Yüzme Sporunda Çıkış aşaması: Biyomekaniksel Yaklaşım

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 51 - 60, 28.04.2021

Ayşegül Atlı , Bahar Kulunkoglu

https://doi.org/10.38021/asbid.891634

Cited By: 1

Öz

Yüzme sporunda santisaniye gibi saniyeden daha küçük zaman aralığında performans değerlendirilerek yüzücünün en kısa sürede mesafeyi tamamlaması amaçlanmaktadır. Çıkış, stil yüzme, dönme ve bitirme aşamalarında; çıkış aşamasının performansı diğer aşamalara etki ederek sporcunun skorunda önemli değişikliklere neden olmaktadır. Özellikle kısa mesafeli olimpiyat yarışlarındaki sporcuların analizlerinde ilk 15 m’lik çıkış aşamasının skoru büyük oranda etkilediği ve madalya kazanı değiştirdiği görülmüştür. Performansı artırmak için çıkış biyomekaniğinin üç aşaması olan blok, uçuş ve su altını etkileyen kuvvetler ayrı ayrı öneme sahiptir. Blok aşamasında üretilen momentin uçuş aşamasında sporcunun daha ileriye gitmesini sağlayarak sualtı aşamasında erken geçiş ile sporcu daha az dalga ve türbülans kuvvetine maruz kalmaktadır. Böylelikle çıkış aşamasında 15 m’lik mesafede sporcu zaman ve hız bakımından avantaj sağlayarak yüzme aşamasına daha hızlı geçmektedir. Yüzücünün performansını etkileyen çıkış biyomekaniğinde; reaksiyon zamanı, blokta oluşturulan itme kuvveti, uçuş aşamasındaki vücudun stabilitesi, suya giriş sırasında yüzey gerilim kuvveti, sualtında sürtünme kuvveti, sürükleme kuvveti, türbülans ve dalga kuvveti birçok çalışmada ele alındığı basınç farkı kuvvetinin ise biyomekanik analizini yapmak diğer spor branşlarına göre (karada yapılanlara göre) daha zor olduğu literatürde yer almaktadır. Bu nedenle literatürde tüm parametreleri içeren çalışmalar yerine birkaç parametreyi değerlendiren çalışmalar bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı aşamaların kendi içinde dinamiklerinin değerlendirilerek bütün bir çerçevede ele alınması ve sporcunun performansını geliştirmede bakış açısı oluşturmaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Biyomekanik, Çıkış, Spor, Yüzme

Destekleyen Kurum

yok

Teşekkür

yok

Start Phase in Swimming Sport: Biomechanical Approach

Öz

In swimming, it is aimed that the swimmer will complete the distance in the shortest time possible by evaluating the performance in a time interval smaller than centiseconds, such as. In the exit, style swimming, turning and finishing stages; The performance of the starting stage causes significant changes in the athlete's score by affecting other stages. In short-distance races, the exit stage covers almost half the time of swimming. Especially in the analysis of the athletes in the short distance Olympic races, it was seen that the first 15m exit stage greatly affected the score and changed the medal boiler. In order to improve performance, forces affecting the three stages of the exit biomechanics: block, flight and underwater should be evaluated separately. By enabling the athlete to go further during the flight phase of the moment produced in the block stage, the athlete is subjected to less wave and turbulence force with early transition in the underwater stage. Thus, after these stages affecting each other, after the first 15 m when the swimming style begins, the swimmer provides an advantage in terms of time and speed. Reaction time affecting the performance of the swimmer, pushing force created in the block, stability of the body in flight stage, surface tension force during water entry, friction force underwater, drag force, turbulence and wave force are not discussed in many studies, biomechanic analysis of pressure difference force is difficult in compaison to other sports branches (compared to those made on land). Therefore, there are studies in the literature that evaluate several parameters instead of studies containing all parameters. The aim of this study is to evaluate the dynamics of the stages within a whole framework and to create a perspective in improving the performance of the athlete.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Swimming, Sport, Biomechanics, Start

