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Typological Periodization of Animal Style in Scythian Art

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 34, 201 - 230, 01.01.2026
https://doi.org/10.31455/asya.1779188

Öz

After examining the archaeological findings of the Scythians in both the Northern Black Sea region, Siberia and Kazakhstan, it was seen that the change and development in Scythian art showed regional differences. It has become clear within the scope of this study that Scythian art has three main phases. When archaeological elements belonging to pre-cultures such as Khirigsuur culture and Tagar culture are compared with Scythian finds in the early period, it is understood that Scythian art has an origin based on early Ural-Altaic art, such as the Khirigsuur culture. Later, towards the end of the early period, Urartu interacted with Assyrian art, and Mesopotamian elements such as winged goddesses, drop-shaped tree of life and lions appeared in its art. It is seen that there was a short intermediate period, and it is understood that this period was experienced only in the Caucasus and the Black Sea region. Towards the end of this period, elements of Achaemenid and Greek art begin to find a place in Scythian art. It can be seen that the animal figures found on objects belonging to late Achaemenid and Greek elements have almost moved away from the art used by the Scythians in the steppe. However, it has been determined that this change occurred only in the Trans Caucasıa and the north of the Black Sea, and that the development based on the early origins of Scythian art continued as it was in Siberia. As a result, it has been determined that Scythian art was initially formed in the Minusinsk and Altai regions of Siberia, and over time it moved west and was influenced by the cultures and arts in those regions.

Etik Beyan

The Ermitage Museum has been informed about all the images used in the article and the necessary procedures for permission have been carried out.

Teşekkür

I would like to express my gratitude to Prof. Dr. Ali Osman Uysal and the Ermitage Museum.

Kaynakça

  • Alekseev, A. Yu. (2012). Zaloto Skifskih Çarey v Sobranii Ermitaja. Ermitage Museum Press.
  • Alekseev, A.Yu., Murzin, A.Yu., Rolle R. (1991). Çertomlik. Naukova Dumka.
  • Artamonov M.İ. (1970). The Splender Of Scythian Art. Frederic A. Praeger Pulisher.
  • Artomonov M.İ. (2020). Kimmerler ve İskitler: Başlangıçtan M.Ö. IV. Yüzyıla Kadar. Selenge Press.
  • Bokovenko, N. (2006). “The Emergence of the Tagar Culture”. Antiquity, 80 (310), 860-879.
  • Colburn H. P. (2014). R. M. Elspeth, Dusinberre, B. Mark Garrison, F.M. Wouter Henkelman (ed.), Art of the Achaemenid Empire and Art in the Achaemenid Empire. Critical Approaches to Ancient Near Eastern Art. (s. 773-800). Gryter.
  • Crook, J. A. (2006). Political History, 30 B.C. to 14 A.D. The Cambridge Accient History in. (Vol. 10, pp. 70-112). Cambridge University Press.
  • Demirağ, Y. (2003). Önasya Dünyasında Kimmer ve İskitler [Doctoral Thesis, Gazi University]. National Thesis Center.
  • Durmuş, İ. (2007). İskitler. Kaynak Yayınları.
  • Fitzhugh, W. W. (2005). W.W. Ftizhugh (ed.), The Deer Stone Project: Exploring Nothern Mongolia and its Arctic Connections. The Deer Stone Project, Anthropological Studies in Mongolia. (3-35). Arctic Studies Center.
  • Fitzhugh, W. W. (2009). Stone Shamans and Flying Deer of Northern Mongolia: Deer Goddess of Siberia or Chimera of the Steppe?. Arctic Anthropology, 46 (1), 72–88.
  • Fitzhugh, W. W. (2017). Mongolian Deer Stones, European Menhirs, and Canadian Arctic Inuksuit: Collective Memory and the Function of Northern Monument Traditions. Archaeol Method Theory, 24 (1), 149-187.
  • Francroft, H.P. (2006). Central Asia and Eastern Iran. The Cambridge Accient History (Vol IV, pp. 165-194). Cambridge University Press.
  • Freeman, C. (2010). Egypt, Greece, and Rome: Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean. Oxford Press.
  • Gershevitch, I. (2007). The Cambridge History of Iran. Cambridge Press.
  • Ghirshman, R. (1964). Persia from the origins to Alexander the Great. Thames and Hudson.
  • Grakov, B. N. (2008). İskitler. Selenge Press.
  • Grakow, B. N. (1980). Die Skythen. German Publishing House of Sciences.
  • Hermitage Museum. (2025). Museum Digital Collection. https://www.hermitagemuseum.org/ adresinde 30.08.2025 tarihinde erişildi.
  • Herrmann, A. (1933). Die Saken und der Skythenzug des Dareios. Beihefts zur Archiv für Orientforschung, 1, 157- 170.
  • Jacobson, E. (1995). The Art Of The Scythians, Leiden EJ Brill.
  • Kim, H. J. (2017). The Huns. Roudledge Press.
  • Kretschmer, K. (1921). Skythe. Pauly Real Encyclopaedie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft (II A I, pp. 923- 942). Hansebooks Press.
  • Kubarev, G. V. (1979). Drevnya Izvayaniya Altaia: Olennye Kamni. Nauka Sib. Otdnie.
  • Loon, M. N. (1966). Urartian Art- Its Distinctive Traits in the Light of New Excavations. Phians Press.
  • Luckenbill, D. D. (1968). Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia. Grengood Press.
  • Mançeviç A.P. (1969). Paradnıy mec iz kurgana Solokha. Drevnıye Frankiyçı v Severnom Priçernomore, 150, 96-118.
  • Mançeviç A.P. (1987). Kurgan Solokha. SSCB Press.
  • Mansel, A.M. (1971). Ege ve Yunan Tarihi. Türk Tarih Kurumu.
  • Minns, E. H. (1913). Scythian and Greek. Cambridge Universtity Press.
  • Novgorodova, E. A. (1989). Drevniaia Mongoliya [Ancient Mongolia]. SSCB Nauk.
  • Rice, T. T. (1957). Scythians. Thames and Hudson.
  • Rudenko, S. İ. (1962). Sibirskaya Kollektszya Petra I. Arxeologiya SSSR.
  • Rudenko, S. İ. (1970). Frozen Tombs Of Siberia. Calirfornia University Press.
  • Späth, A., Meyer, M., Huthwelke, T., Borca, C.N., Meßlinger, K., Bieber, M., Barkova, L.L., Fink, R.H. (2021) X‑ray microscopy revealsthe outstanding craftsmanshipof Siberian Iron Age textile dyers, Scientific Reports Journal, 11, 1-7.
  • Starbon. (1964). Geografiya. Academy Of Sciences Of The USSR.
  • Stepanova, E. V. (2017). Rekonstrukçiya golovnogo ubora vojdya iz 2-gp Pazırıkskogo Kurgana. Vcerossickiy Arxeologiçeyskiy Sezd, V (XXI), 986-987.
  • Strabon. (1969). The Geography of Strabo, Harvard University Press.
  • Tarhan, T. (1979). (11-15 Ekim 1976). Eskiçağ’da Kimmerler Problemi. VIII. Türk Tarih Kongresi, Ankara, Türkiye.
  • Terenoşkin, A. İ. (1975). Kimmeriskie Meçi i Kinşalı. Skifskiy Mir, 1, 3-34.
  • Topal, D. (2021). Akinak Na Zapade Skifskogo Mira. Biblioteca Tyragetia.
  • Vişnevstakaya, O. A. (1973). Kultura Sakskix Plemen Nizovev Sırdari v. VII- V vv. Do N.E. İzdatelstvo Nauka.

