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TURKMENISTAN'S ENERGY INDEPENDENCE POLICY REGARDING SINO-RUSSIAN COMPETITION: THE ROLE OF PERMANENT NEUTRALITY IN THE NEW GREAT GAME

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 332 - 349, 30.04.2021

Öz

Turkmenistan continued its existence under the rule of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) for about a century and all its fossil resources were operated by the USSR at that time. Having gained its independence after the USSR collapsed, Turkmenistan had to operate its rich natural resources rationally to maintain its existence as an independent state. As Russia announced the "near abroad doctrine" in 1993, Turkmenistan declared its “permanent neutrality” statue in 1995 to avoid the historical Russian influence and interference in its domestic affairs. Turkmenistan, which wanted to generate a national policy with Berdimuhamedov who came to power in 2006, started to adopt a similar policy approach in the energy sector. After the natural gas sales dispute with Russia in 2009, Turkmenistan tried to create a balance policy by developing its relations with China in the region especially as a part of China's energy policy to resort to alternative energy routes is in line with Turkmenistan's own principles. Moreover, Turkmenistan has sought alternative ways outside Russia to maintain its competitive position in energy prices and to ensure diversification in pipeline routes. On the other hand, Turkmenistan must allocate a serious budget to discover new energy deposits and to extract the natural gas. However, it is not possible to finance all these mega-projects from the state budget. This rarifies for Turkmenistan to develop a national energy policy and naturally causes a serious increase in its dependence on China, which stands out in energy investments all over the world. In this study, how successful Turkmenistan has been in its independent energy security associated with the regional competition between Russia and China since the Cold War will be elucidated in the context of energy diplomacy and permanent neutrality policy.

