IMPACT OF AI SYSTEMS ON MANAGERIAL DECISION-MAKING PROCESS

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 7, 205 - 234, 15.08.2019

Zainab Beırouty

Öz

Almost every aspect of modern
human life is influenced by science and technology. In other words; it can be
said that technology is invading people’s lives in every single use starting
from smart phones up to smart homes and medical surgery.

The name of Artificial Intelligence refers to the work processes of
machines that would need intelligence if humans applied it. As people’s lives’
complexity level increases, the AI or what is called (robots) become
significant trying to digitalize all our work processes and move all business
sectors to complete automation as much as possible. In what most scientists
called the fourth industrial revolution; robots have taken an enormous step-in
decision-making process and selecting employees, especially in some companies
in Japan. Moreover; replacing some human resource departments in some companies
with a complete AI system that can perform selection, recruiting, appraising,
and training for the employees. All these reasons pushed to ask the question of
what extent can robots’ effect on management positions, and can they perform
accurate decisions instead of humans?

In this paper; the impact of AI on the human managerial decision-making
process will be investigated. Also, if AI systems will replace human managers
will be investigated through the use of previous researchers and conducting
other research methodology to obtain more relevant and accurate data for future
studies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Management, AI systems, Managerial Decisions, Automation

Kaynakça

• • Palgrave Macmillan Journals on behalf of the Operational Research Society. “Artificial Intelligence and Decision Analysis.” The Journal of the Operational Research Society, Vol. 41, No. 8 (Aug. 1990), pp. 693-701. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2583474. (29 November 2018) • Journal of Process Management- New Technologies. JPMNT. “Organization Robots; Trend to post-human resources management (post-HRM).” Vol 6. Issue 1. http://www.japmnt.com/index.php/archives/86-issues/236-volume-6-issue-1-2018. (1, 2018). • DeTore et al. (1998). United States Patent No. 5,732,397. Washington. DC. U.S Patent and Trademark Office. • Journal of Behavioral Decision Making. JBDM. “Impacts of Artificial Intelligence on Organizational Decision making.” Vol. 4, Issue. No. 3 (1991), pp. 195-214. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4583/8d7795f22591fd364c0c728baf7119384ff1.pdf. (27 July 1990). • Palgrave Macmillan Journals on behalf of the Operational Research Society. “Knowledge-based Improvement: Simulation and Artificial Intelligence for Identifying and Improving Human Decision-Making in an Operations System.” The Journal of the Operational Research Society, Vol. 56, No. 8 (Aug. 2005), pp. 912-921. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4102062. (29 November 2018) • MIT Sloan Management Review. “Automated Decision Making Comes of Age.” https://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/automated-decision-making-comes-of-age/. (15 July 2005) • Atkinson, R.D. NCSSS Journal. “It is going to kill us! And, other myths about the future of artificial intelligence”. Information Technology and Innovation Foundation. http://www2.itif.org/2016-myths-machine-learning.pdf. (June 2016) • Evans, D. (2001). “can robots have emotions?”. The Science of Sentiment. Ch.5, https://www.academia.edu/31441036/Can_robots_have_emotions. • Royal Society. “Artificial Intelligence and the Future.” Philosophical Transactions: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Vol. 361, No. 1809, Information, Knowledge, and Technology (Aug. 15, 2003), pp. 1721-1748. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3559219. (29 November 2018) • Claudie, M. & Combe, D. (2018). “The role of Artificial Intelligence and Humans in Decisions Making: Towards Augmented Humans?”. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a259/956bfaa73a06945e53824edc7bcd80f1e43d.pdf. • Proceedings of the Twenty-Second International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. IJCAI. (2011). “Artificial Intelligence and Human Thinking.” https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220812123_Artificial_Intelligence_and_Human_Thinking. • The AI Magazine (1986).” Recent and current artificial intelligence research in the Department of Computer Science, State University of New York at Buffalo”. https://cse.buffalo.edu/~rapaport/Papers/AIMag07-02-007.pdf. Vol. 7, Issue. 2. Pp. 91-100. • Harvard Business Review. HBR. “How Artificial Intelligence will redefine management.” https://hbr.org/2016/11/how-artificial-intelligence-will-redefine-management. (2 November 2016) • Retto, J., (2017). “Sophia, First Citizen Robot of the world.” Research Gate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321319964_SOPHIA_FIRST_CITIZEN_ROBOT_OF_THE_WORLD. (November 2017) • Irwin, P., (2018). “8 Ways How AI Can Drive Better Decision-Making”. Knowmail. https://www.knowmail.me/blog/ai-can-drive-better-decision-making/ .