Çocuklar İçin İnspiratuar Kası Isınma Egzersizlerinde En Önemli Basınç Yüzdesi Kaçtır?

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 3, 593 - 603, 28.09.2022

Serkan İbiş Gönül Yavuz Songül Kurt Necdet Eray Pişkin Zait Burak Aktuğ

https://doi.org/10.38021/asbid.1153675

Öz

Son yıllarda genel ısınma içerisinde yer almaya başlayan aletli inspiratuar kası ısınma egzersizlerinin (IMT-D) performansa olumlu yönde katkı sağladığı görülmüştür. Literatürde IMT-D’leri genellikle maksimal inspiratuar basıncın (MIP) %40 ile yapılmaktadır. IMT-D’leri ile ilgili hem akut hem de kronik çalışmalarda en iyi MIP yüzdesinin kaç olduğu açıklayan ya da belirleyen bir çalışmaya literatürde rastlanmamıştır. Bu düşünceler ile yapılan çalışmada IMT-D’lerinde solunum parametrelerini geliştirmek için en önemli basınç yüzdesinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmaya 12-14 yaşları arasında toplam 40 lisanslı sporcu katılmıştır. Katılımcılara farklı günlerde MIP’in %15, %30, %40, %45, %50 ve %60’ında powerbreathe plus solunum egzersiz cihazı ile IMT-D yaptırılmış ve bu egzersizlerin hemen ardından spirometre ile solunum parametreleri (FVC, FEV1, PEF) ölçülmüştür. Ölçümler arası farkı belirlemede Kruskal Wallis H testi kullanılmıştır. İstatistik analiz sonucunda; MIP’in %15’ine göre %30, %40 %45, %50, %60’da yapılan IMT-D’nin solunum parametrelerini daha fazla geliştirdiği, ayrıca en yüksek gelişimin MIP’in %45, %50 ve %60’ın da olduğu görülmüştür. Solunum parametrelerini geliştirmek isteyen sedanterlerin ve sporcuların IMT-D’lerinde daha yüksek bir gelişim için sadece literatürde uygulanan MIP’in %40’ına bağlı kalmadan MIP’in %45, %50 ve %60’ı ile de çalışabilecekleri söylenebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

İnspiratuar kas ısınma, Solunum, Powertbreathe, MIP

What is the Most Important Percentage of Pressure in Inspiratory Muscle Warm-Up Exercises for Children?

Öz

It has been observed that device inspiratory muscle warm-up exercises (IMW-D), which has started to take place in general warm-up in recent years, contribute to performance in a positive fashion. In the literature, IMW-Ds are usually performed with 40% of maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP). There is not a single study explaining or determining the best percentage of MIP in both acute and chronic studies on IMW-Ds in the literature. Therefore, in this study, it was aimed to determine the most important pressure percentage to improve respiratory parameters in IMW-Ds. A total of 40 athletes with licenses in a federation between the ages of 12-14 participated in the study. Participants underwent IMW-D with a powerbreathe plus respiratory exercise device at 15%, 30%, 40%, 45%, 50% and 60% of the MIP on different days, and immediately following these exercises were performed with a spirometer, respiratory parameters were measured as (FVC, FEV1, PEF). Kruskal Wallis H test was used in order to determine the difference between measurements. As a result of statistical analysis, it was found that while there was significant difference in PEF values between 15% and 40%, 45% of MIP; and the highest improvement was 45%, 50% and 60% of MIP in FVC, FEV1 and PEF values. It can be suggested that sedentary people and athletes who want to improve their respiratory parameters can also train with 45%, 50% and 60% of MIP without depending on 40% of the MIP applied only as given in the literature for a higher improvement in their IMW-D.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Inspiratory muscle warm-up, Respiration, Powertbreathe, MIP