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 34, 201 - 230, 01.01.2026
https://doi.org/10.31455/asya.1779188

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Alekseev, A. Yu. (2012). Zaloto Skifskih Çarey v Sobranii Ermitaja. Ermitage Museum Press.
  • Alekseev, A.Yu., Murzin, A.Yu., Rolle R. (1991). Çertomlik. Naukova Dumka.
  • Artamonov M.İ. (1970). The Splender Of Scythian Art. Frederic A. Praeger Pulisher.
  • Artomonov M.İ. (2020). Kimmerler ve İskitler: Başlangıçtan M.Ö. IV. Yüzyıla Kadar. Selenge Press.
  • Bokovenko, N. (2006). “The Emergence of the Tagar Culture”. Antiquity, 80 (310), 860-879.
  • Colburn H. P. (2014). R. M. Elspeth, Dusinberre, B. Mark Garrison, F.M. Wouter Henkelman (ed.), Art of the Achaemenid Empire and Art in the Achaemenid Empire. Critical Approaches to Ancient Near Eastern Art. (s. 773-800). Gryter.
  • Crook, J. A. (2006). Political History, 30 B.C. to 14 A.D. The Cambridge Accient History in. (Vol. 10, pp. 70-112). Cambridge University Press.
  • Demirağ, Y. (2003). Önasya Dünyasında Kimmer ve İskitler [Doctoral Thesis, Gazi University]. National Thesis Center.
  • Durmuş, İ. (2007). İskitler. Kaynak Yayınları.
  • Fitzhugh, W. W. (2005). W.W. Ftizhugh (ed.), The Deer Stone Project: Exploring Nothern Mongolia and its Arctic Connections. The Deer Stone Project, Anthropological Studies in Mongolia. (3-35). Arctic Studies Center.
  • Fitzhugh, W. W. (2009). Stone Shamans and Flying Deer of Northern Mongolia: Deer Goddess of Siberia or Chimera of the Steppe?. Arctic Anthropology, 46 (1), 72–88.
  • Fitzhugh, W. W. (2017). Mongolian Deer Stones, European Menhirs, and Canadian Arctic Inuksuit: Collective Memory and the Function of Northern Monument Traditions. Archaeol Method Theory, 24 (1), 149-187.
  • Francroft, H.P. (2006). Central Asia and Eastern Iran. The Cambridge Accient History (Vol IV, pp. 165-194). Cambridge University Press.
  • Freeman, C. (2010). Egypt, Greece, and Rome: Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean. Oxford Press.
  • Gershevitch, I. (2007). The Cambridge History of Iran. Cambridge Press.
  • Ghirshman, R. (1964). Persia from the origins to Alexander the Great. Thames and Hudson.
  • Grakov, B. N. (2008). İskitler. Selenge Press.
  • Grakow, B. N. (1980). Die Skythen. German Publishing House of Sciences.
  • Hermitage Museum. (2025). Museum Digital Collection. https://www.hermitagemuseum.org/ adresinde 30.08.2025 tarihinde erişildi.
  • Herrmann, A. (1933). Die Saken und der Skythenzug des Dareios. Beihefts zur Archiv für Orientforschung, 1, 157- 170.
  • Jacobson, E. (1995). The Art Of The Scythians, Leiden EJ Brill.
  • Kim, H. J. (2017). The Huns. Roudledge Press.
  • Kretschmer, K. (1921). Skythe. Pauly Real Encyclopaedie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft (II A I, pp. 923- 942). Hansebooks Press.
  • Kubarev, G. V. (1979). Drevnya Izvayaniya Altaia: Olennye Kamni. Nauka Sib. Otdnie.
  • Loon, M. N. (1966). Urartian Art- Its Distinctive Traits in the Light of New Excavations. Phians Press.
  • Luckenbill, D. D. (1968). Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia. Grengood Press.
  • Mançeviç A.P. (1969). Paradnıy mec iz kurgana Solokha. Drevnıye Frankiyçı v Severnom Priçernomore, 150, 96-118.
  • Mançeviç A.P. (1987). Kurgan Solokha. SSCB Press.
  • Mansel, A.M. (1971). Ege ve Yunan Tarihi. Türk Tarih Kurumu.
  • Minns, E. H. (1913). Scythian and Greek. Cambridge Universtity Press.
  • Novgorodova, E. A. (1989). Drevniaia Mongoliya [Ancient Mongolia]. SSCB Nauk.
  • Rice, T. T. (1957). Scythians. Thames and Hudson.
  • Rudenko, S. İ. (1962). Sibirskaya Kollektszya Petra I. Arxeologiya SSSR.
  • Rudenko, S. İ. (1970). Frozen Tombs Of Siberia. Calirfornia University Press.
  • Späth, A., Meyer, M., Huthwelke, T., Borca, C.N., Meßlinger, K., Bieber, M., Barkova, L.L., Fink, R.H. (2021) X‑ray microscopy revealsthe outstanding craftsmanshipof Siberian Iron Age textile dyers, Scientific Reports Journal, 11, 1-7.
  • Starbon. (1964). Geografiya. Academy Of Sciences Of The USSR.
  • Stepanova, E. V. (2017). Rekonstrukçiya golovnogo ubora vojdya iz 2-gp Pazırıkskogo Kurgana. Vcerossickiy Arxeologiçeyskiy Sezd, V (XXI), 986-987.
  • Strabon. (1969). The Geography of Strabo, Harvard University Press.
  • Tarhan, T. (1979). (11-15 Ekim 1976). Eskiçağ’da Kimmerler Problemi. VIII. Türk Tarih Kongresi, Ankara, Türkiye.
  • Terenoşkin, A. İ. (1975). Kimmeriskie Meçi i Kinşalı. Skifskiy Mir, 1, 3-34.
  • Topal, D. (2021). Akinak Na Zapade Skifskogo Mira. Biblioteca Tyragetia.
  • Vişnevstakaya, O. A. (1973). Kultura Sakskix Plemen Nizovev Sırdari v. VII- V vv. Do N.E. İzdatelstvo Nauka.

