Biathlonda Atış İsabetini Etkileyen Bazı Fizyolojik Faktörlerin İncelenmesi

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 5 Sayı: Özel Sayı 2 - Akademik Spor Araştırmaları Özel Sayısı, 1066 - 1079, 23.12.2022

Sefer Karabağ , Serkan Hazar , Engin Gezer

https://doi.org/10.38021/asbid.1202995

Öz

Araştırmanın amacı Türk Biathlon Milli Takımında aktif spor hayatı devam eden biathletlerin maksimum oksijen tüketim kapasiteleri, atıştan önceki nabız değerleri ve atış sırasındaki soluk frekans değerlerinin atıştaki isabetlerine etkisinin incelenmesidir. Çalışmaya, 15 milli biathlet katılmıştır. Biathletlerin maksimum oksijen kullanma kapasitelerinin (MaxVO2) tespiti için Bruce Treadmill Test Protokolü uygulanmıştır. Üç değişik tempo ile poligona gelen biathletlerin solunum ritimleri, toparlanma kalp atım değerleri ve isabetli atış sayıları tespit edilmiştir. Kayaklı koşu yüklenme yoğunluğu, dinlenik kalp atım sayısı (İKAS) metodu ile hesaplanmıştır. Yüklenme tempoları % 40-60 ve 80 lik kalp atım sayısı hedeflenerek hesaplanmış, RC3 GPS kalp atım hızını gösteren saat ile kontrolü sağlanmıştır. Soluk frekansları sporcular mat üzerine yerleştikleri andan, ayrılıncaya kaydedilmiştir. Atışlardaki isabetleri biathlon atış poligonundaki elektronik hedeflerle kaydedilmiştir. Yapılan araştırmada elde edilen bulgular neticesinde çalışmaya katılan biathletlerin maksimum oksijen tüketim kapasitelerinin atış öncesindeki nabız değerlerinin düşmesini etkilediği, sporcuların farklı yüklenme yüzdeleri ile atış alanına girdiklerinde atış sırasında kalp atım değerlerinin istirahat esnasındaki kalp atım değerlerine kıyasla değişimi arasında istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı bir farklılık olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ancak bu durumun atış isabet yüzdesini anlamlı etkilemediği tespit edilmiştir. Yapılan ilişki analizinde MaxVO2 ile atış isabet yüzdesi arasında %80 lik yüklenmedeki atış yüzdesi ile pozitif korelasyon olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Biathlon, MaxVO2, Atış İsabeti, Kayaklı Koşu

Investigation of Some Physiological Actors Affecting of Shooting Accuracy in Biathlon

Öz

The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of maximum oxygen consumption capacity, recovery heart rate values before shooting and respiratory frequencies during shooting on shooting accuracy of athletes who continue their active sports life in the Turkish biathlon national team. 15 national biathlete participated in the study. Bruce Treadmill Test Protocol was applied to determine the maximum oxygen consumption capacity (MaxVO2) of biathletes. Respiratory rhythms, recovery heart rate and number of hits of biathletes who came to the range with three different tempos were determined. Cross country Skiing intensity of the biathletes was calculated by the resting heart rate method. Loading tempos were calculated by targeting the heart rate of 40-60% and 80 percent, and it was controlled by a clock with a display showing the RC3 GPS heart rate Breath frequencies were recorded from the moment the athletes settled on the mat until they left. Their hits in shots were recorded with electronic targets on the biathlon shooting range. As a result of the findings obtained in the study, it was determined that the maximum oxygen consumption capacity of the biathletes participating in the study affected the decrease in the pulse values before the shooting, and there was a statistically significant difference between the change of the heart rate values during the shooting compared to the resting heart rate values when the athletes entered the shooting area with different loading percentages . However, it was determined that this situation did not significantly affect the shooting accuracy percentage. In the correlation analysis, it was determined that there was a positive correlation between MaxVO2 and the shooting accuracy percentage at 80% loading.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Biathlon, MaxVO2, Shooting Accuracy, Cross Country Skiing