Kaynakça

• Arend, M., Kivastik, J., & Mäestu, J. (2016). Maximal inspiratory pressure is influenced by intensity of the warm-up protocol. Respiratory Physiology Neurobiology, 230, 11-15. doi:10.1016/j.resp.2016.05.002.
• Arend, M., Mäestu, J., Kivastik, J., Rämson, R., & Jürimäe, J. (2015). Effect of inspiratory muscle warm-up on submaximal rowing performance. Journal of Strength Conditioning Research, 29, 213-218.
• Brown, P. I., Johnson, M. A., & Sharpe, G. R. (2014). Determinants of inspiratory muscle strength in healthy humans. Respiratory Physiology Neurobiology, 196, 50–55.
• Carpenter, M. A., Tockman, M. S., & Hutchinson, R. G., Davis, C. E., Heiss, G. (1999). Demographic and anthropometric correlates of maximum inspiratory pressure: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 159, 415-422. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.159.2.9708076 .
• Chen, H. I., & Kuo, C. S. (1989). Relationship between respiratory muscle function and age, sex, and other factors. Journal of Applied Physiology, 66, 943-948. doi:10.1152/jappl.1989.66.2.943. Cheng, C. F., Hsu, W. C., Kuo, Y. H., Chen, T. W., & Kuo, Y. C. (2020). Acute effect of inspiratory resistive loading on sprint interval exercise performance in team-sport athletes. Respiratory Physiology Neurobiology, 282, 103531. doi:10.1016/j.resp.2020.103531.
• Cheng, C. F., Tong, T. K., Kuo, Y. C., Chen, P. H., Huang, H. W., & Lee, C. L. (2013). Inspiratory muscle warm-up attenuates muscle deoxygenation during cycling exercise in women athletes Respiratory Physiology Neurobiology, 186(3), 296-302. doi:10.1016/j.resp.2013.02.029.
• Costa, D., Goncalves, H. A., Lima, L. P., Ike, D., Cancelliero, K. M., & Montebelo, M. I. (2010). New reference values for maximal respiratory pressures in the Brazilian population. Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia, 36, 306-312. doi:10.1590/S1806-37132010000300007.
• Çelik, M. A., Özdal, M., & Vural, M. (2021). The effect of inspiratory muscle warm-up protocol on acceleration and maximal speed in 12-14 years old children. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science, 6(11), 104-111. doi:10.46827/ejpe.v6i11.3642.
• Enright, S., Chatham, K., Ionescu, A. A., Unnithan, V. B., & Shale, D. J. (2004). Inspiratory muscle training improves lung function and exercise capacity in adults with cystic fibrosis. Chest Journal, 126, 405-411. doi:10.1378/chest.126.2.405
• Enright, S. J., Unnithan, V. B., Heward, C., Withnall, L., & Davies, D. H. (2006). Effect of high-intensity inspiratory muscle training on lung volumes, diaphragm thickness, and exercise capacity in subjects who are healthy. Physical Therapy, 86, 345-354. doi: 10.1093/ptj/86.3.345.
• Enright, S. J., & Unnithan, W. B. (2011). Effect of inspiratory muscle training intensities on pulmonary function and work capacity in people who were healthy: a randomized controlled trial. Physical Therapy, 91, 894-905. doi:10.2522/ptj.20090413.
• Evans, J. A., & Whitelaw, W. A. (2009). The assessment of maximal respiratory mouth pressures in adults. Respiratory Care, 54, 1348-1359.
• Gigliotti, F., Binazzi, B., & Scano, G. (2006). Does training of respiratory muscles affect exercise performance in healthy subjects? Respiratory Medicine, 100, 1117-1120. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2005.09.022.
• Griffiths, L. A., & McConnell, A. K. (2007). The influence of inspiratory and expiratory muscle training upon rowing performance. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 99(5), 457-466. doi:10.1007/s00421-006-0367-6. Harms, C. A., Wetter, J. T., Croix, C. M. S., Pegelow, D. F., & Dempsey, J .A. (2000). Effects of respiratory muscle work on exercise performance. Journal of Applied Physiology, 89, 131-138. doi:10.1152/jappl.2000.89.1.131.
• Hautmann, H., Hefele, S., Schotten, K., & Huber, R.M. (2000). Maximal inspiratory mouth pressures (PIMAX) in healthy subjects, what is the lower limit of normal. Respiratory Medicine, 94(7), 689-693. doi:10.1053/rmed.2000.0802.
• Illi, S. K., Held, U., Frank, I., & Spengler, C. M. (2012). Effect of respiratory muscle training on exercise performance in healthy individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sport Medicine, 42(8), 707-724. doi:10.2165/11631670-000000000-00000.
