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PANDEMİ SONRASI KENTLER: COVİD-19’UN KENTLEŞME VE KENT PLANLAMASINA OLASI ETKİLERİ

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 118 - 144, 30.04.2022

Öz

Covid-19 öncesinde Dünya farklı birçok salgınla karşı karşıya kalmıştır. İnsanlığın tarih boyunca karşılaştığı pandemiler incelendiğinde, yoğun nüfuslu kentlerin oluşturduğu sağlıksız kentsel alanların benzer salgınlara neden olduğu görülmektedir. Salgınların etkileri azaldıktan sonra kent sağlığı ve toplum ihtiyaçları doğrultusunda kent planlamasında değişimler yaşanmıştır. Bu nedenle, pandemilerin kentsel planlama pratiğinin temelleri üzerinde doğrudan bir etkisi olduğu görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada, COVID-19 salgını sonrası kentleşme ve kent planlamasında meydana gelebilecek olası değişim ve dönüşümler ortaya konulmaktadır. Bu amaçla covid-19 sürecini içeren literatür taraması sonucunda elde edilen veriler, metin madenciliği araçlarından biri olan VOSviewer programı ile analiz edilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Abusaada, H., & Elshater, A. (2020). COVID-19 Challenge, İnformation Technologies, and Smart Cities: Considerations for Well-Being. International Journal of Community Well-Being, 3(3): 417-424.
  • Afacan, Y. (2021). Impacts of Biophilic Design on The Development of Gerotranscendence and The Profile of Mood States During The COVID-19 Pandemic. Ageing & Society, 1-25.
  • Allam, Z., & Jones, D. S. (2020). On The Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak And The Smart City Network: Universal Data Sharing Standards Coupled With Artificial İntelligence (AI) To Benefit Urban Health Monitoring and Management. Healthcare, 8 (1): 1-9.
  • Andrulis, D. P., & Merriam, E. (1997). Governmental Affairs & Public Policy The Urban Health Penalty, https://www.acponline.org/acp_policy/policies/urban_health_penalty_new_dimensions_directions_in_inner_city_health_care_1996.pdf, (Erişim: 10.08.2021).
  • Angelidou, M. (2014). Smart City Policies: A Spatial Approach. Cities, 41, 3–11.
  • Aresta, M., & Salingaros, N. A. (2021). The İmportance of Domestic Space in The Times of COVID-19. Challenges, 12(2), 1-9.
  • Batty, M. (2020). The Coronavirus crisis: What will the post-pandemic city look like?. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 47(4), 547-552.
  • Cohen, B., White, M., Montgomery, M., McGee, T., Yeung, Y. (2013). Urban Population Change: A Sketch, p. 75-106, Montgomery, M. R., Stren, R., Cohen, B., & Reed, H. E. (ed.), Cities Transformed: Demographic Change and İts İmplications in The Developing World, Routledge.
  • Crosby, A. (2003). Frontmatter. In America's Forgotten Pandemic: The Influenza of 1918. CambridFge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Das, D., & Zhang, J. J. (2021). Pandemic İn A Smart City: Singapore’s COVID-19 Management Through Technology & Society. Urban Geography, 42(3): 408-416.
  • Dockery, M., & Bawa, S. (2020). Working from Home in the COVID-19 Lockdown. BCEC, 19, 1-5.
  • Dong, H., Ma, S., Jia, N. & Tian, J. (2021). Understanding Public Transport Satisfaction in Post COVID-19 Pandemic. Transport Policy, 101, 81-88.
  • Du, Z., Wang, L., Cauchemez, S., Xu, X., Wang, X., Cowling, B. J., & Meyers, L. A. (2020). Risk For Transportation of Coronavirus Disease from Wuhan to Other Cities in China. Emerging infectious diseases, 26(5), 1049-1052.
  • Florida, R., Rodríguez-Pose, A., & Storper, M. (2021). Cities in A Post-COVID World. Urban Studies, 50, 1-23.
