ORIENTALISM AND YI-XIA DISTINCTION: TRACING THE INTERNAL CAUSE OF THE WESTERNIZATION OF CHINESE LAW

Öz

One important theme of China from later 19th century till now is her westernization, including legal westernization, which is a fast and overwhelmingly process. Legal Orientalism may provide an external perspective to describe a National Pygmalion Effect, the combination of the Orientalization and self-Orientalization, but it is not sufficient to address some internal factors driving the progress of the westernization of Chinese law. Therefore, it’s worthy to investigate Chinese Yi-Xia distinction, a Chinese counterpart epistemology of Orientalism, to provide an internal perceptive to explain the westernization of Chinese law. After a comparative investigation between Orientalism and Yi-Xia distinction, it can be discovered that even though there is a dichotomy under both of the two epistemologies. Yi-Xia distinction emphasizes the Orthopraxy tradition supported by a more conservative feature of “Yi-Xia Major Defense”, while the Orientalism being more expansive and supporting to tame the Orient by implementing the Orientalization. By contrast, the Sinicization under Yi-Xia distinction were more limited due to the doctrine that “Yi-Di shall not be ruled”. The reverse Yi-Xia distinction in Qing dynasty further changed the substance of Yi-Xia distinction and cause the termination of Orthopraxy. The mix of all these external and internal factors jointly promoted the fast and thorough westernization of Chinese law, a nationalism process implemented by westernization.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Orientalism
• Yi-Xia Distinction
• Reverse Yi-Xia Distinction
• National Pygmalion Effect

ORIENTALISM AND YI-XIA DISTINCTION: TRACING THE INTERNAL CAUSE OF THE WESTERNIZATION OF CHINESE LAW

Öz

One important theme of China from later 19th century till now is her westernization, including legal westernization, which is a fast and overwhelmingly process. Legal Orientalism may provide an external perspective to describe a National Pygmalion Effect, the combination of the Orientalization and self-Orientalization, but it is not sufficient to address some internal factors driving the progress of the westernization of Chinese law. Therefore, it’s worthy to investigate Chinese Yi-Xia distinction, a Chinese counterpart epistemology of Orientalism, to provide an internal perceptive to explain the westernization of Chinese law. After a comparative investigation between Orientalism and Yi-Xia distinction, it can be discovered that even though there is a dichotomy under both of the two epistemologies. Yi-Xia distinction emphasizes the Orthopraxy tradition supported by a more conservative feature of “Yi-Xia Major Defense”, while the Orientalism being more expansive and supporting to tame the Orient by implementing the Orientalization. By contrast, the Sinicization under Yi-Xia distinction were more limited due to the doctrine that “Yi-Di shall not be ruled”. The reverse Yi-Xia distinction in Qing dynasty further changed the substance of Yi-Xia distinction and cause the termination of Orthopraxy. The mix of all these external and internal factors jointly promoted the fast and thorough westernization of Chinese law, a nationalism process implemented by westernization.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Orientalism
• Yi-Xia distinction
• Reverse Yi-Xia distinction
• Orthopraxy

Kaynakça

1. Alford, William P. "Law, Law, What Law?: Why Western Scholars of Chinese History and Society Have Not Had More to Say about Its Law." Modern China 23, No. 4 (1997): 398-419.
2. Bishop, Crawford M. "American Extraterritorial Jurisdiction in China." The American Journal of International Law 20, No. 2 (1926): 281-99.
3. Cassel, Pär Kristoffer. Grounds of Judgment : Extraterritoriality and Imperial Power in Nineteenth-century China and Japan. Oxford Studies in International History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
4. Chan, Phil C. W. "China's Approaches to International Law since the Opium War." Leiden Journal of International Law 27, No. 4 (2014): 859-92.
5. Chen,Li. Baihutong shuzheng (Bai Hu Tong with Interpretations). Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1994.
6. Ch’en,Fang-ming. “Songdai zhengtonglun xingcheng de Beijing ji neirong (The Background and Content of the Theories of Legitimacy in Sung Dynasty)”. Shihuo yuekan (Shiwu Monthly) 8, No.1 (1971):418-430.
7. Chen, Yaping. “Renewed Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Britain and China and Legal Reform in the late Qing.” Studies in Qing History 1 (2004):58-65.
8. Coendet, Thomas. "Critical Legal Orientalism: Rethinking the Comparative Discourse on Chinese Law." The American Journal of Comparative Law 67, No. 4 (2019): 775-824.