• Inbar, O., Weiner, P., Azgad, Y., Rotstien, A., & Weinstein, Y. (2000). Specific inspiratory muscle training in well-trained endurance athletes. Medicine Science in Sports Exercise, 32, 1233-1237. doi:10.1097/00005768-200007000-00008.
• Johnson, B. D., Babcock, M. A., Suman, O. E., & Dempsey, J. A. (1993). Exercise-induced diaphragmatic fatigue in healthy humans. The Journal of Physiology, 460, 385-405. Johnson, M. A., Gregson, I. R., Mills, D. E., Gonzalez, J. T., & Sharpe, G. R. (2014). Inspiratory muscle warm-up does not improve cycling time-trial performance. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 14(9), 1821-1830.
• Kantarson, J., Jalayondeja, W., & Chaunchaiyakul, R., Pongurgsorn, C. (2010). Effect of respiratory muscles warm-up on exercise performance in sedentary subjects. Journal of Medical Technology and Physical Therapy, 22, 71-81.
• Kraemer, W. J., Adams, K., Cafarelli, E., Dudley, G. A., Dooly, C., Feigenbaum, M. S., Fleck, S. J., Franklin, B., Fry, A. C., Hoffman, J. R., Newton, R. U., Potteiger, J., Stone, M. H., Ratamess, N. A., & Triplett-McBride, T. (2002). American college of sports medicine position stand: progressive models in resistance training for healthy adults. Medicine Science in Sports Exercise, 34, 364-380. doi: 10.1097/00005768-200202000-00027.
• Larson, J. L., Covey, M. K., Vitalo, C. A., Alex, C. G., Patel, M., & Kim, M. J. (1993). Maximal inspiratory pressure. learning effect and test-retest reliability in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chest Journal, 104, 448-453. doi:10.1378/chest.104.2.448.
• Leicht, C. A., Smith, P. M., Sharpe, G., Perret, C., & Gossey-Tolfrey, V. L. (2010). The effects of a respiratory warm-up on the physical capacity and ventilatory response in paraplegic individuals. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 110, 1291-1298. doi:10.1007/s00421-010-1613-5.
• Lin, H., Tong, T. K., Huang, C., Nie, J., Lu, K., & Quach, B. (2007). Specific inspiratory muscle warm-up enhances badminton footwork performance. Applied Physiol. Nutrition and Metabolism, 32(6), 1082-1088. doi:10.1139/H07-077.
• Liu, K., Zhang, W., Yang, Y., Zhang, J., Li, Y., & Chen, Y. (2020). Respiratory rehabilitation in elderly patients with COVID-19: a randomized controlled study. Complementary Therapies in Clinical. Practice, 39, 101166. doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101166.
• Lomax, M., Grant, I., & Corbett, J. (2011). Inspiratory muscle warm-up and inspiratory muscle training: seperate and combined effects on intermittent running to exhaustion. Journal of Sports Sciences, 29, 563-569. doi:10.1080/02640414.2010.543911.
• Lomax, M., & McConnell, A. K. (2009). Influence of prior activity (warm-up) and inspiratory muscle training upon between-and within-day reliability of maximal inspiratory pressure measurement. Respiration, 78, 197-202. McConnell, A. K., Caine, M. P., & Sharpe, G. R. (1997). Inspiratory muscle fatigue following running to volitional fatigue: the influence of baseline strength. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 18(3), 169-173. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-972614.
• McConnell, A.K. (2011). Breathe strong, perform better. Champaign, USA, Human Kinetics.
• Mostoufi-Moab, S., Widmaier, E. J., Cornett, J. A., Gray, K., & Sinoway, L. I. (1998). Forearm training reduces the exercise pressor reflex during ischemic rhythmic handgrip. Journal of Applied Physiology, 84, 277-283. doi:10.1152/jappl.1998.84.1.277.
• Özdal, M. (2016). Acute effects of inspiratory muscle warm-up on pulmonary function in healthy subjects. Respiratory Physiology Neurobiology, 227, 23-26. doi:10.1016/j.resp.2016.02.006.
• Romer, L. M., McConnell, A .K., & Jones, D. A. (2002a). Effects of inspiratory muscle training on time-trial performance in trained cyclists. Journal of Sports Sciences, 20, 547-562. doi:10.1080/026404102760000053
• Romer, L. M., McConnell, A. K., & Jones, D. A., (2002b). Effects of inspiratory muscle training upon recovery time during high intensity, repetitive sprint activity International Journal of Sports Medicine, 23, 353-360.