  • Freemark, Y., Bliss, A., & Vale, L. J. (2021). Housing Haussmann’s Paris: the politics and legacy of Second Empire redevelopment. Planning Perspectives, 10, 1-25.
  • Gandy, M. (1999). The Paris Sewers and The Rationalization of Urban Space. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 24(1), 23-44.
  • Gkiotsalitis, K. & Cats, O. (2021). Public Transport Planning Adaption Under The COVID-19 Pandemic Crisis: Literature Review of Research Needs And Directions. Transport Reviews, 41(3), 374-392.
  • Gottfried, R. S. (2010). Black death. Simon and Schuster. New York: Simon & Schuster.
  • Guzman, L. A., Arellana, J., Oviedo, D. & Aristizábal, C. A. M. (2021). COVID-19, Activity And Mobility Patterns in Bogotá Are We Ready for A 15-Minute City?. Travel Behaviour and Society, 24, 245-256.
  • Hall, E. T. (1966). The Hidden Dimension, New York: Anchor Books.
  • Hall, P. (1989). The Turbulent Eighth Decade: Challenges toAmerican City Planning. Journal of the American Planning Association, 55(3), 275-282.
  • Hall, P. (2002). Cities Of Tomorrow: An İntellectual History of Urban Planning and Design in the Twentieth Century (3rd ed.). London: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Hays, J. N. (2005). Epidemics and Pandemics: Their İmpacts on Human History. California: Abc-clio.
  • Honour, H. & Fleming, J. (2005). A World History of Art. London: Laurence King Publishing.
  • Hosseini, M. R., Fouladi-Fard, R., & Aali, R. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemic and Sick Building Syndrome. Indoor and Built Environment, 29(8), 1181-1183.
  • Hughes, M. (2013). The Victorian London Sanitation Projects and The Sanitation of Projects. International Journal of Project Management, 31(5), 682-691.
  • Huremović, D. (2019). Brief History Of Pandemics (Pandemics Throughout History). In Psychiatry of pandemics (pp. 7-35). Switzerland: Springer.
  • Kennedy, C., Cuddıhy, J. and Engel-Yan, J. (2007). The Changing Metabolism of Cities. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 11, 43-59.
  • Kreiss, K. (1993). The Sick Building Syndrome İn Office Buildings A Breath of Fresh Air. New England Journal of Medicine, 328(12), 877-878.
  • Kunzmann, K. R. (2020). Smart Cities After Covid-19: Ten Narratives. disP-The Planning Review, 56(2), 20-31.
  • Lai, K. Y., Webster, C., Kumari, S., & Sarkar, C. (2020). The nature of cities and the Covid-19 pandemic. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 46, 27-31.
  • Leviton, L. C., Snell, E., & McGinnis, M. (2000). Urban İssues in Health Promotion Strategies. American journal of public health, 90(6), 863-866.
  • Lopez, B., Kennedy, C., Field, C., & McPhearson, T. (2021). Who Benefits From Urban Green Spaces During Times of Crisis? Perception and Use of Urban Green Spaces in New York City During The COVID-19 Pandemic. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 65, 1-30.
  • Lord, K. (2018). The Function of Commercial Streets in Montreal and Paris, 1853-1936. Journal of Urban History, 44(6), 1131-1153.
  • Lu, C., Deng, Q., Li, Y., Sundell, J., & Norbäck, D. (2016). Outdoor Air Pollution, Meteorological Conditions and İndoor Factors in Dwellings in Relation to Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) Among Adults in China. Science of the Total Environment, 560, 186-196.
  • Matthew, R. A., & McDonald, B. (2006). Cities Under Siege: Urban Planning and The Threat of İnfectious Disease. Journal of the American Planning Association, 72(1), 109-117.
  • Megahed, N. A., & Ghoneim, E. M. (2020). Antivirus-built environment: Lessons learned from Covid-19 pandemic. Sustainable cities and society, 61, 1-9.