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 34, 201 - 230, 01.01.2026
https://doi.org/10.31455/asya.1779188

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Alekseev, A. Yu. (2012). Zaloto Skifskih Çarey v Sobranii Ermitaja. Ermitage Museum Press.
  • Alekseev, A.Yu., Murzin, A.Yu., Rolle R. (1991). Çertomlik. Naukova Dumka.
  • Artamonov M.İ. (1970). The Splender Of Scythian Art. Frederic A. Praeger Pulisher.
  • Artomonov M.İ. (2020). Kimmerler ve İskitler: Başlangıçtan M.Ö. IV. Yüzyıla Kadar. Selenge Press.
  • Bokovenko, N. (2006). “The Emergence of the Tagar Culture”. Antiquity, 80 (310), 860-879.
  • Colburn H. P. (2014). R. M. Elspeth, Dusinberre, B. Mark Garrison, F.M. Wouter Henkelman (ed.), Art of the Achaemenid Empire and Art in the Achaemenid Empire. Critical Approaches to Ancient Near Eastern Art. (s. 773-800). Gryter.
  • Crook, J. A. (2006). Political History, 30 B.C. to 14 A.D. The Cambridge Accient History in. (Vol. 10, pp. 70-112). Cambridge University Press.
  • Demirağ, Y. (2003). Önasya Dünyasında Kimmer ve İskitler [Doctoral Thesis, Gazi University]. National Thesis Center.
  • Durmuş, İ. (2007). İskitler. Kaynak Yayınları.
  • Fitzhugh, W. W. (2005). W.W. Ftizhugh (ed.), The Deer Stone Project: Exploring Nothern Mongolia and its Arctic Connections. The Deer Stone Project, Anthropological Studies in Mongolia. (3-35). Arctic Studies Center.
  • Fitzhugh, W. W. (2009). Stone Shamans and Flying Deer of Northern Mongolia: Deer Goddess of Siberia or Chimera of the Steppe?. Arctic Anthropology, 46 (1), 72–88.
  • Fitzhugh, W. W. (2017). Mongolian Deer Stones, European Menhirs, and Canadian Arctic Inuksuit: Collective Memory and the Function of Northern Monument Traditions. Archaeol Method Theory, 24 (1), 149-187.
  • Francroft, H.P. (2006). Central Asia and Eastern Iran. The Cambridge Accient History (Vol IV, pp. 165-194). Cambridge University Press.
  • Freeman, C. (2010). Egypt, Greece, and Rome: Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean. Oxford Press.
  • Gershevitch, I. (2007). The Cambridge History of Iran. Cambridge Press.
  • Ghirshman, R. (1964). Persia from the origins to Alexander the Great. Thames and Hudson.
  • Grakov, B. N. (2008). İskitler. Selenge Press.
  • Grakow, B. N. (1980). Die Skythen. German Publishing House of Sciences.
  • Hermitage Museum. (2025). Museum Digital Collection. https://www.hermitagemuseum.org/ adresinde 30.08.2025 tarihinde erişildi.
  • Herrmann, A. (1933). Die Saken und der Skythenzug des Dareios. Beihefts zur Archiv für Orientforschung, 1, 157- 170.
  • Jacobson, E. (1995). The Art Of The Scythians, Leiden EJ Brill.
  • Kim, H. J. (2017). The Huns. Roudledge Press.
  • Kretschmer, K. (1921). Skythe. Pauly Real Encyclopaedie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft (II A I, pp. 923- 942). Hansebooks Press.
  • Kubarev, G. V. (1979). Drevnya Izvayaniya Altaia: Olennye Kamni. Nauka Sib. Otdnie.
  • Loon, M. N. (1966). Urartian Art- Its Distinctive Traits in the Light of New Excavations. Phians Press.
  • Luckenbill, D. D. (1968). Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia. Grengood Press.
  • Mançeviç A.P. (1969). Paradnıy mec iz kurgana Solokha. Drevnıye Frankiyçı v Severnom Priçernomore, 150, 96-118.
  • Mançeviç A.P. (1987). Kurgan Solokha. SSCB Press.
  • Mansel, A.M. (1971). Ege ve Yunan Tarihi. Türk Tarih Kurumu.
  • Minns, E. H. (1913). Scythian and Greek. Cambridge Universtity Press.
  • Novgorodova, E. A. (1989). Drevniaia Mongoliya [Ancient Mongolia]. SSCB Nauk.
  • Rice, T. T. (1957). Scythians. Thames and Hudson.
  • Rudenko, S. İ. (1962). Sibirskaya Kollektszya Petra I. Arxeologiya SSSR.
  • Rudenko, S. İ. (1970). Frozen Tombs Of Siberia. Calirfornia University Press.
  • Späth, A., Meyer, M., Huthwelke, T., Borca, C.N., Meßlinger, K., Bieber, M., Barkova, L.L., Fink, R.H. (2021) X‑ray microscopy revealsthe outstanding craftsmanshipof Siberian Iron Age textile dyers, Scientific Reports Journal, 11, 1-7.
  • Starbon. (1964). Geografiya. Academy Of Sciences Of The USSR.
  • Stepanova, E. V. (2017). Rekonstrukçiya golovnogo ubora vojdya iz 2-gp Pazırıkskogo Kurgana. Vcerossickiy Arxeologiçeyskiy Sezd, V (XXI), 986-987.
  • Strabon. (1969). The Geography of Strabo, Harvard University Press.
  • Tarhan, T. (1979). (11-15 Ekim 1976). Eskiçağ’da Kimmerler Problemi. VIII. Türk Tarih Kongresi, Ankara, Türkiye.
  • Terenoşkin, A. İ. (1975). Kimmeriskie Meçi i Kinşalı. Skifskiy Mir, 1, 3-34.
  • Topal, D. (2021). Akinak Na Zapade Skifskogo Mira. Biblioteca Tyragetia.
  • Vişnevstakaya, O. A. (1973). Kultura Sakskix Plemen Nizovev Sırdari v. VII- V vv. Do N.E. İzdatelstvo Nauka.