Kaynakça

  • Agencies. (2021, January 22). Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan to resolve disputes on Caspian oil field. Retrieved 7 February 2021, from Daily Sabah website: https://www.dailysabah.com/business/energy/azerbaijan-turkmenistan-to-resolve-disputes-on-caspian-oil-field
  • Akbulut, H. (n.d.). T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı’ndan. Retrieved 7 February 2021, from T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı website: http://www.mfa.gov.tr/enerji-diplomasisi.tr.mfa
  • Aminjonov, F. (2016). Turkmenistan: Pitfalls of Energy Export Diversification (pp. 8–9). Centre for International Governance Innovation. Retrieved from Centre for International Governance Innovation website: https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep15536.13
  • BP. (2020). Natural gas – BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2020 (No. 69th Edition). Retrieved from https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2020-natural-gas.pdf
  • Brzezinski, Z. (2017). Büyük Satranç Tahtası (Y. Turedi, Trans.). Istanbul: Inkilap Kitaprvi.
  • CNPC. (n.d.). Flow of natural gas from Central Asia. Retrieved 7 February 2021, from https://www.cnpc.com.cn/en/FlowofnaturalgasfromCentralAsia/FlowofnaturalgasfromCentralAsia2.shtml
  • Cooley, A. (2015). Russia and China in Central Asia. Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI). Retrieved from Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI) website: https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep08013
  • Dag, A. E. (2009). Uluslararası İlişkiler ve Diplomasi Sözlüğü. Istanbul: Agac Kitapevi.
  • Erkan, A. C., & Ates, A. (2019). Will Russia Be a Threat to China? Sino-Russian Energy Relations via Energy Weapon Model. International Journal of Eurasia Social Sciences, 10(36), 431–445.
  • Eyi̇di̇ker, U. (2020). Geçi̇ş Ekonomi̇si̇ Kavrami ve Bi̇r Geçi̇ş Ekonomi̇si̇ Örneği̇: Türkmeni̇stan. Sosyal Bilimler Metinleri, 2020(1), 13–35.
  • Garrison, J. A., & Abdurahmonov, A. (2011). Explaining the Central Asian Energy Game: Complex Interdependence and How Small States Influence Their Big Neighbors. Asian Perspective, 35(3), 381–405.
  • İsmayilov, E., & Budak, T. (2014). Bağımsızlık Sonrası Türkmenistan’ın Enerji Politikası. Bilge Strateji, 6(11), 29–49.
  • Joint Declaration Between the People’s Republic of China and Turkmenistan. (n.d.). Retrieved 22 February 2021, from https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/2649_665393/t511329.shtml
  • Kasim, K. (2016). Türkmenistan Dış Politikası. In K. Kasim (Ed.), Türkmenistan (pp. 97–130). Ankara: Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi.
  • Kılıçaslan, E. (2015). Enerji savaşları. In H. Çomak, C. Sancaktar, & Z. Yıldırım (Eds.), Enerji Diplomasisi (pp. 87–124). İstanbul: Beta.
  • Malashenko, A. (2012). Turkmenistan: Has There Been a Thaw? Carnegie Moscow Center. Retrieved from Carnegie Moscow Center website: https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep26715
  • Nogayeva, A. (2015). The Importance of Central Asian’s Resources within the World Energy. In H. Çomak, C. Sancaktar, & Z. Yıldırım (Eds.), Enerji Diplomasisi (pp. 319–331). İstanbul: Beta.
  • Nye, J. S. (2005). Yumusak Guc (R. İ. Aydın, Trans.). Ankara: Elips Kitap.
  • Overland, I. (2009). Natural Gas and Russia-Turkmenistan relations. Russian Analytical Digest, 56, 9–13.
  • Ozgoker, U., & Yılmaz, S. (2015). Eurasian Energy Security: A General Perspective. In H. Çomak, C. Sancaktar, & Z. Yıldırım (Eds.), Enerji Diplomasisi (pp. 125–142). İstanbul: Beta.
  • Pirani, S. (2019). Central Asian Gas: Prospects for the 2020s. Oxford Institute for Energy Studies. https://doi.org/10.26889/9781784671525
  • Pototskaya, T. (2020). “Gas pipeline wars” in the post-Soviet Space: Geographical Aspect. E3S Web of Conferences, 159, 02008. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015902008
  • Rahman, K. (2011). Central Asia, Energy Security and Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Policy Perspectives, 8(1), 65–76.
  • Rauf, S. (2017). Changing Geopolitical Dynamics in Central Asia: Causes and Effects. Strategic Studies, 37(4), 149–165.
  • Sari, Y. (2016). Türkmenistan’ın Enerji Politikası. In K. Kasim (Ed.), Türkmenistan (pp. 153–198). Ankara: Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi.
  • Shikhmuradov, B. O. (1997). Positive Neutrality as the Basis of the Foreign Policy of Turkmenistan. Perception: Journal of International Affairs, 2(2), 0–0.
  • Silva, V. B. D. (2021). Broken Dreams in Ashkhabad: An Overview of Turkmenistan’s Post-Independence Political Contradictions and the Challenges of Central Asian Migrants in Russia. Eurasian Research Journal, 3(1), 63–79.
  • Terzi̇oglu, S. S. (2012). Uluslararasi Hukuk Açisindan Türkmeni̇stan’in Dai̇mî Tarafsizlik Statüsü. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 14(2), 39–100.
  • Turkmenistan Natural Gas Reserves, Production and Consumption Statistics—Worldometer. (n.d.). Retrieved 6 February 2021, from https://www.worldometers.info/gas/turkmenistan-natural-gas/
  • Vasánczki, L. Z. (n.d.). Gas Exports in Turkmenistan. 54.
  • Waltz, K. N. (2015). Uluslararası Politika Teorisi (O. S. Binatlı, Trans.). Ankara: Phoenix.
  • Wang, H. (2016). Towards a Cooperative framework for a China-Central Asia Energy Transit Community. Bursussels: Energy Charter Secretariat Knowledge Center.
  • Yaman, A. (2016). Tarihsel Süreçte Türkmenistan. In K. Kasim (Ed.), Türkmenistan (pp. 1–58). Ankara: Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi.
  • Ziegler, C. E., & Menon, R. (2014). Neomercantilism and Great-Power Energy Competition in Central Asia and the Caspian. Strategic Studies Quarterly, 8(2), 17–41.