9. Department of State. Report of the Commission on Extraterritoriality in China. Washington Government Printing Office,1926.
10. Dirlik, Arif. "Chinese History and the Question of Orientalism." History and Theory :Studies in the Philosophy of History 35, No. 4 (1996): 96-118.
11. Elliott,Mark C. “Manchus as Ethnographic Subject in the Qing”. In Empire, Nation and Beyond, ed.Joseph W.Esherick, Wen-hsin Yeh, and Madeleine Zelin. Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies, 2006.
12. Emperor Yong Zheng. Dayi Juemilu (A Record of Rightness to Dispel Confusion). Beijing: China City Publishing House,1999.
13. Fan,Ye. Hou Hanshu (Book of the Later Han).Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company,2000.
14. Faure, David. 2000. “The Mackay Treaty of 1902 and Its Impact on Chinese Business.” Asia Pacific Business Review 7(2): 79-92.
15. Fu,Leicheng. Hantang Shilun Ji (The Collected Essays on the History of Han and Tang). Taipei: Linking Publishing Company,1977.
16. Ge Zhaoguang. “The prominence of the ‘China’ consciousness in the Song Dynasty--A distant source of nationalism ideology in modern times.” Jorunal of Lierature, History and Philosophy 1 (2004): 5-12.
17. Gu, Yanwu. Rizhilu jishi (Daily Knowledge Records with Collected Interpretations) Vol. 1. Shanghai: Shanghai Classics Publishing House, 2006.
18. Guo,Songtao. Lundun yu bali riji (London and Paris Diary). Changsha: Yuelu Publishing House, 1984.
19. Hao, Jing. Haowenzhong Lingchuan Wenji (The Collected Words of Hao Jing). Taiyuan: Shanxi People's Publishing House, 2006.
20. He Qinhua & Li Xiuqing. Foreign Law and Chinese Law-the Introspection on the China’s Transplantation of Foreign Law in 20th Century. China Politics and Law University Press, 2003.
21. Huang, Yang. 2007. “Orientalism in the Ancient World: Greek and Roman Images of the Orient from Homer to Virgil.” 125.
22. Jin, Xin and Gao, Jiaqi.“Ouyang Xiu' s Thought of Orthodoxy.” Jorunal of Historiography 2 (2005):33-38.
23. Jiang Mei. “Hua-Yi distinction of Song and consciousness of China”. Sociology of Ethnicity 243 (2017): 25-38.
24. Keeton, George W.“The Progress of Law Reform in China.” Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law 19 (1937):197-211.
25. Li,Tao. Xu zizhi tongjian changbian (Extended Continuation to Zizhi Tongjian). Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 2004.
26. Li, Qicheng. “the Relationship Between Extraterritorial Jurisdiction and Judicial Reform in the Perspective of the Commission on Extraterritoriality.” Modern Law Science 28, No.4 (2006): 26-37.
27. Li, Yang. “United States Court for China: An Alternative Mode for Extraterritoriality.” The Jurist 6 (2015): 156-178.
28. Liang, Tianhong. “The Beiyang Government’s Foreign Policy and the Abolition of Extraterritoriality A Historical Exploration Based on the Extraterritoriality Conference.” Modern Chinese History Studies 03 (2005):83-117.
29. Liang Qichao. Lihongzhang zhuan (The Biography of Li Hongzhang). Beijing: The Eastern Publishing,2009.
30. Yinbingshi heji (The Collected Works of Yibingshi) Vol 1. Shanghai: : China Publishing House, 1941a.
31. Yinbingshi heji (The Collected Works of Yibingshi) Vol 4. Shanghai: : China Publishing House,1941b.
32. Kayaoglu, Turan. “Sovereignty, state-building, and the abolition of extraterritoriality.” DPhil thesis, University of Washington (submitted in May 2005).