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 34, 201 - 230, 01.01.2026
https://doi.org/10.31455/asya.1779188

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Alekseev, A. Yu. (2012). Zaloto Skifskih Çarey v Sobranii Ermitaja. Ermitage Museum Press.
  • Alekseev, A.Yu., Murzin, A.Yu., Rolle R. (1991). Çertomlik. Naukova Dumka.
  • Artamonov M.İ. (1970). The Splender Of Scythian Art. Frederic A. Praeger Pulisher.
  • Artomonov M.İ. (2020). Kimmerler ve İskitler: Başlangıçtan M.Ö. IV. Yüzyıla Kadar. Selenge Press.
  • Bokovenko, N. (2006). “The Emergence of the Tagar Culture”. Antiquity, 80 (310), 860-879.
  • Colburn H. P. (2014). R. M. Elspeth, Dusinberre, B. Mark Garrison, F.M. Wouter Henkelman (ed.), Art of the Achaemenid Empire and Art in the Achaemenid Empire. Critical Approaches to Ancient Near Eastern Art. (s. 773-800). Gryter.
  • Crook, J. A. (2006). Political History, 30 B.C. to 14 A.D. The Cambridge Accient History in. (Vol. 10, pp. 70-112). Cambridge University Press.
  • Demirağ, Y. (2003). Önasya Dünyasında Kimmer ve İskitler [Doctoral Thesis, Gazi University]. National Thesis Center.
  • Durmuş, İ. (2007). İskitler. Kaynak Yayınları.
  • Fitzhugh, W. W. (2005). W.W. Ftizhugh (ed.), The Deer Stone Project: Exploring Nothern Mongolia and its Arctic Connections. The Deer Stone Project, Anthropological Studies in Mongolia. (3-35). Arctic Studies Center.
  • Fitzhugh, W. W. (2009). Stone Shamans and Flying Deer of Northern Mongolia: Deer Goddess of Siberia or Chimera of the Steppe?. Arctic Anthropology, 46 (1), 72–88.
  • Fitzhugh, W. W. (2017). Mongolian Deer Stones, European Menhirs, and Canadian Arctic Inuksuit: Collective Memory and the Function of Northern Monument Traditions. Archaeol Method Theory, 24 (1), 149-187.
  • Francroft, H.P. (2006). Central Asia and Eastern Iran. The Cambridge Accient History (Vol IV, pp. 165-194). Cambridge University Press.
  • Freeman, C. (2010). Egypt, Greece, and Rome: Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean. Oxford Press.
  • Gershevitch, I. (2007). The Cambridge History of Iran. Cambridge Press.
  • Ghirshman, R. (1964). Persia from the origins to Alexander the Great. Thames and Hudson.
  • Grakov, B. N. (2008). İskitler. Selenge Press.
  • Grakow, B. N. (1980). Die Skythen. German Publishing House of Sciences.
  • Hermitage Museum. (2025). Museum Digital Collection. https://www.hermitagemuseum.org/ adresinde 30.08.2025 tarihinde erişildi.
  • Herrmann, A. (1933). Die Saken und der Skythenzug des Dareios. Beihefts zur Archiv für Orientforschung, 1, 157- 170.
  • Jacobson, E. (1995). The Art Of The Scythians, Leiden EJ Brill.
  • Kim, H. J. (2017). The Huns. Roudledge Press.
  • Kretschmer, K. (1921). Skythe. Pauly Real Encyclopaedie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft (II A I, pp. 923- 942). Hansebooks Press.
  • Kubarev, G. V. (1979). Drevnya Izvayaniya Altaia: Olennye Kamni. Nauka Sib. Otdnie.
  • Loon, M. N. (1966). Urartian Art- Its Distinctive Traits in the Light of New Excavations. Phians Press.
  • Luckenbill, D. D. (1968). Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia. Grengood Press.
  • Mançeviç A.P. (1969). Paradnıy mec iz kurgana Solokha. Drevnıye Frankiyçı v Severnom Priçernomore, 150, 96-118.
  • Mançeviç A.P. (1987). Kurgan Solokha. SSCB Press.
  • Mansel, A.M. (1971). Ege ve Yunan Tarihi. Türk Tarih Kurumu.
  • Minns, E. H. (1913). Scythian and Greek. Cambridge Universtity Press.
  • Novgorodova, E. A. (1989). Drevniaia Mongoliya [Ancient Mongolia]. SSCB Nauk.
  • Rice, T. T. (1957). Scythians. Thames and Hudson.
  • Rudenko, S. İ. (1962). Sibirskaya Kollektszya Petra I. Arxeologiya SSSR.
  • Rudenko, S. İ. (1970). Frozen Tombs Of Siberia. Calirfornia University Press.
  • Späth, A., Meyer, M., Huthwelke, T., Borca, C.N., Meßlinger, K., Bieber, M., Barkova, L.L., Fink, R.H. (2021) X‑ray microscopy revealsthe outstanding craftsmanshipof Siberian Iron Age textile dyers, Scientific Reports Journal, 11, 1-7.
  • Starbon. (1964). Geografiya. Academy Of Sciences Of The USSR.
  • Stepanova, E. V. (2017). Rekonstrukçiya golovnogo ubora vojdya iz 2-gp Pazırıkskogo Kurgana. Vcerossickiy Arxeologiçeyskiy Sezd, V (XXI), 986-987.
  • Strabon. (1969). The Geography of Strabo, Harvard University Press.
  • Tarhan, T. (1979). (11-15 Ekim 1976). Eskiçağ’da Kimmerler Problemi. VIII. Türk Tarih Kongresi, Ankara, Türkiye.
  • Terenoşkin, A. İ. (1975). Kimmeriskie Meçi i Kinşalı. Skifskiy Mir, 1, 3-34.
  • Topal, D. (2021). Akinak Na Zapade Skifskogo Mira. Biblioteca Tyragetia.
  • Vişnevstakaya, O. A. (1973). Kultura Sakskix Plemen Nizovev Sırdari v. VII- V vv. Do N.E. İzdatelstvo Nauka.