  • Menzies, R., Tamblyn, R., Farant, J. P., Hanley, J., Nunes, F., & Tamblyn, R. (1993). The Effect of Varying Levels of Outdoor-Air Supply on The Symptoms of Sick Building Syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine, 328(12), 821-827.
  • Mir, V. (2020). Post-Pandemic City: Historical Context for New Urban Design. Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences, 16, 94-108.
  • Mordechai, L., Eisenberg, M., Newfield, T.P., Izdebski, A., Kay, J.E. and Poinar, H. (2019). The Justinianic Plague: An Inconsequential Pandemic?. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116 (51), 546–554.
  • Moreno, C., Allam, Z., Chabaud, D., Gall, C. & Pratlong, F. (2021). Introducing The 15-Minute City: Sustainability, Resilience And Place İdentity in Future Post-Pandemic Cities. Smart Cities, 4(1), 93-111.
  • Mouratidis, K. (2021). How COVID-19 Reshaped Quality Of Life İn Cities: A Synthesis and İmplications for Urban Planning. Land Use Policy, 111, 1-17.
  • Muhyi, M. M., & Adianto, J. (2021). Literature Review: The Effects of Covid-19 Pandemic Driven Home Behavior in Housing Preference. Smart City, 1(1), 1-16
  • Mumford, L. (2013). Tarih Boyunca Kent Kökenleri, Geçirdiği Değişimler ve Geleceği. (Çev. Gürol Koca & Tamer Tosun), İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Myllyvirta, L. (2020) Coronavirus Temporarily Reduced China’s CO2 Emissions by a Quarter, https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-coronavirus-has-temporarily-reduced-chinas-co2-emissions-by-a-quarter, (Erişim: 25.07.2021).
  • NASA, (2020) Airborne Nitrogen Dioxide Plummets Over China, https://www.earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146362/airborne-nitrogen-dioxide-plummets-over-china, (Erişim: 15.08.2021).
  • Newman, P. (1999). Sustainability and Cities: Extending The Metabolism Model. in Landscape and Urban Planning, 44, 219–226.
  • Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. (2016). Urban And Transport Planning, Environmental Exposures and Health-New Concepts, Methods and Tools to İmprove Health in Cities. Environmental Health, 15(1), 161-171.
  • Noszczyk, T., Gorzelany, J., Kukulska-Kozieł, A., & Hernik, J. (2022). The İmpact of The COVID-19 Pandemic on The İmportance of Urban Green Spaces to The Public. Land Use Policy, 113, 1-23.
  • Oishi, S., Cha, Y., & Schimmack, U. (2021). The Social Ecology Of COVID-19 Cases and Deaths in New York City: The Role of Walkability, Wealth, and Race. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 12(8), 1457-1466.
  • Reyes, R., Ahn, R., Thurber, K., & Burke, T. F. (2013). Urbanization and infectious diseases: general principles, historical perspectives, and contemporary challenges, I.W. Fong (Ed.) Challenges in infectious diseases (pp. 123-146). Springer, New York.
  • Rojas-Rueda, D., Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J., Gascon, M., Perez-Leon, D., & Mudu, P. (2019). Green Spaces and Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies. The Lancet Planetary Health, 3(11), 469-477.
  • Sepe, M. (2021). Covid-19 Pandemic and Public Spaces: İmproving Quality and Flexibility for Healthier Places. Urban Desıgn International, 26(2), 159-173.
  • Sharifi, A., Khavarian-Garmsir, A. R., & Kummitha, R. K. R. (2021). Contributions of Smart City Solutions and Technologies to Resilience Against The COVID-19 Pandemic: A Literature Review. Sustainability, 13(14): 1-28.
  • Snow, S. J. (2002). Commentary: Sutherland, Snow and Water: The Transmission of Cholera in The Nineteenth Century. International Journal of Epidemiology, 31(5), 908-911.
  • Spinney, L. (2019). How pandemics shape social evolution. Nature, 574(7778), 324-327.