33. Michiaki FUJII. “The Analysis of the Discourses of ‘China’ and ‘Hua Yi’ Theory by Japanese Yamazaki Ansai School” Taiwan Journal of East Asian Studies 12, No. 1 (2015): 193-230.
34. Ouyang,Xiu. Ouyangxiu Quanji (The Completed Works of Ouyang Xiu). Vol.2. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 2001.
35. Polo, Marco, and Milton Rugoff. The Travels of Marco Polo. New York: Taylor & Francis Group, 2004.
36. Qian, Shifu. The Political Institutions in the period of Beiyang Government. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1984.
37. Ruskola, Teemu. Legal Orientalism. Harvard University Press, 2013.
38. Said, Edward W. Orientalism. New York: Pantheon Books, 1978.
39. Said, Edward W. ”Orientalism Reconsidered”. in Literature, Politics and Theory: Papers from the Essex Conference, 1976-1984, ed. Francis Barker et al. Oxford: Routledge, 2003.
40. Su, Shi. Sushi Wenji (The Collected Works of Su Shi) Vol.2. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1986.
41. Sima,Guang. Zizhi Tongjian(Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Governance). Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 2011.
42. Shao, Zhize. “Extraterritoriality in Foreign Concessions and its Relation with the Formulation of Press Law in Late Qing China.” Journalism & Communication 2 (2016):100-128.
43. Shen, Jiaben. ‘Law Reform Minister’s Memorial to the throne regarding Criminal and Civil Procedure Law’. The Eastern Miscellany 3, No.9(1906):198-201.
44. Sun,Xidan. Liji Jijie (Book of Rites with Collective Interpretations). Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1989.
45. Toner, Jerry. Homer's Turk: How Classics Shaped Ideas of the East. Harvard University Press, 2013.
46. Wang, David Der-Wei. “Sinophone/Xenophone Studies: Toward a Poetics of Wind, Sound, and Changeability.” Modern Literature of China 34 (2018):1-28.
47. Wang,Fuzhi. Du Tongjian Lun (Essays about Tongjian). In Chuanshan Quanshu (The Complete Works of Wang Fuzhi) Vol.10. Changsha: Hunan Yuelu Publishing House Co., Ltd, 2011a.
48. Chunqiu Shilun (Essays on Chunqiu). In Chuanshan Quanshu (The Complete Works of Wang Fuzhi) Vol.5. Changsha: Hunan Yuelu Publishing House Co., Ltd, 2011b.
49. Wei,Shou. Weshu(Book of Wei). Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 2018.
50. Wittfogel, Karl August & Feng, Chia-sheng, History of Chinese Society: Liao, 907-1125. Macmillan, 1949.
51. Yang Bojun, Chunqiu zuozhuan zhu (The Commentary of Zuo with Notes). Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 2009.
52. Young, Mary Buck. “Law and Modern State-Building in Early Republican China: the Supreme Court of Peking (1911-1926).” DPhil thesis, Harvard University (submitted in October 2004).
53. Zhang, Shi-ming, “Further discussion on Abolition of Consular Jurisdiction as the State of Law Modification in Late Qing.” Journal of Renmin University of China 3 (2013):128-137.
54. Xiaohengxiangshi Zhuren. Qingchao yeshi daguan (The Collection of Unofficial History of Qing dynasty). Shijiazhuan:Hebei People’s Press, 1997.
55. Xu,Ke. Qingbai leichao (Anthology of Petty Matters in Qing) Vol 4. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1984.
56. Zhu, Yuanzhang. Huangmin zuxun (the Ancestors’ Precepts of Huang Ming) in Siku Quanshu cunmu congshu Shibu (The History Section of The Book Series of Siku Quanshu Cunmu) Vol.264. Tainan: Solemn Culture Business Co., Ltd.165-189, 1996.
57. Zhu Shunshui. Zhu shunshui ji (The Collected Works of Zhu Shunshui). Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1981.