Yaşlı Bireylerde Fiziksel Egzersizin Fiziksel Uygunluk ve Depresyon Düzeyi Üzerine Etkisi

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 5 Sayı: Özel Sayı 2 - Akademik Spor Araştırmaları Özel Sayısı, 881 - 894, 23.12.2022

Fatmanur Er

https://doi.org/10.38021/asbid.1210042

Öz

Giriş: Yaşlanmaya bağlı fizyolojik ve psikolojik gerilemeleri önlemek için hareketliliği sürdürmek önemlidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı egzersizin yaşlıların fiziksel uygunluk ve depresyon düzeyleri üzerindeki etkisini araştırmaktır.
Materyal ve Metod: Çalışmaya deney grubunda 17 (5 kadın ve 12 erkek) ve kontrol grubunda 17 (5 kadın ve 12 erkek) olmak üzere 65 yaş üstü 34 kişi katılmıştır. Deney grubuna 8 hafta süresince, haftada 5 gün aerobik egzersiz, kuvvet egzersizleri, esneklik ve denge egzersizlerinden oluşan egzersiz programı uygulanmıştır.
Bulgular: Çalışmada deney grubuna uygulanan egzersiz uygulaması sonrası yaşlı bireylerin fiziksel uygunluk düzeylerini ölçen Senior Fitness Test skorlarının tümünde istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı bir artış (p<0,001, p<0,05); depresyon düzeylerinde ise istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı bir azalış gözlenmiştir (p<0,001). Kontrol grubunun Fitness Senior test skorlarının 2-minute step test, chair sit and reach testlerinde istatiksel açıdan anlamlı bir azalış tespit edilirken (p<0,05) diğer testlerde istatiksel bir farklılık bulunmamıştır (p>0,05). Kontrol grubunun ön test ve son test depresyon seviyesi arasında ise istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farkın olmadığı görülmüştür (p>0,05).
Sonuç: Bu çalışma sonucunda 8 haftalık kapsamlı egzersiz uygulamasının yaşlı bireylerin Senior Fitness Test skorlarının tümünde ve depresyon düzeyleri üzerinde olumlu etkisi olduğu belirlendi.

Anahtar Kelimeler

yaşlılar, egzersiz, fiziksel uygunluk, depresyon

THE EFFECT OF PHYSICAL EXERCISE ON PHYSICAL FITNESS AND DEPRESSION LEVELS OF THE ELDERLY

Öz

It is important to maintain mobility in order to prevent physiological and psychological regressions due to aging. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of exercise on the physical fitness and depression levels of the elderly.
Materials and Method: 34 people over 65 years of age participated in the study, 17 (5 women and 12 men) in the experimental group and 17 (5 women and 12 men) in the control group. An exercise program consisting of aerobic exercise, strength exercises, flexibility and balance exercises was applied to the experimental group for 8 weeks, 5 days a week.
Results: In the study, after the exercise was applied to the experimental group, there was a statistically significant increase (p<0.001, p<0.05) in all of the Senior Fitness Test scores measuring the physical fitness levels of the elderly individuals; a statistically significant decrease was observed in depression levels (p<0.001).
While a statistically significant decrease was detected in the 2-minute step test, chair sit and reach tests of the Fitness Senior test scores of the control group (p<0.05), no statistical difference was found in the other tests (p>0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the pretest and posttest depression levels of the control group (p>0.05).
Conclusion: As a result of this study, it was determined that 8 weeks of comprehensive exercise had a positive effect on all Senior Fitness Test scores and depression levels of elderly individuals