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 34, 201 - 230, 01.01.2026
https://doi.org/10.31455/asya.1779188

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Alekseev, A. Yu. (2012). Zaloto Skifskih Çarey v Sobranii Ermitaja. Ermitage Museum Press.
  • Alekseev, A.Yu., Murzin, A.Yu., Rolle R. (1991). Çertomlik. Naukova Dumka.
  • Artamonov M.İ. (1970). The Splender Of Scythian Art. Frederic A. Praeger Pulisher.
  • Artomonov M.İ. (2020). Kimmerler ve İskitler: Başlangıçtan M.Ö. IV. Yüzyıla Kadar. Selenge Press.
  • Bokovenko, N. (2006). “The Emergence of the Tagar Culture”. Antiquity, 80 (310), 860-879.
  • Colburn H. P. (2014). R. M. Elspeth, Dusinberre, B. Mark Garrison, F.M. Wouter Henkelman (ed.), Art of the Achaemenid Empire and Art in the Achaemenid Empire. Critical Approaches to Ancient Near Eastern Art. (s. 773-800). Gryter.
  • Crook, J. A. (2006). Political History, 30 B.C. to 14 A.D. The Cambridge Accient History in. (Vol. 10, pp. 70-112). Cambridge University Press.
  • Demirağ, Y. (2003). Önasya Dünyasında Kimmer ve İskitler [Doctoral Thesis, Gazi University]. National Thesis Center.
  • Durmuş, İ. (2007). İskitler. Kaynak Yayınları.
  • Fitzhugh, W. W. (2005). W.W. Ftizhugh (ed.), The Deer Stone Project: Exploring Nothern Mongolia and its Arctic Connections. The Deer Stone Project, Anthropological Studies in Mongolia. (3-35). Arctic Studies Center.
  • Fitzhugh, W. W. (2009). Stone Shamans and Flying Deer of Northern Mongolia: Deer Goddess of Siberia or Chimera of the Steppe?. Arctic Anthropology, 46 (1), 72–88.
  • Fitzhugh, W. W. (2017). Mongolian Deer Stones, European Menhirs, and Canadian Arctic Inuksuit: Collective Memory and the Function of Northern Monument Traditions. Archaeol Method Theory, 24 (1), 149-187.
  • Francroft, H.P. (2006). Central Asia and Eastern Iran. The Cambridge Accient History (Vol IV, pp. 165-194). Cambridge University Press.
  • Freeman, C. (2010). Egypt, Greece, and Rome: Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean. Oxford Press.
  • Gershevitch, I. (2007). The Cambridge History of Iran. Cambridge Press.
  • Ghirshman, R. (1964). Persia from the origins to Alexander the Great. Thames and Hudson.
  • Grakov, B. N. (2008). İskitler. Selenge Press.
  • Grakow, B. N. (1980). Die Skythen. German Publishing House of Sciences.
  • Hermitage Museum. (2025). Museum Digital Collection. https://www.hermitagemuseum.org/ adresinde 30.08.2025 tarihinde erişildi.
  • Herrmann, A. (1933). Die Saken und der Skythenzug des Dareios. Beihefts zur Archiv für Orientforschung, 1, 157- 170.
  • Jacobson, E. (1995). The Art Of The Scythians, Leiden EJ Brill.
  • Kim, H. J. (2017). The Huns. Roudledge Press.
  • Kretschmer, K. (1921). Skythe. Pauly Real Encyclopaedie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft (II A I, pp. 923- 942). Hansebooks Press.
  • Kubarev, G. V. (1979). Drevnya Izvayaniya Altaia: Olennye Kamni. Nauka Sib. Otdnie.
  • Loon, M. N. (1966). Urartian Art- Its Distinctive Traits in the Light of New Excavations. Phians Press.
  • Luckenbill, D. D. (1968). Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia. Grengood Press.
  • Mançeviç A.P. (1969). Paradnıy mec iz kurgana Solokha. Drevnıye Frankiyçı v Severnom Priçernomore, 150, 96-118.
  • Mançeviç A.P. (1987). Kurgan Solokha. SSCB Press.
  • Mansel, A.M. (1971). Ege ve Yunan Tarihi. Türk Tarih Kurumu.
  • Minns, E. H. (1913). Scythian and Greek. Cambridge Universtity Press.
  • Novgorodova, E. A. (1989). Drevniaia Mongoliya [Ancient Mongolia]. SSCB Nauk.
  • Rice, T. T. (1957). Scythians. Thames and Hudson.
  • Rudenko, S. İ. (1962). Sibirskaya Kollektszya Petra I. Arxeologiya SSSR.
  • Rudenko, S. İ. (1970). Frozen Tombs Of Siberia. Calirfornia University Press.
  • Späth, A., Meyer, M., Huthwelke, T., Borca, C.N., Meßlinger, K., Bieber, M., Barkova, L.L., Fink, R.H. (2021) X‑ray microscopy revealsthe outstanding craftsmanshipof Siberian Iron Age textile dyers, Scientific Reports Journal, 11, 1-7.
  • Starbon. (1964). Geografiya. Academy Of Sciences Of The USSR.
  • Stepanova, E. V. (2017). Rekonstrukçiya golovnogo ubora vojdya iz 2-gp Pazırıkskogo Kurgana. Vcerossickiy Arxeologiçeyskiy Sezd, V (XXI), 986-987.
  • Strabon. (1969). The Geography of Strabo, Harvard University Press.
  • Tarhan, T. (1979). (11-15 Ekim 1976). Eskiçağ’da Kimmerler Problemi. VIII. Türk Tarih Kongresi, Ankara, Türkiye.
  • Terenoşkin, A. İ. (1975). Kimmeriskie Meçi i Kinşalı. Skifskiy Mir, 1, 3-34.
  • Topal, D. (2021). Akinak Na Zapade Skifskogo Mira. Biblioteca Tyragetia.
  • Vişnevstakaya, O. A. (1973). Kultura Sakskix Plemen Nizovev Sırdari v. VII- V vv. Do N.E. İzdatelstvo Nauka.

