as a factor in sport performance. International Review of Sport Sociology, 16(2), 21-43. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/101269028101600202
Carron, A. V., Colman, M. M., Wheeler, J., & Stevens, D. (2002b). Cohesion and performance in sport: A meta analysis. Journal of Sport Exercise Psychology, 24(2), 168-188. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.24.2.168
Carron, A. V., Widmeyer, W. N., & Brawley, L. R. (1985). The development of an instrument to assess cohesion in sport teams: The Group Environment Questionnaire. Journal of Sport Exercise Psychology, 7(3), 244-266. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/jsp.7.3.244
Charbonneau, D., & Wood, V. M. (2018). Antecedents and outcomes of unit cohesion and affective commitment to the Army. Military Psychology, 30(1), 43-53. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/08995605.2017.1420974
Davids, K., & Nutter, A. (1988). The cohesion-performance relationship of English national league volleyball teams. Journal of Human Movement Studies, 15(5), 205-213.
Dorak, F., & Vurgun, N. (2006). Takım sporları açısından empati ve takım birlikteliği ilişkisi. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(2), 73-77. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1501/Sporm_0000000060
Dyaram, L., & Kamalanabhan, T. (2005). Unearthed: the other side of group cohesiveness. Journal of Social Sciences, 10(3), 185-190. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09718923.2005.11892479
Evans, C. R., & Dion, K. L. (1991). Group cohesion and performance: A meta-analysis. Small Group Research, 22(2), 175-186. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1046496491222002
Eys, M. A., & Carron, A. V. (2001). Role ambiguity, task cohesion, and task self-efficacy. Small Group Research, 32(3), 356-373. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/104649640103200305
Gardner, D. E., Shields, D. L. L., Bredemeier, B. J. L., & Bostrom, A. (1996). The relationship between perceived coaching behaviors and team cohesion among baseball and softball players. The Sport Psychologist, 10(4), 367-381. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.10.4.367
Gioldasis, A., Stavrou, N., Mitrotasios, M., & Psychountaki, M. (2016). Cohesion and performance in soccer: A causal model. Sport Science Review, 25(1-2), 97. https://doi.org/10.1515/ssr-2016-0006
Hardy, J., Eys, M. A., & Carron, A. V. (2005). Exploring the potential disadvantages of high cohesion in sports teams. Small Group Research, 36(2), 166-187. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1046496404266715
Harrison, D. A., Price, K. H., & Bell, M. P. (1998). Beyond relational demography: Time and the effects of surface-and deep-level diversity on work group cohesion. Academy of Management Journal, 41(1), 96-107. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5465/256901
Hatem, Ö., & Aydın, O. (2009). Spor takımlarında kolektif yeterlik, öz-yeterlik ve saygınlık algıları ile başarı algı ve beklentileri arasındaki ilişkiler. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 26(2)
Heuzé, J.-P., Bosselut, G., & Thomas, J.-P. (2007). Should the coaches of elite female handball teams focus on collective efficacy or group cohesion? The Sport Psychologist, 21(4), 383-399. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.21.4.383
Heuzé, J.-P., Raimbault, N., & Fontayne, P. (2006a). Relationships between cohesion, collective efficacy and performance in professional basketball teams: An examination of mediating effects. Journal of sports sciences, 24(1), 59-68. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410500127736
Heuzé, J.-P., Sarrazin, P., Masiero, M., Raimbault, N., & Thomas, J.-P. (2006b). The relationships of perceived motivational climate to cohesion and collective efficacy in elite female teams. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 18(3), 201-218. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200600830273
Høigaard, R., Säfvenbom, R., & Tønnessen, F. E. (2006). The relationship between group cohesion, group norms, and perceived social loafing in soccer teams. Small Group Research, 37(3), 217-232. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1046496406287311
Hoyle, R. H., & Crawford, A. M. (1994). Use of individual-level data to investigate group phenomena issues and strategies. Small Group Research, 25(4), 464-485. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1046496494254003
Jordan, M. BrainyQuote.com.Available:https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/michael_jordan_167383. Accessed April 8, 2020.
Akpınar, S., Kirazcı, S. ve Aşçı, H. (2011). Group cohesion in exercise classes: An examination of gender and type of exercise class differences. Journal of Human Sciences, 8(2), 845-862.
Kocaekşi, S., & Koruç, Z. (2012). Başarılı ve başarısız hentbol takımlarının grup sargınlığı, kaygı, güdülenme ve yeterlik düzeylerinin karşılaştırılması. Hacettepe J. of Sport Sciences, 23(3), 129-143.
Kozachuk, J., Foroughi, C. K., & Freeman, G. (2016). Exploring electronic sports: An interdisciplinary approach. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 60(1), 2118-2122. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601479
Kozub, S. A., & Button, C. J. (2000). The influence of a competitive outcome on perceptions of cohesion in rugby and swimming teams. International Journal of Sport Psychology. 31 (1), 82–95.
Landers, D. M., & Lüschen, G. (1974). Team performance outcome and the cohesiveness of competitive coacting groups. International Review of Sport Sociology, 9(2), 57-71. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/101269027400900203
Langfred, C. W. (1998). Is group cohesiveness a double-edged sword? An investigation of the effects of cohesiveness on performance. Small Group Research, 29(1), 124-143. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1046496498291005
Light Shields, D. L., Gardner, D. E., Light Bredemeier, B. J., & Bostro, A. (1997). The relationship between leadership behaviors and group cohesion in team sports. The Journal of Psychology, 131(2), 196-210. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00223989709601964
Mach, M., Dolan, S., & Tzafrir, S. (2010). The differential effect of team members' trust on team performance: The mediation role of team cohesion. Journal of Occupational Organizational Psychology, 83(3), 771-794. https://doi.org/ https://doi.org/10.1348/096317909X473903
Marcos, F. M. L., Miguel, P. A. S., Oliva, D. S., & Calvo, T. G. (2010). Interactive effects of team cohesion on perceived efficacy in semi-professional sport. Journal of sports science medicine, 9(2), 320-325.
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