Anahtar Kelimeler

aged, exercise, physical fitness, depression

Kaynakça

• ACSM’s American College of Sports Medicine. (1990). There commended quantitiy and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness in healthy adults. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 22, 265-274
• Aksay, E. (2021). Rehabilitasyon Sporunun Yaşlı Yetişkinlerin Performans Düzeylerine Etkilerinin Senior Fitness Test ile Belirlenmesi. Gazi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 26(2), 247-264.
• American College of Sports, et al. (2009). American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and physical activity for older adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 41(7):1510–30.
• Arrieta, H., Rezola-Pardo, C., Echeverria, I., Iturburu, M., Gil, S. M., Yanguas, J. J., & Rodriguez-Larrad, A. (2018). Physical activity and fitness are associated with verbal memory, quality of life and depression among nursing home residents: preliminary data of a randomized controlled trial. BMC geriatrics, 18(1), 1-13.
• Barnett, A., Smith, B., Lord, S. R., Williams, M., & Baumand, A. (2003). Community‐based group exercise improves balance and reduces falls in at‐risk older people: a randomised controlled trial. Age and ageing, 32(4), 407-414.
• Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of general psychiatry, 4(6), 561-571.
• Binder, E. F., Schechtman, K. B., Ehsani, A. A., Steger-May, K., Brown, M., Sinacore, D. R., Yarasheski, K. E., & Holloszy, J. O. (2002). Effects of exercise training on frailty in community-dwelling older adults: results of a randomized, controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 50(12), 1921–1928. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1532-5415.2002.50601.x
• Borg, G. A. V. (1982). Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 14(5), 377–381. https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198205000-00012
• Branco, J. C., Jansen, K., Sobrinho, J. T., Carrapatoso, S., Spessato, B., Carvalho, J., ... & Silva, R. A. D. (2015). Physical benefits and reduction of depressive symptoms among the elderly: Results from the Portuguese" National Walking Program". Ciência & saúde coletiva, 20, 789-795.
• Byfield C.L. (2001) Development and evaluation of a lifestyle physical activity intervention for obese sedentary women. Colorado State University, PhD Thesis.
• Cassilhas, R. C., Viana, V. A., Grassmann, V., Santos, R. T., Santos, R. F., Tufik, S. & Mello, M. T. (2007). The impact of resistance exercise on the cognitive function of the elderly. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 39(8), 1401.
• Flegal, K. M., Carroll, M. D., Kit, B. K., & Ogden, C. L. (2012). Prevalence of obesity and trends in the distribution of body mass index among US adults, 1999-2010. JAMA, 307(5), 491–497. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.39
• Forsman, A. K., Schierenbeck, I., & Wahlbeck, K. (2011). Psychosocial interventions for the prevention of depression in older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of aging and health, 23(3), 387-416.
• Günay, M., Cicioğlu, H. İ., Şıktar, E., Şıktar, E. (2017). Çocuk, Kadın, Yaşlı ve Özel Gruplarda Egzersiz. Gazi Kitabevi.
• Hemat-Far, A., Shahsavari, A., & Mousavi, S. R. (2012). Effects of Selected Aerobic Exercises on the Depression and Concentrations of Plasma Serotonin in the Depressed Female Students Aged 18 to 25. Journal of Applied Research, 12(1).
• Hisli N. (1988). Beck Depresyon Envanteri‟nin Geçerliği Üzerine Bir Çalışma. Psikol Derg. 7(23):3–13
• Kloubec, J. A. (2010). Pilates for improvement of muscle endurance, flexibility, balance, and posture. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24(3), 661-667.
• Kutsal, Y. G., Çevik, S. Ş., Özdemir, O., Bilir, N., Hersek, N., Erdil, F., Şanlıer, S. (2014). Determination of the Relationships Between Anthropometric Characteristics and Level of Daily Activities, Nutritional Habits and Mouth-Teeth Findings of the Elderly. Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Sciences. Fiziksel Tup ve Rehabilitasyon Bilimleri Dergisi, 17(1).
• Murri, M. B., Ekkekakis, P., Menchetti, M., Neviani, F., Trevisani, F., Tedeschi, S., ... & Amore, M. (2018). Physical exercise for late-life depression: effects on symptom dimensions and time course. Journal of affective disorders, 230, 65- 70.
• Nelson M.E., W.J. Rejeski, S.N. Blair, P.W. Duncan, J.O. Judge, A.C. King, C.A. Macera, C. CastanedaSceppa (2007) Physical Activity and Public Health in Older Adults: Recommendation from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 39(8): 435–45
• Rikli, R. E., & Jones, C. J. (2013). Senior Fitness Test Manual. Human kinetics.
• Shigematsu, R., Chang, M., Yabushita, N., Sakai, T., Nakagaichi, M., Nho, H., & Tanaka, K. (2002). Dance‐based aerobic exercise may improve indices of falling risk in older women. Age and ageing, 31(4), 261-266.
• Singh MA. (2002). Exercise comes of age: rationale and recommendations for a geriatric exercise prescription. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 57(5):M262–82.
• Sivaramakrishnan, D., Fitzsimons, C., Kelly, P., Ludwig, K., Mutrie, N., Saunders, D. H., & Baker, G. (2019). The effects of yoga compared to active and inactive controls on physical function and health related quality of life in older adults-systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 16(1), 1-22.
• Soori, S., Heirani, A., & Rafie, F. (2022). Effects of the aerobic and Pilates exercises on mental health in inactive older women. Journal of Women & Aging, 34(4), 429-437.
• Sullivan, G. M., Pomidor, A. K. (2015). Exercise for aging adults: A guide for practitioners. Springer International Publishing.
• Taşkıran, ö. ö., Cicioğlu, i., Golmoghani-Zadeh, N., Atılgan, A. D., Bağcı, E., Günay, M., & Atalay, F. (2014). Do pilates and yoga affect quality of life and physical performance of elderly living in a nursing home a preliminary study. Turkish Journal of Geriatrics/Türk Geriatri Dergisi, 17(3).
• Teixeira, A. M., Ferreira, J. P., Hogervorst, E., Braga, M. F., Bandelow, S., Rama, L., ... & Pedrosa, F. M. (2016). Study protocol on hormonal mediation of exercise on cognition, stress and immunity (PRO-HMECSI): effects of different exercise programmes in institutionalized elders. Frontiers in Public Health, 4, 133.
• Tekin, A., & Kaldırımcı, M. (2008). Rekreasyonel fiziksel egzersizin yaşlıların fiziksel durum ve depresyon düzeylerine etkisi. Turkish Journal of Geriatrics/Türk Geriatri Dergisi, 11(1).
• Wellman N. S., B. Kamp, N. J. Kirk-Sanchez, P. M. Johnson (2007) Eat better and move more: a community-based program designed to improve diets and increase physical activity among older americans. Am. J.Public Health, 97(4), 710–717.