  • Szreter, S., & Mooney, G. (1998). Urbanization, Mortality, and The Standard of Living Debate: New Estimates of The Expectation of Life At Birth in Nineteenth-Century British Cities. Economic History Review, 84-112.
  • Thomas, A. J. (2010). The Lambeth Cholera Outbreak of 1848-1849: The Setting, Causes, Course and Aftermath of an Epidemic in London. London: McFarland.
  • Tinson, A., & Clair, A. (2020). Better Housing is Crucial for Our Health and The COVID-19 Recovery. The Health Foundation, 20(11), 1-25.
  • Turoń, K., Czech, P. & Juzek, M. (2017). The concept of a walkable city as an alternative form of urban mobility. Scientific Journal of Silesian University of Technology. Series Transport, 95, 223-230.
  • Van Eck, E., van Melik, R., & Schapendonk, J. (2020). Marketplaces As Public Spaces İn Times of The Covid‐19 Coronavirus Outbreak: First Reflections. Tijdschrift Voor Economische En Sociale Geografie, 111(3), 373-386.
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POST-PANDEMIC CITIES: POSSIBLE IMPACTS OF COVID-19 ON URBANIZATION AND URBAN PLANNING

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 118 - 144, 30.04.2022

Öz

Before Covid-19, the world faced many different epidemics. When the pandemics that humanity has faced throughout history are examined, unhealthy urban areas formed by densely populated cities have caused similar epidemics. After the effects of the epidemics decreased, there were changes in urban planning in line with urban health and community needs. For this reason, pandemics seem to have a direct impact on the foundations of urban planning practice. This study, it is tried to reveal possible changes and transformations in urbanization and urban planning after the COVID-19 outbreak. For this purpose, the data obtained as a result of the literature review, including the covid-19 process, were analyzed with the VOSviewer program, which is one of the text mining tools.

Kaynakça

  • Abusaada, H., & Elshater, A. (2020). COVID-19 Challenge, İnformation Technologies, and Smart Cities: Considerations for Well-Being. International Journal of Community Well-Being, 3(3): 417-424.
  • Afacan, Y. (2021). Impacts of Biophilic Design on The Development of Gerotranscendence and The Profile of Mood States During The COVID-19 Pandemic. Ageing & Society, 1-25.
  • Allam, Z., & Jones, D. S. (2020). On The Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak And The Smart City Network: Universal Data Sharing Standards Coupled With Artificial İntelligence (AI) To Benefit Urban Health Monitoring and Management. Healthcare, 8 (1): 1-9.
  • Andrulis, D. P., & Merriam, E. (1997). Governmental Affairs & Public Policy The Urban Health Penalty, https://www.acponline.org/acp_policy/policies/urban_health_penalty_new_dimensions_directions_in_inner_city_health_care_1996.pdf, (Erişim: 10.08.2021).
  • Angelidou, M. (2014). Smart City Policies: A Spatial Approach. Cities, 41, 3–11.
  • Aresta, M., & Salingaros, N. A. (2021). The İmportance of Domestic Space in The Times of COVID-19. Challenges, 12(2), 1-9.
  • Batty, M. (2020). The Coronavirus crisis: What will the post-pandemic city look like?. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 47(4), 547-552.
  • Cohen, B., White, M., Montgomery, M., McGee, T., Yeung, Y. (2013). Urban Population Change: A Sketch, p. 75-106, Montgomery, M. R., Stren, R., Cohen, B., & Reed, H. E. (ed.), Cities Transformed: Demographic Change and İts İmplications in The Developing World, Routledge.
  • Crosby, A. (2003). Frontmatter. In America's Forgotten Pandemic: The Influenza of 1918. CambridFge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Das, D., & Zhang, J. J. (2021). Pandemic İn A Smart City: Singapore’s COVID-19 Management Through Technology & Society. Urban Geography, 42(3): 408-416.
  • Dockery, M., & Bawa, S. (2020). Working from Home in the COVID-19 Lockdown. BCEC, 19, 1-5.