• Sheel, A. W., Derchak, P. A., Morgan, B. J., Pegelow, D. F., Jacques, A. J., & Dempsey, J. A. (2001). Fatiguing inspiratory muscle work causes reflex reduction in resting leg blood flow in humans. The Journal of Physiology, 537, 277289. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.0277k.x.
• Somers, V. K., Leo, K. C., Shields, R., Clary, M., & Mark, A. L. (1992). Forearm endurance training attenuates sympathetic nerve response to isometric handgrip in normal humans. Journal of Applied Physiology, 72, 1039-1043. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1992.72.3.1039.
• Tenório, L. H. S., Santos, A. C., Câmara Neto, J. B., Amaral, F. J., Passos, V. M. M., Lima, A. M. J., & Brasileiro-Santos, M. D. S. (2013). The influence of inspiratory muscle training on diaphragmatic mobility, pulmonary function and maximum respiratory pressures in morbidly obese individuals: a pilot study. Disability and Rehabilitation, 35, 1915-1920. doi:10.3109/09638288.2013.769635
• Tong, T. K., Fu, F. H., Quach, B., & Lu. K. (2004). Reduced sensations of intensity of breathlessness enhances maintenance of intense intermittent exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 92, 275-284. doi:10.1007/s00421-004-1094-5.
• Tong, T. K., & Fu, F. H. (2006). Effect of specific inspiratory muscle warm-up on intense intermittent run to exhaustion. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 97(6), 673-680. doi:10.1007/s00421-006-0233-6.
• Tong, T. K., Fu, F. H., & Eston, R. (2010). Chronic and acute inspiratory muscle loading augment the effect of a 6-week interval program on tolerance of high intensity intermittent bouts of running. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24, 3041e3048.
• Turner, L. A., Tecklenburg-Lund, S., Chapman, R. F., Stager, J. M., Duke, J. W., & Mickleborough, T. D. (2013). Inspiratory loading and limb locomotor and respiratory muscle deoxygenation during cycling exercise. Respiratory Physiology Neurobiology, 185, 506–514. doi:10.1016/j.resp.2012.11.018.
• Volianitis, S., McConnell, A. K., Koutedakis, Y., & Jones, D. A. (1999). The influence of prior activity upon inspiratory muscle strength in rowers and non-rowers. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 20(8), 542-547. doi:10.1055/s-1999-9464.
• Volianitis, S., McConnell, A. K., & Jones, D .A. (2001a). Assessment of maximum inspiratory pressure. Prior submaximal respiratory muscle activity (‘warm-up’) enhances maximum inspiratory activity and attenuates the learning effect of repeated measurement. Respiration, 68, 22-27. doi:10.1159/000050458.
• Volianitis, S., McConnell, A. K., Koutedakis, Y., & Jones, D. A. (2001b). Specific respiratory warm-up improves rowing performance and exertional dyspnea. Medicine Science in Sports Exercise, 33(7), 1189-1193.
• Volianitis, S., McConnell, A. K., Koutedakis, Y., McNaughton, L., Bacx, K., & Jones, D. A. (2001c). Inspiratory muscle training improves rowing performance. Medicine Science in Sports Exercise, 33, 803-809.
• Wetter, T. J., Harms, C. A., Nelson, W. B., Pegelow, D. F., & Dempsey, J. A. (1999). Influence of respiratory muscle work on VO(2) and leg blood flow during submaximal exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 87, 643-651. doi:10.1152/jappl.1999.87.2.643.
• Wüthrich, T. U., Marty, J., Benaglia, P., Eichenberger, P. A., & Spengler, C. M. (2015). Acute effects of a respiratory sprint-Interval session on muscle contractility. Medicine Science in Sports Exercise, 47(9), 1979-1987. doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000627.
• Yılmaz, Ö. F., & Özdal, M. (2019). Acute, chronic, and combined pulmonary responses to swimming in competitive swimmers. Respiratory Physiology Neurobiology, 259, 129-135. doi:10.1016/j.resp.2018.09.002.
• Zois, J., Bishop, D., & Aughey, R. (2015). High-intensity warm-ups: effects during subsequent intermittent exercise. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 10(4), 498-503. doi:10.1123/ijspp.2014-0338.
• Zois, J., Bishop, D., Fairweather, I., Ball, K., & Aughey, R. J. (2013). High-intensity re-warm-ups enhance soccer performance. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 34(9), 800-805. doi:10.1055/s-0032-1331197.