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 34, 201 - 230, 01.01.2026
https://doi.org/10.31455/asya.1779188

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Alekseev, A. Yu. (2012). Zaloto Skifskih Çarey v Sobranii Ermitaja. Ermitage Museum Press.
  • Alekseev, A.Yu., Murzin, A.Yu., Rolle R. (1991). Çertomlik. Naukova Dumka.
  • Artamonov M.İ. (1970). The Splender Of Scythian Art. Frederic A. Praeger Pulisher.
  • Artomonov M.İ. (2020). Kimmerler ve İskitler: Başlangıçtan M.Ö. IV. Yüzyıla Kadar. Selenge Press.
  • Bokovenko, N. (2006). “The Emergence of the Tagar Culture”. Antiquity, 80 (310), 860-879.
  • Colburn H. P. (2014). R. M. Elspeth, Dusinberre, B. Mark Garrison, F.M. Wouter Henkelman (ed.), Art of the Achaemenid Empire and Art in the Achaemenid Empire. Critical Approaches to Ancient Near Eastern Art. (s. 773-800). Gryter.
  • Crook, J. A. (2006). Political History, 30 B.C. to 14 A.D. The Cambridge Accient History in. (Vol. 10, pp. 70-112). Cambridge University Press.
  • Demirağ, Y. (2003). Önasya Dünyasında Kimmer ve İskitler [Doctoral Thesis, Gazi University]. National Thesis Center.
  • Durmuş, İ. (2007). İskitler. Kaynak Yayınları.
  • Fitzhugh, W. W. (2005). W.W. Ftizhugh (ed.), The Deer Stone Project: Exploring Nothern Mongolia and its Arctic Connections. The Deer Stone Project, Anthropological Studies in Mongolia. (3-35). Arctic Studies Center.
  • Fitzhugh, W. W. (2009). Stone Shamans and Flying Deer of Northern Mongolia: Deer Goddess of Siberia or Chimera of the Steppe?. Arctic Anthropology, 46 (1), 72–88.
  • Fitzhugh, W. W. (2017). Mongolian Deer Stones, European Menhirs, and Canadian Arctic Inuksuit: Collective Memory and the Function of Northern Monument Traditions. Archaeol Method Theory, 24 (1), 149-187.
  • Francroft, H.P. (2006). Central Asia and Eastern Iran. The Cambridge Accient History (Vol IV, pp. 165-194). Cambridge University Press.
  • Freeman, C. (2010). Egypt, Greece, and Rome: Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean. Oxford Press.
  • Gershevitch, I. (2007). The Cambridge History of Iran. Cambridge Press.
  • Ghirshman, R. (1964). Persia from the origins to Alexander the Great. Thames and Hudson.
  • Grakov, B. N. (2008). İskitler. Selenge Press.
  • Grakow, B. N. (1980). Die Skythen. German Publishing House of Sciences.
  • Hermitage Museum. (2025). Museum Digital Collection. https://www.hermitagemuseum.org/ adresinde 30.08.2025 tarihinde erişildi.
  • Herrmann, A. (1933). Die Saken und der Skythenzug des Dareios. Beihefts zur Archiv für Orientforschung, 1, 157- 170.
  • Jacobson, E. (1995). The Art Of The Scythians, Leiden EJ Brill.
  • Kim, H. J. (2017). The Huns. Roudledge Press.
  • Kretschmer, K. (1921). Skythe. Pauly Real Encyclopaedie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft (II A I, pp. 923- 942). Hansebooks Press.
  • Kubarev, G. V. (1979). Drevnya Izvayaniya Altaia: Olennye Kamni. Nauka Sib. Otdnie.
  • Loon, M. N. (1966). Urartian Art- Its Distinctive Traits in the Light of New Excavations. Phians Press.
  • Luckenbill, D. D. (1968). Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia. Grengood Press.
  • Mançeviç A.P. (1969). Paradnıy mec iz kurgana Solokha. Drevnıye Frankiyçı v Severnom Priçernomore, 150, 96-118.
  • Mançeviç A.P. (1987). Kurgan Solokha. SSCB Press.
  • Mansel, A.M. (1971). Ege ve Yunan Tarihi. Türk Tarih Kurumu.
  • Minns, E. H. (1913). Scythian and Greek. Cambridge Universtity Press.
  • Novgorodova, E. A. (1989). Drevniaia Mongoliya [Ancient Mongolia]. SSCB Nauk.
  • Rice, T. T. (1957). Scythians. Thames and Hudson.
  • Rudenko, S. İ. (1962). Sibirskaya Kollektszya Petra I. Arxeologiya SSSR.
  • Rudenko, S. İ. (1970). Frozen Tombs Of Siberia. Calirfornia University Press.
  • Späth, A., Meyer, M., Huthwelke, T., Borca, C.N., Meßlinger, K., Bieber, M., Barkova, L.L., Fink, R.H. (2021) X‑ray microscopy revealsthe outstanding craftsmanshipof Siberian Iron Age textile dyers, Scientific Reports Journal, 11, 1-7.
  • Starbon. (1964). Geografiya. Academy Of Sciences Of The USSR.
  • Stepanova, E. V. (2017). Rekonstrukçiya golovnogo ubora vojdya iz 2-gp Pazırıkskogo Kurgana. Vcerossickiy Arxeologiçeyskiy Sezd, V (XXI), 986-987.
  • Strabon. (1969). The Geography of Strabo, Harvard University Press.
  • Tarhan, T. (1979). (11-15 Ekim 1976). Eskiçağ’da Kimmerler Problemi. VIII. Türk Tarih Kongresi, Ankara, Türkiye.
  • Terenoşkin, A. İ. (1975). Kimmeriskie Meçi i Kinşalı. Skifskiy Mir, 1, 3-34.
  • Topal, D. (2021). Akinak Na Zapade Skifskogo Mira. Biblioteca Tyragetia.
  • Vişnevstakaya, O. A. (1973). Kultura Sakskix Plemen Nizovev Sırdari v. VII- V vv. Do N.E. İzdatelstvo Nauka.