Kaynakça

• Baydemir, B, Selçuk, R, Aksoy, D. (2019). 8-9 Yaş Yüzücülerde Antropometrik Özelliklerin Track Çıkış Mesafesine Etkisi. Akdeniz Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 2 (2), 215-223. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/asbid/issue/51776/665673
• Balilionis, G., Nepocatych, S., Ellis, C. M., Richardson, M. T., Neggers, Y. H., & Bishop, P. A. (2012). Effects of different types of warm-up on swimming performance, reaction time, and dive distance. J Strength Cond Res, 26(12), 3297-3303. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e318248ad40
• Conti, A. A. (2015). [Swimming, physical activity and health: a historical perspective]. Clin Ter, 166(4), 179-182. doi:10.7417/ct.2015.1867
• Cortesi, M., & Gatta, G. (2015). Effect of The Swimmer's Head Position on Passive Drag. J Hum Kinet, 49, 37-45. doi:10.1515/hukin-2015-0106
• de Jesus, K., de Jesus, K., Figueiredo, P., Gonçalves, P., Pereira, S., Vilas-Boas, J. P., & Fernandes, R. J. (2011). Biomechanical analysis of backstroke swimming starts. Int J Sports Med, 32(7), 546-551. doi:10.1055/s-0031-1273688
• De Jesus, K., De Jesus, K., Medeiros, A. I., Gonçalves, P., Figueiredo, P., Fernandes, R. J., & Vilas-Boas, J. P. (2015). Neuromuscular Activity of Upper and Lower Limbs during two Backstroke Swimming Start Variants. J Sports Sci Med, 14(3), 591-601.
• Ferreira, M. I., Barbosa, T. M., Costa, M. J., Neiva, H. P., & Marinho, D. A. (2016). Energetics, Biomechanics, and Performance in Masters' Swimmers: A Systematic Review. J Strength Cond Res, 30(7), 2069-2081. doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000001279
• Ferreira, M. I., Barbosa, T. M., Neiva, H. P., Marta, C. C., Costa, M. J., & Marinho, D. A. (2015). Effect of Gender, Energetics, and Biomechanics on Swimming Masters Performance. J Strength Cond Res, 29(7), 1948-1955. doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000000848
• Fischer, S., & Kibele, A. (2016). The biomechanical structure of swim start performance. Sports Biomechanics, 15(4), 397-408. doi:10.1080/14763141.2016.1171893
• Galbraith, H., Scurr, J., Hencken, C., Wood, L., & Graham-Smith, P. (2008). Biomechanical Comparison of the Track Start and the Modified One-Handed Track Start in Competitive Swimming: An Intervention Study. Journal of applied biomechanics, 24, 307-315. doi:10.1123/jab.24.4.307
• Garcia-Hermoso, A., Escalante, Y., Arellano, R., Navarro, F., Domínguez, A. M., & Saavedra, J. M. (2013). Relationship between final performance and block times with the traditional and the new starting platforms with a back plate in international swimming championship 50-m and 100-m freestyle events. J Sports Sci Med, 12(4), 698-706.
• Gatta, G., Leban, B., Paderi, M., Padulo, J., Migliaccio, G. M., & Pau, M. (2014). The development of swimming power. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J, 4(4), 438-445.
• Gonjo, T., & Olstad, B. H. (2020). Start and Turn Performances of Competitive Swimmers in Sprint Butterfly Swimming. J Sports Sci Med, 19(4), 727-734.
• Holfelder, B., Brown, N., & Bubeck, D. (2013). The Influence of Sex, Stroke and Distance on the Lactate Characteristics in High Performance Swimming. PLoS ONE, 8(10), e77185. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0077185
• Holthe, M. J., & McLean, S. (2001). Kinematic comparison of grab and track starts in swimming. Proceedings of the XIX international symposium on biomechanics in sports, 31-34.
• Jerszyński, D., Antosiak-Cyrak, K., Habiera, M., Wochna, K., & Rostkowska, E. (2013). Changes in selected parameters of swimming technique in the back crawl and the front crawl in young novice swimmers. J Hum Kinet, 37, 161-171. doi:10.2478/hukin-2013-0037
• Lyttle AD, B. N. A. ((2005)). Start right? A biomechanical review of dive start performance. http://coachesinfo.com/category/swimming/321.
• Marinho, D. A., Barbosa, T. M., Neiva, H. P., Silva, A. J., & Morais, J. E. (2020). Comparison of the Start, Turn and Finish Performance of Elite Swimmers in 100 m and 200 m Races. J Sports Sci Med, 19(2), 397-407.