TURKMENISTAN’S ENERGY INDEPENDENCE POLICY REGARDING SINO-RUSSIAN COMPETITION: THE ROLE OF PERMANENT NEUTRALITY IN THE NEW GREAT GAME

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 332 - 349, 30.04.2021

Öz

Turkmenistan continued its existence under the rule of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) for about a century and all its fossil resources were operated by the USSR at that time. Having gained its independence after the USSR collapsed, Turkmenistan had to operate its rich natural resources rationally to maintain its existence as an independent state. As Russia announced the "near abroad doctrine" in 1993, Turkmenistan declared its “permanent neutrality” statue in 1995 to avoid the historical Russian influence and interference in its domestic affairs. Turkmenistan, which wanted to generate a national policy with Berdimuhamedov who came to power in 2006, started to adopt a similar policy approach in the energy sector. After the natural gas sales dispute with Russia in 2009, Turkmenistan tried to create a balance policy by developing its relations with China in the region especially as a part of China's energy policy to resort to alternative energy routes is in line with Turkmenistan's own principles. Moreover, Turkmenistan has sought alternative ways outside Russia to maintain its competitive position in energy prices and to ensure diversification in pipeline routes. On the other hand, Turkmenistan must allocate a serious budget to discover new energy deposits and to extract the natural gas. However, it is not possible to finance all these mega-projects from the state budget. This rarifies for Turkmenistan to develop a national energy policy and naturally causes a serious increase in its dependence on China, which stands out in energy investments all over the world. In this study, how successful Turkmenistan has been in its independent energy security associated with the regional competition between Russia and China since the Cold War will be elucidated in the context of energy diplomacy and permanent neutrality policy.