  • Dong, H., Ma, S., Jia, N. & Tian, J. (2021). Understanding Public Transport Satisfaction in Post COVID-19 Pandemic. Transport Policy, 101, 81-88.
  • Du, Z., Wang, L., Cauchemez, S., Xu, X., Wang, X., Cowling, B. J., & Meyers, L. A. (2020). Risk For Transportation of Coronavirus Disease from Wuhan to Other Cities in China. Emerging infectious diseases, 26(5), 1049-1052.
  • Florida, R., Rodríguez-Pose, A., & Storper, M. (2021). Cities in A Post-COVID World. Urban Studies, 50, 1-23.
  • Freemark, Y., Bliss, A., & Vale, L. J. (2021). Housing Haussmann’s Paris: the politics and legacy of Second Empire redevelopment. Planning Perspectives, 10, 1-25.
  • Gandy, M. (1999). The Paris Sewers and The Rationalization of Urban Space. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 24(1), 23-44.
  • Gkiotsalitis, K. & Cats, O. (2021). Public Transport Planning Adaption Under The COVID-19 Pandemic Crisis: Literature Review of Research Needs And Directions. Transport Reviews, 41(3), 374-392.
  • Gottfried, R. S. (2010). Black death. Simon and Schuster. New York: Simon & Schuster.
  • Guzman, L. A., Arellana, J., Oviedo, D. & Aristizábal, C. A. M. (2021). COVID-19, Activity And Mobility Patterns in Bogotá Are We Ready for A 15-Minute City?. Travel Behaviour and Society, 24, 245-256.
  • Hall, E. T. (1966). The Hidden Dimension, New York: Anchor Books.
  • Hall, P. (1989). The Turbulent Eighth Decade: Challenges toAmerican City Planning. Journal of the American Planning Association, 55(3), 275-282.
  • Hall, P. (2002). Cities Of Tomorrow: An İntellectual History of Urban Planning and Design in the Twentieth Century (3rd ed.). London: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Hays, J. N. (2005). Epidemics and Pandemics: Their İmpacts on Human History. California: Abc-clio.
  • Honour, H. & Fleming, J. (2005). A World History of Art. London: Laurence King Publishing.
  • Hosseini, M. R., Fouladi-Fard, R., & Aali, R. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemic and Sick Building Syndrome. Indoor and Built Environment, 29(8), 1181-1183.
  • Hughes, M. (2013). The Victorian London Sanitation Projects and The Sanitation of Projects. International Journal of Project Management, 31(5), 682-691.
  • Huremović, D. (2019). Brief History Of Pandemics (Pandemics Throughout History). In Psychiatry of pandemics (pp. 7-35). Switzerland: Springer.
  • Kennedy, C., Cuddıhy, J. and Engel-Yan, J. (2007). The Changing Metabolism of Cities. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 11, 43-59.
  • Kreiss, K. (1993). The Sick Building Syndrome İn Office Buildings A Breath of Fresh Air. New England Journal of Medicine, 328(12), 877-878.
  • Kunzmann, K. R. (2020). Smart Cities After Covid-19: Ten Narratives. disP-The Planning Review, 56(2), 20-31.
  • Lai, K. Y., Webster, C., Kumari, S., & Sarkar, C. (2020). The nature of cities and the Covid-19 pandemic. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 46, 27-31.
  • Leviton, L. C., Snell, E., & McGinnis, M. (2000). Urban İssues in Health Promotion Strategies. American journal of public health, 90(6), 863-866.
  • Lopez, B., Kennedy, C., Field, C., & McPhearson, T. (2021). Who Benefits From Urban Green Spaces During Times of Crisis? Perception and Use of Urban Green Spaces in New York City During The COVID-19 Pandemic. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 65, 1-30.
  • Lord, K. (2018). The Function of Commercial Streets in Montreal and Paris, 1853-1936. Journal of Urban History, 44(6), 1131-1153.