İskit Sanatında Hayvan Üslubunun Tipolojik Dönemlendirilmesi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 34, 201 - 230, 01.01.2026
https://doi.org/10.31455/asya.1779188

Öz

Kuzey Karadeniz bölgesi, Sibirya ve Kazakistan'daki İskitlerin arkeolojik buluntuları incelendikten sonra, İskit sanatındaki değişim ve gelişimin bölgesel farklılıklar gösterdiği görülmüştür. Bu çalışma kapsamında, İskit sanatının üç ana aşaması olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Khirigsuur Kültürü ve Tagar Kültürü gibi ön kültürlere ait arkeolojik unsurlar, erken dönemdeki İskit buluntuları ile karşılaştırıldığında, İskit sanatının Khirigsuur kültürü gibi erken Ural-Altay sanatına dayanan bir kökeni olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Daha sonra, erken dönemin sonlarına doğru Urartu, Asur sanatı ile etkileşime girmiş ve kanatlı tanrıçalar, damla şeklindeki hayat ağacı ve aslanlar gibi Mezopotamya unsurları sanatında yer almıştır. Kısa bir ara dönem olduğu görülmekte ve bu dönemin sadece Kafkasya ve Karadeniz bölgesinde yaşandığı anlaşılmaktadır. Bu dönemin sonlarına doğru, Ahameniş ve Yunan sanatının unsurları İskit sanatında yer bulmaya başlar. Geç Ahameniş ve Yunan unsurlarına ait nesnelerde bulunan hayvan figürlerinin, İskitlerin bozkırda kullandıkları sanattan neredeyse uzaklaştığı görülmektedir. Ancak, bu değişimin sadece Transkafkasya ve Karadeniz'in kuzeyinde meydana geldiği ve İskit sanatının erken kökenlerine dayanan gelişimin Sibirya'da olduğu gibi devam ettiği tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, İskit sanatının ilk olarak Sibirya'nın Minusinsk ve Altay bölgelerinde oluştuğu, zamanla batıya doğru yayılıp bu bölgelerin kültür ve sanatlarından etkilendiği tespit edilmiştir.

Etik Beyan

Makalede kullanılan bütün görsellerle ilgili Ermitage Müzesine bilgi verilmiş ve izin konusunda gereken işlemler yapılmıştır.

Teşekkür

Prof. Dr. Ali Osman Uysal'a ve Ermitage Müzesine Teşekkür ederim.