Kaynakça

• Ainegren, M., Carlsson, P., Tinnsten, M., ve Laaksonen, M. S. (2013). Skiing economy and efficiency in recreational and elite cross-country skiers. The Journal of Strength ve Conditioning Research, 27(5), 1239-1252.
• Burns, K. (2009). Biathlon, Cross Country, Ski Jumping, and Nordic Combined. Crabtree Publishing Company.
• Buskirk, E. R., Kollias, J., Akers, R. F., Prokop, E. K., ve Reategui, E. P. (1967). Maximal performance at altitude and on return from altitude in conditioned runners. Journal of Applied Physiology, 23(2), 259-266.
• Findley, B. W., Brown, L. E., Groo, D. R., Gilbert, R., ve Whitehurst, M. (1997). HAMSTRING STRENGTH OF INCUMBENT FEMALE FIREFIGHTERS 197. Medicine ve Science in Sports ve Exercise, 29(5), 35.
• Ewstratow, W., Czukardin, Y., ve Sergeew, B. (1989). Sport narciarski. Moskwa: Fizkultura i Sport.
• Günay, M., Tamer, K., Cicioğlu, H., ve Şıktar, E. (2019). Spor fizyolojisi ve performans ölçüm testleri.
• Günay, M. (2017). Antrenman bilimi.
• Greaney, J. L., Stanhewicz, A. E., Proctor, D. N., Alexander, L. M., ve Kenney, W. L. (2015). Impairments in central cardiovascular function contribute to attenuated reflex vasodilation in aged skin. Journal of Applied Physiology, 119(12), 1411-1420.
• Groslambert, A., Candau, R., Grappe, F., Dugue, B., ve Rouillon, J. D. (2003). Effects of autogenic and imagery training on the shooting performance in biathlon. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 74(3), 337-341.
• Groslambert, A., Candau, R., Hoffman, M. D., Bardy, B., ve Rouillon, J. D. (1999). Validation of simple tests of biathlon shooting ability. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 20(03), 179-182.
• Heinicke, K., Heinicke, I., Schmidt, W., ve Wolfarth, B. (2005). A three-week traditional altitude training increases hemoglobin mass and red cell volume in elite biathlon athletes. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 26(05), 350-355.
• Hoffman, M. D., ve Street, G. M. (1992). Characterization of the heart rate response during biathlon. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 13(05), 390-394.
• Holmberg, H. C. (2009). The competitive Cross-Country Skier–an impressive human engine (p. 121). na.
• Holmberg, H. C., Rosdahl, H., ve Svedenhag, J. (2007). Lung function, arterial saturation and oxygen uptake in elite cross country skiers: influence of exercise mode. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine ve Science in Sports, 17(4), 437-444
• Ingjer, F. (1991). Maximal oxygen uptake as a predictor of performance ability in women and men elite cross‐country skiers. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine ve Science in Sports, 1(1), 25-30.
• Kaya, M. (2016). Recovery of metals and nonmetals from electronic waste by physical and chemical recycling processes. Waste Management, 57, 64-90.
• Kayıhan, G. (2012). Polislerde atış başarısı ile seçilmiş fiziksel ve fizyolojik parametrelerin ilişkilendirilmesi. Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Anabilim Dalı Doktora Tezi.
• Kraemer, W. J., Fleck, S. J., ve Deschenes, M. R. (2011). Exercise physiology: integrating theory and application. Lippincott Williams ve Wilkins.
• Kenney, W. L., Wilmore, J. H., ve Costill, D. L. (2015). Physiology of sport and exercise, Human Kinetics.
• Kenney, W. L., Wilmore, J. H., Costill, D. L., Delamarche, A., Delamarche, P., Groussard, C. A. ve Kenney, W. L. (2017). Physiologie du sport et de l'exercice. De Boeck Supérieur.
• Krasicki, S. (1994). Narciarstwo biegowe. Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego im. Bronisława Czecha (Kraków).
• Kraemer, W. J., ve Szivak, T. K. (2012). Strength training for the warfighter. The Journal of Strength ve Conditioning Research, 26, S107-S118.
• Kłodecka-Różalska, J. (2002). Psychologiczne uwarunkowania osiągnięć kobiet i mężczyzn w dwuboju zimowym. Sport wyczynowy, 3(4), 87-99.
• Losnegard, T., ve Hallén, J. (2014). Physiological differences between sprint-and distance-specialized cross-country skiers. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 9(1), 25-31.
• Laaksonen, M. S., Ainegren, M., ve Lisspers, J. (2011). Evidence of improved shooting precision in biathlon after 10 weeks of combined relaxation and specific shooting training. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 40(4), 237-250.
• McArdle, W. D., Katch, F. I., ve Katch, V. L. (1991). Exercise physiology: energy, nutrition, and human performance.
• McArdle, W. D., Katch, F. I., ve Katch, V. L. (2006). Essentials of exercise physiology. Lippincott Williams ve Wilkins.
• Raczek, E., ve Grzesik, J. (1986). A silent allele for red cell acid phosphatase in a polish family. Human Heredity, 36(5), 339-340.
• Rundell, K. W., ve Szmedra, L. E. O. N. (1998). Energy cost of rifle carriage in biathlon skiing. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(4), 570-576.
• Rusko, H., Tikkanen, H., ve Peltonen, J. (2004). Altitude and endurance training. Journal of Sports Sciences, 22(10), 928-945.
• Saltin, B., ve Astrand, P. O. (1967). Maximal oxygen uptake in athletes. Journal of Applied Physiology, 23(3), 353-358.
• Sandbakk, Ø., ve Holmberg, H. C. (2014). A reappraisal of success factors for Olympic cross-country skiing. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 9(1), 117-121.
• Sönmez, G. T. (2002). Egzersiz ve spor fizyolojisi. Ata Ofset Matbaacılık, Bolu, 117.
• Simoneau, M., Bard, C., Fleury, N., Teasdale, N., ve Boulay, M. R. (1997). The effects of metabolic activation on postural stability and shooting performance in elite and intermediate biathletes. Science et motricité, 29, 22-29..
• Valleala, R., Nummela, A., Mononen, K., ve Nuutinen, A. (2006). Biomechanical and physiological aspects of rifle shooting in simulated biathlon competition. In ISBS-Conference Proceedings Archive.
• Obrist, W. D., ve Wang, H. S. (1981). Comparison of 133-xenon inhalation and IV-injection in regional CBF studies. In Cerebral Vascular Disease 3.
• West, J. B., Boyer, S. J., Graber, D. J., Hackett, P. H., Maret, K. H., Milledge, J. S., ... ve Sarnquist, F. H. (1983). Maximal exercise at extreme altitudes on Mount Everest. Journal of Applied Physiology, 55(3), 688-698.
• Zaichkowsky, L., ve Takenaka, K. (1993). Optimizing arousal level. Handbook of Research on Sport Psychol., pp: 511-527.