(2 May 2018) • Thagarad, P., (2017). “Will Robots Ever Have Emotions?”. Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/hot-thought/201712/will-robots-ever-have-emotions. (14 December 2017) • Kumar, C., (2018). “Artificial Intelligence: Definition, Types, Examples, technologies.” Medium Corporation. https://medium.com/@chethankumargn/artificial-intelligence-definition-types-examples-technologies-962ea75c7b9b. (31 August 2018) • Science in the News. SITN. (2017). “The History of Artificial Intelligence.” Harvard University. http://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2017/history-artificial-intelligence/. (28 August 2017) • Turing, A.M. (1950). “Computing Machinery and Intelligence.” Mind 49. Pp.433-460. https://www.csee.umbc.edu/courses/471/papers/turing.pdf. (1950) • The Royal Society. (2003).” Artificial Intelligence and the Future”. Philosophical Transactions: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences Vol. 361, No. 1809, Information, Knowledge, and Technology pp. 1721-1748. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3559219. (15 August 2003) • The global Network of PWC (2017). “Artificial Intelligence in HR: A No brainer.” https://www.pwc.at/de/publikationen/verschiedenes/artificial-intelligence-in-hr-a-no-brainer.pdf. (October 2017) • Partner Content. EMERJ, (2018). “The Impact of AI on Business Leadership and the Modern Workforce.” Infosys Report of 2018. “Leadership in the Age of AI.” https://emerj.com/partner-content/the-impact-of-ai-on-business-leadership-and-the-modern-workforce/. (29 November 2018) • World Economic Forum, (2016). “The ten skills you need to thrive in the fourth industrial revolution.” https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/01/the-10-skills-you-need-to-thrive-in-the-fourth-industrial-revolution/. • Incentive Research Foundations IRF. (2018). “The impact and potential artificial Intelligence in incentives, rewards, and Recognition.” http://theirf.org/research/the-impact-and-potential-of-artificial-intelligence-in-incentives-rewards-and-recognition/2558/. (24 September 2018) • Machine Intelligence Research Institute MIRI. (2008). “Artificial Intelligence as a Positive and Negative Factor in Global Risk.” New York: Oxford University Press. Pp.308- 345. https://intelligence.org/files/AIPosNegFactor.pdf. (2008). • ELSEVIER. (2006).” Evolution of Artificial Intelligence”. Artificial Intelligence. Vol. 170, Issue. 18, Pp.1251-1253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artint.2006.10.009. (December 2006). • Mannino, A., Althaus, D., Erhardt, J., Gloor, L., Hutter, A., and Metzinger, T. (2015). “Artificial Intelligence: Opportunities and Risks.” Policy paper by the Effective Altruism Foundation. Vol.2, Pp: 1-16. https://ea-foundation.org/files/ai-opportunities-and-risks.pdf. (12 December 2015) • The global Network of Pwc (2018).” 2018 AI predictions. Eight insights to shape business strategy”. https://www.pwc.lu/en/digital-services/docs/pwc-ai-predictions-2018-report.pdf. (2018) • Stanford University. (2016). One-hundred-year study on artificial intelligence. “Artificial Intelligence and Life in 2030”. https://ai100.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/ai_100_report_0906fnlc_single.pdf. (September 2016) • Tate,K. (2014). “History of Artificial Intelligence.” Live Science. Retrieved from https://www.livescience.com/47544-history-of-a-i-artificial-intelligence-infographic.html. August 2014. • Raymond, Eric S., ed. 2003. “DWIM.” In the On-Line Hacker Jargon File, version 4.4.7. December 29. http://catb.org/~esr/jargon/html/D/DWIM.html. • Rhodes, Richard. 1986. The Making of the Atomic Bomb. New York: Simon & Schuster. • Rice, Henry Gordon. 1953. “Classes of Recursively Enumerable Sets and Their Decision Problems.” Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 74 (2): 358–358. DOI:10. 1090 / S0002 - 9947 - 1953-0053041-6. • Schmidhuber, Jürgen. 2007. “Gödel Machines: Fully Self-Referential Optimal Universal Self-Improvers.” In Artificial General Intelligence, edited by Ben Goertzel and Cassio Pennacchio, 199–226. Cognitive Technologies. Berlin: Springer. DOI:10.1007/978-3-540-68677-4_7. • Sober, Elliott. 1984. The Nature of Selection: Evolutionary Theory in Philosophical Focus. Bradford Books. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. • Tooby, John, and Leda Cosmides. 1992. “The Psychological Foundations of Culture.” In the Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture, edited by Jerome H. Barkow, Leda Cosmides, and John Tooby, 19–136. New York: Oxford University Press. • Vinge, Vernor. 1993. “The Coming Technological Singularity: How to Survive in the Post-Human Era.” In Vision-21: Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in the Era of Cyberspace, 11–22. NASA Conference Publication 10129. NASA Lewis Research Center. https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19940022855.pdf • Wachowski, Andy, and Lana Wachowski, dirs. 1999. The Matrix. March 31. Weisberg, Robert W., 1986. Creativity: Genius and Other Myths. Series of Books in Psychology. New York: W. H. Freeman.