Kaynakça

  • Alekseev, A. Yu. (2012). Zaloto Skifskih Çarey v Sobranii Ermitaja. Ermitage Museum Press.
  • Alekseev, A.Yu., Murzin, A.Yu., Rolle R. (1991). Çertomlik. Naukova Dumka.
  • Artamonov M.İ. (1970). The Splender Of Scythian Art. Frederic A. Praeger Pulisher.
  • Artomonov M.İ. (2020). Kimmerler ve İskitler: Başlangıçtan M.Ö. IV. Yüzyıla Kadar. Selenge Press.
  • Bokovenko, N. (2006). “The Emergence of the Tagar Culture”. Antiquity, 80 (310), 860-879.
  • Colburn H. P. (2014). R. M. Elspeth, Dusinberre, B. Mark Garrison, F.M. Wouter Henkelman (ed.), Art of the Achaemenid Empire and Art in the Achaemenid Empire. Critical Approaches to Ancient Near Eastern Art. (s. 773-800). Gryter.
  • Crook, J. A. (2006). Political History, 30 B.C. to 14 A.D. The Cambridge Accient History in. (Vol. 10, pp. 70-112). Cambridge University Press.
  • Demirağ, Y. (2003). Önasya Dünyasında Kimmer ve İskitler [Doctoral Thesis, Gazi University]. National Thesis Center.
  • Durmuş, İ. (2007). İskitler. Kaynak Yayınları.
  • Fitzhugh, W. W. (2005). W.W. Ftizhugh (ed.), The Deer Stone Project: Exploring Nothern Mongolia and its Arctic Connections. The Deer Stone Project, Anthropological Studies in Mongolia. (3-35). Arctic Studies Center.
  • Fitzhugh, W. W. (2009). Stone Shamans and Flying Deer of Northern Mongolia: Deer Goddess of Siberia or Chimera of the Steppe?. Arctic Anthropology, 46 (1), 72–88.
  • Fitzhugh, W. W. (2017). Mongolian Deer Stones, European Menhirs, and Canadian Arctic Inuksuit: Collective Memory and the Function of Northern Monument Traditions. Archaeol Method Theory, 24 (1), 149-187.
  • Francroft, H.P. (2006). Central Asia and Eastern Iran. The Cambridge Accient History (Vol IV, pp. 165-194). Cambridge University Press.
  • Freeman, C. (2010). Egypt, Greece, and Rome: Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean. Oxford Press.
  • Gershevitch, I. (2007). The Cambridge History of Iran. Cambridge Press.
  • Ghirshman, R. (1964). Persia from the origins to Alexander the Great. Thames and Hudson.
  • Grakov, B. N. (2008). İskitler. Selenge Press.
  • Grakow, B. N. (1980). Die Skythen. German Publishing House of Sciences.
  • Hermitage Museum. (2025). Museum Digital Collection. https://www.hermitagemuseum.org/ adresinde 30.08.2025 tarihinde erişildi.
  • Herrmann, A. (1933). Die Saken und der Skythenzug des Dareios. Beihefts zur Archiv für Orientforschung, 1, 157- 170.
  • Jacobson, E. (1995). The Art Of The Scythians, Leiden EJ Brill.
  • Kim, H. J. (2017). The Huns. Roudledge Press.
  • Kretschmer, K. (1921). Skythe. Pauly Real Encyclopaedie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft (II A I, pp. 923- 942). Hansebooks Press.
  • Kubarev, G. V. (1979). Drevnya Izvayaniya Altaia: Olennye Kamni. Nauka Sib. Otdnie.
  • Loon, M. N. (1966). Urartian Art- Its Distinctive Traits in the Light of New Excavations. Phians Press.
  • Luckenbill, D. D. (1968). Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia. Grengood Press.
  • Mançeviç A.P. (1969). Paradnıy mec iz kurgana Solokha. Drevnıye Frankiyçı v Severnom Priçernomore, 150, 96-118.
  • Mançeviç A.P. (1987). Kurgan Solokha. SSCB Press.
  • Mansel, A.M. (1971). Ege ve Yunan Tarihi. Türk Tarih Kurumu.
  • Minns, E. H. (1913). Scythian and Greek. Cambridge Universtity Press.
  • Novgorodova, E. A. (1989). Drevniaia Mongoliya [Ancient Mongolia]. SSCB Nauk.
  • Rice, T. T. (1957). Scythians. Thames and Hudson.
  • Rudenko, S. İ. (1962). Sibirskaya Kollektszya Petra I. Arxeologiya SSSR.
  • Rudenko, S. İ. (1970). Frozen Tombs Of Siberia. Calirfornia University Press.
  • Späth, A., Meyer, M., Huthwelke, T., Borca, C.N., Meßlinger, K., Bieber, M., Barkova, L.L., Fink, R.H. (2021) X‑ray microscopy revealsthe outstanding craftsmanshipof Siberian Iron Age textile dyers, Scientific Reports Journal, 11, 1-7.
  • Starbon. (1964). Geografiya. Academy Of Sciences Of The USSR.
  • Stepanova, E. V. (2017). Rekonstrukçiya golovnogo ubora vojdya iz 2-gp Pazırıkskogo Kurgana. Vcerossickiy Arxeologiçeyskiy Sezd, V (XXI), 986-987.
  • Strabon. (1969). The Geography of Strabo, Harvard University Press.
  • Tarhan, T. (1979). (11-15 Ekim 1976). Eskiçağ’da Kimmerler Problemi. VIII. Türk Tarih Kongresi, Ankara, Türkiye.
  • Terenoşkin, A. İ. (1975). Kimmeriskie Meçi i Kinşalı. Skifskiy Mir, 1, 3-34.
  • Topal, D. (2021). Akinak Na Zapade Skifskogo Mira. Biblioteca Tyragetia.
  • Vişnevstakaya, O. A. (1973). Kultura Sakskix Plemen Nizovev Sırdari v. VII- V vv. Do N.E. İzdatelstvo Nauka.
Toplam 42 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sanat Tarihi, İslam Öncesi Türk Tarihi, Türk Bozkır Kültürü, Türk Kültür Tarihi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Elvin Huseynov 0009-0002-6489-5125

Gönderilme Tarihi 6 Eylül 2025
Kabul Tarihi 27 Aralık 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ocak 2026
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 34

Kaynak Göster

APA Huseynov, E. (2026). Typological Periodization of Animal Style in Scythian Art. Asya Studies, 9(34), 201-230. https://doi.org/10.31455/asya.1779188

88x31.png  Asya Studies dergisinde yer alan eserler Creative Commons Atıf 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.