Kaynakça

  • Agencies. (2021, January 22). Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan to resolve disputes on Caspian oil field. Retrieved 7 February 2021, from Daily Sabah website: https://www.dailysabah.com/business/energy/azerbaijan-turkmenistan-to-resolve-disputes-on-caspian-oil-field
  • Akbulut, H. (n.d.). T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı’ndan. Retrieved 7 February 2021, from T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı website: http://www.mfa.gov.tr/enerji-diplomasisi.tr.mfa
  • Aminjonov, F. (2016). Turkmenistan: Pitfalls of Energy Export Diversification (pp. 8–9). Centre for International Governance Innovation. Retrieved from Centre for International Governance Innovation website: https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep15536.13
  • BP. (2020). Natural gas – BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2020 (No. 69th Edition). Retrieved from https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2020-natural-gas.pdf
  • Brzezinski, Z. (2017). Büyük Satranç Tahtası (Y. Turedi, Trans.). Istanbul: Inkilap Kitaprvi.
  • CNPC. (n.d.). Flow of natural gas from Central Asia. Retrieved 7 February 2021, from https://www.cnpc.com.cn/en/FlowofnaturalgasfromCentralAsia/FlowofnaturalgasfromCentralAsia2.shtml
  • Cooley, A. (2015). Russia and China in Central Asia. Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI). Retrieved from Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI) website: https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep08013
  • Dag, A. E. (2009). Uluslararası İlişkiler ve Diplomasi Sözlüğü. Istanbul: Agac Kitapevi.
  • Erkan, A. C., & Ates, A. (2019). Will Russia Be a Threat to China? Sino-Russian Energy Relations via Energy Weapon Model. International Journal of Eurasia Social Sciences, 10(36), 431–445.
  • Eyi̇di̇ker, U. (2020). Geçi̇ş Ekonomi̇si̇ Kavrami ve Bi̇r Geçi̇ş Ekonomi̇si̇ Örneği̇: Türkmeni̇stan. Sosyal Bilimler Metinleri, 2020(1), 13–35.
  • Garrison, J. A., & Abdurahmonov, A. (2011). Explaining the Central Asian Energy Game: Complex Interdependence and How Small States Influence Their Big Neighbors. Asian Perspective, 35(3), 381–405.
  • İsmayilov, E., & Budak, T. (2014). Bağımsızlık Sonrası Türkmenistan’ın Enerji Politikası. Bilge Strateji, 6(11), 29–49.
  • Joint Declaration Between the People’s Republic of China and Turkmenistan. (n.d.). Retrieved 22 February 2021, from https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/2649_665393/t511329.shtml
  • Kasim, K. (2016). Türkmenistan Dış Politikası. In K. Kasim (Ed.), Türkmenistan (pp. 97–130). Ankara: Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi.
  • Kılıçaslan, E. (2015). Enerji savaşları. In H. Çomak, C. Sancaktar, & Z. Yıldırım (Eds.), Enerji Diplomasisi (pp. 87–124). İstanbul: Beta.
  • Malashenko, A. (2012). Turkmenistan: Has There Been a Thaw? Carnegie Moscow Center. Retrieved from Carnegie Moscow Center website: https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep26715
  • Nogayeva, A. (2015). The Importance of Central Asian’s Resources within the World Energy. In H. Çomak, C. Sancaktar, & Z. Yıldırım (Eds.), Enerji Diplomasisi (pp. 319–331). İstanbul: Beta.
  • Nye, J. S. (2005). Yumusak Guc (R. İ. Aydın, Trans.). Ankara: Elips Kitap.
  • Overland, I. (2009). Natural Gas and Russia-Turkmenistan relations. Russian Analytical Digest, 56, 9–13.
  • Ozgoker, U., & Yılmaz, S. (2015). Eurasian Energy Security: A General Perspective. In H. Çomak, C. Sancaktar, & Z. Yıldırım (Eds.), Enerji Diplomasisi (pp. 125–142). İstanbul: Beta.
  • Pirani, S. (2019). Central Asian Gas: Prospects for the 2020s. Oxford Institute for Energy Studies. https://doi.org/10.26889/9781784671525
  • Pototskaya, T. (2020). “Gas pipeline wars” in the post-Soviet Space: Geographical Aspect. E3S Web of Conferences, 159, 02008. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015902008
  • Rahman, K. (2011). Central Asia, Energy Security and Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Policy Perspectives, 8(1), 65–76.
  • Rauf, S. (2017). Changing Geopolitical Dynamics in Central Asia: Causes and Effects. Strategic Studies, 37(4), 149–165.
  • Sari, Y. (2016). Türkmenistan’ın Enerji Politikası. In K. Kasim (Ed.), Türkmenistan (pp. 153–198). Ankara: Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi.
  • Shikhmuradov, B. O. (1997). Positive Neutrality as the Basis of the Foreign Policy of Turkmenistan. Perception: Journal of International Affairs, 2(2), 0–0.
  • Silva, V. B. D. (2021). Broken Dreams in Ashkhabad: An Overview of Turkmenistan’s Post-Independence Political Contradictions and the Challenges of Central Asian Migrants in Russia. Eurasian Research Journal, 3(1), 63–79.
  • Terzi̇oglu, S. S. (2012). Uluslararasi Hukuk Açisindan Türkmeni̇stan’in Dai̇mî Tarafsizlik Statüsü. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 14(2), 39–100.
  • Turkmenistan Natural Gas Reserves, Production and Consumption Statistics—Worldometer. (n.d.). Retrieved 6 February 2021, from https://www.worldometers.info/gas/turkmenistan-natural-gas/
  • Vasánczki, L. Z. (n.d.). Gas Exports in Turkmenistan. 54.
  • Waltz, K. N. (2015). Uluslararası Politika Teorisi (O. S. Binatlı, Trans.). Ankara: Phoenix.
  • Wang, H. (2016). Towards a Cooperative framework for a China-Central Asia Energy Transit Community. Bursussels: Energy Charter Secretariat Knowledge Center.
  • Yaman, A. (2016). Tarihsel Süreçte Türkmenistan. In K. Kasim (Ed.), Türkmenistan (pp. 1–58). Ankara: Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi.
  • Ziegler, C. E., & Menon, R. (2014). Neomercantilism and Great-Power Energy Competition in Central Asia and the Caspian. Strategic Studies Quarterly, 8(2), 17–41.
Toplam 34 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

İshak Turan 0000-0002-0428-7032

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Turan, İ. (2021). TURKMENISTAN’S ENERGY INDEPENDENCE POLICY REGARDING SINO-RUSSIAN COMPETITION: THE ROLE OF PERMANENT NEUTRALITY IN THE NEW GREAT GAME. Avrasya Sosyal Ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(2), 332-349.