• Marinho, D. A., Barbosa, T. M., Rouboa, A. I., & Silva, A. J. (2011). The Hydrodynamic Study of the Swimming Gliding: a Two-Dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Analysis. J Hum Kinet, 29, 49-57. doi:10.2478/v10078-011-0039-4
• Marinho, D. A., Reis, V. M., Alves, F. B., Vilas-Boas, J. P., Machado, L., Silva, A. J., & Rouboa, A. I. (2009). Hydrodynamic drag during gliding in swimming. J Appl Biomech, 25(3), 253-257. doi:10.1123/jab.25.3.253
• Mason, B., Am, A., & J, F. (2006). A Kinetic Analysis and Recommendations for Elite Swimmers Performing the Sprint start.
• Matsuura, Y., Matsunaga, N., Iizuka, S., Akuzawa, H., & Kaneoka, K. (2020). Muscle Synergy of the Underwater Undulatory Swimming in Elite Male Swimmers. Front Sports Act Living, 2, 62. doi:10.3389/fspor.2020.00062
• Mourão, L., de Jesus, K., Roesler, H., Machado, L. J., Fernandes, R. J., Vilas-Boas, J. P., & Vaz, M. A. (2015). Effective Swimmer's Action during the Grab Start Technique. PLoS ONE, 10(5), e0123001. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0123001
• Naemi, R., & Sanders, R. H. (2008). A "hydrokinematic" method of measuring the glide efficiency of a human swimmer. J Biomech Eng, 130(6), 061016. doi:10.1115/1.3002764
• O'Connor L, M., & Vozenilek, J. A. (2011). Is it the athlete or the equipment? An analysis of the top swim performances from 1990 to 2010. J Strength Cond Res, 25(12), 3239-3241. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182392c5f
• Papic, C., Sinclair, P., Fornusek, C., & Sanders, R. (2019). The effect of auditory stimulus training on swimming start reaction time. Sports Biomech, 18(4), 378-389. doi:10.1080/14763141.2017.1409260
• Seifert, L., Vantorre, J., Lemaitre, F., Chollet, D., Toussaint, H. M., & Vilas-Boas, J. P. (2010). Different profiles of the aerial start phase in front crawl. J Strength Cond Res, 24(2), 507-516. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181c06a0e
• Thanopoulos, V., Rozi, G., Okičić, T., Dopsaj, M., Jorgić, B., Madić, D., Batis, E. (2012). Differences in the efficiency between the grab and track starts for both genders in greek young swimmers. J Hum Kinet, 32, 43-51. doi:10.2478/v10078-012-0022-8
• Thng, S., Pearson, S., Rathbone, E., & Keogh, J. W. L. (2020). The prediction of swim start performance based on squat jump force-time characteristics. PeerJ, 8, e9208. doi:10.7717/peerj.9208
• Tor, E., Pease, D. L., & Ball, K. A. (2015a). Comparing three underwater trajectories of the swimming start. J Sci Med Sport, 18(6), 725-729. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2014.10.005
• Tor, E., Pease, D. L., & Ball, K. A. (2015b). How does drag affect the underwater phase of a swimming start? J Appl Biomech, 31(1), 8-12. doi:10.1123/jab.2014-0081
• Tor, E., Pease, D. L., & Ball, K. A. (2015c). Key parameters of the swimming start and their relationship to start performance. J Sports Sci, 33(13), 1313-1321. doi:10.1080/02640414.2014.990486
• Trinidad, A., Veiga, S., Navarro, E., & Lorenzo, A. (2020). The Transition from Underwater to Surface Swimming During the Push-off Start in Competitive Swimmers. J Hum Kinet, 72, 61-67. doi:10.2478/hukin-2019-0125
• Vantorre, J., Chollet, D., & Seifert, L. (2014). Biomechanical analysis of the swim-start: a review. J Sports Sci Med, 13(2), 223-231.
• Vilas-Boas, J. P., Costa, L., Fernandes, R. J., Ribeiro, J., Figueiredo, P., Marinho, D., . . . Machado, L. (2010). Determination of the drag coefficient during the first and second gliding positions of the breaststroke underwater stroke. J Appl Biomech, 26(3), 324-331. doi:10.1123/jab.26.3.324
• Welcher, R. L., Hinrichs, R. N., & George, T. R. (2008). Front- or rear-weighted track start or grab start: Which is the best for female swimmers? Sports Biomechanics, 7(1), 100-113. doi:10.1080/14763140701683247
• Welcher, R. L., Hinrichs, R. N., & George, T. R. (2008). Front- or rear-weighted track start or grab start: which is the best for female swimmers? Sports Biomech, 7(1), 100-113. doi:10.1080/14763140701683247
• Yeung, S. S., & Ng, G. Y. (2000). Effects of squat lift training and free weight muscle training on maximum lifting load and isolinetic peak torque of young adults without impairments. Phys Ther, 80(6), 570-577.