  • Lu, C., Deng, Q., Li, Y., Sundell, J., & Norbäck, D. (2016). Outdoor Air Pollution, Meteorological Conditions and İndoor Factors in Dwellings in Relation to Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) Among Adults in China. Science of the Total Environment, 560, 186-196.
  • Matthew, R. A., & McDonald, B. (2006). Cities Under Siege: Urban Planning and The Threat of İnfectious Disease. Journal of the American Planning Association, 72(1), 109-117.
  • Megahed, N. A., & Ghoneim, E. M. (2020). Antivirus-built environment: Lessons learned from Covid-19 pandemic. Sustainable cities and society, 61, 1-9.
  • Menzies, R., Tamblyn, R., Farant, J. P., Hanley, J., Nunes, F., & Tamblyn, R. (1993). The Effect of Varying Levels of Outdoor-Air Supply on The Symptoms of Sick Building Syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine, 328(12), 821-827.
  • Mir, V. (2020). Post-Pandemic City: Historical Context for New Urban Design. Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences, 16, 94-108.
  • Mordechai, L., Eisenberg, M., Newfield, T.P., Izdebski, A., Kay, J.E. and Poinar, H. (2019). The Justinianic Plague: An Inconsequential Pandemic?. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116 (51), 546–554.
  • Moreno, C., Allam, Z., Chabaud, D., Gall, C. & Pratlong, F. (2021). Introducing The 15-Minute City: Sustainability, Resilience And Place İdentity in Future Post-Pandemic Cities. Smart Cities, 4(1), 93-111.
  • Mouratidis, K. (2021). How COVID-19 Reshaped Quality Of Life İn Cities: A Synthesis and İmplications for Urban Planning. Land Use Policy, 111, 1-17.
  • Muhyi, M. M., & Adianto, J. (2021). Literature Review: The Effects of Covid-19 Pandemic Driven Home Behavior in Housing Preference. Smart City, 1(1), 1-16
  • Mumford, L. (2013). Tarih Boyunca Kent Kökenleri, Geçirdiği Değişimler ve Geleceği. (Çev. Gürol Koca & Tamer Tosun), İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Myllyvirta, L. (2020) Coronavirus Temporarily Reduced China’s CO2 Emissions by a Quarter, https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-coronavirus-has-temporarily-reduced-chinas-co2-emissions-by-a-quarter, (Erişim: 25.07.2021).
  • NASA, (2020) Airborne Nitrogen Dioxide Plummets Over China, https://www.earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146362/airborne-nitrogen-dioxide-plummets-over-china, (Erişim: 15.08.2021).
  • Newman, P. (1999). Sustainability and Cities: Extending The Metabolism Model. in Landscape and Urban Planning, 44, 219–226.
  • Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. (2016). Urban And Transport Planning, Environmental Exposures and Health-New Concepts, Methods and Tools to İmprove Health in Cities. Environmental Health, 15(1), 161-171.
  • Noszczyk, T., Gorzelany, J., Kukulska-Kozieł, A., & Hernik, J. (2022). The İmpact of The COVID-19 Pandemic on The İmportance of Urban Green Spaces to The Public. Land Use Policy, 113, 1-23.
  • Oishi, S., Cha, Y., & Schimmack, U. (2021). The Social Ecology Of COVID-19 Cases and Deaths in New York City: The Role of Walkability, Wealth, and Race. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 12(8), 1457-1466.
  • Reyes, R., Ahn, R., Thurber, K., & Burke, T. F. (2013). Urbanization and infectious diseases: general principles, historical perspectives, and contemporary challenges, I.W. Fong (Ed.) Challenges in infectious diseases (pp. 123-146). Springer, New York.
  • Rojas-Rueda, D., Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J., Gascon, M., Perez-Leon, D., & Mudu, P. (2019). Green Spaces and Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies. The Lancet Planetary Health, 3(11), 469-477.
  • Sepe, M. (2021). Covid-19 Pandemic and Public Spaces: İmproving Quality and Flexibility for Healthier Places. Urban Desıgn International, 26(2), 159-173.
  • Sharifi, A., Khavarian-Garmsir, A. R., & Kummitha, R. K. R. (2021). Contributions of Smart City Solutions and Technologies to Resilience Against The COVID-19 Pandemic: A Literature Review. Sustainability, 13(14): 1-28.
  • Snow, S. J. (2002). Commentary: Sutherland, Snow and Water: The Transmission of Cholera in The Nineteenth Century. International Journal of Epidemiology, 31(5), 908-911.
  • Spinney, L. (2019). How pandemics shape social evolution. Nature, 574(7778), 324-327.
  • Szreter, S., & Mooney, G. (1998). Urbanization, Mortality, and The Standard of Living Debate: New Estimates of The Expectation of Life At Birth in Nineteenth-Century British Cities. Economic History Review, 84-112.
  • Thomas, A. J. (2010). The Lambeth Cholera Outbreak of 1848-1849: The Setting, Causes, Course and Aftermath of an Epidemic in London. London: McFarland.
  • Tinson, A., & Clair, A. (2020). Better Housing is Crucial for Our Health and The COVID-19 Recovery. The Health Foundation, 20(11), 1-25.
  • Turoń, K., Czech, P. & Juzek, M. (2017). The concept of a walkable city as an alternative form of urban mobility. Scientific Journal of Silesian University of Technology. Series Transport, 95, 223-230.
  • Van Eck, E., van Melik, R., & Schapendonk, J. (2020). Marketplaces As Public Spaces İn Times of The Covid‐19 Coronavirus Outbreak: First Reflections. Tijdschrift Voor Economische En Sociale Geografie, 111(3), 373-386.
  • Vıcıno T. J., Hanlon, B. and Short J. R. (2007). Megalopolis 50 Years On: The Trans-formation of a City Region. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 31(2), 344-367.
  • Vlahov, D., & Galea, S. (2002). Urbanization, urbanicity, and health. Journal of Urban Health, 79(1), 1-12.
  • WHO. (2020). Cholera History, https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cholera, (Erişim: 25.07.2021).
  • Willoughby, M. (2021). The Natural World: The Role of Ecosocial Work During the COVID-19 Pandemic, C. Tosone (ed.) Shared Trauma, Shared Resilience During a Pandemic (pp. 193-203). Cham: Springer.
  • Wintle, T. (2020). COVID-19 and the city: How past pandemics have shaped urban landscapes, https://newseu.cgtn.com/news/2020-07-08/COVID-19-and-the-city-How-past-pandemics-have-shaped-urban-landscapes-QCFjZLBIxG/index.html (Erişim:15.06.2021).
  • Wolman, A. (1965). The Metabolism of Cities. Scientific America, 213(3), 179-190.
  • Woods, R. (2003). Urban‐rural mortality differentials: an unresolved debate. Population and development review, 29(1), 29-46.
  • Xu, C., Luo, X., Yu, C., & Cao, S. (2020). The 2019 Ncov Epidemic Control Strategies And Future Challenges of Building Healthy Smart Cities. Indoor and Built Environment, 29(5), 639-644.
  • Zarrabi, M., Yazdanfar, S. A., & Hosseini, S. B. (2021). COVID-19 and Healthy Home Preferences: The Case of Apartment Residents in Tehran. Journal of Building Engineering, 35, 1-9.
  • Zografos, C., Klause, K. A., Connolly, J. J., & Anguelovski, I. (2020). The Everyday Politics Of Urban Transformational Adaptation: Struggles For Authority and The Barcelona Superblock Project. Cities, 99, 1-12.
Toplam 71 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

İsmet Akbaş 0000-0001-9809-1964

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Akbaş, İ. (2022). PANDEMİ SONRASI KENTLER: COVİD-19’UN KENTLEŞME VE KENT PLANLAMASINA OLASI ETKİLERİ. Avrasya Sosyal Ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(2), 118-144.