Uzay Turizmi ve Uzay Seyahatlerinin Getirdiği Risklere Dair Bir Öngörü Çalışması

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 43 - 51, 31.07.2023

Vahit Oğuz Kiper Orhan Batman

Öz

Uzay turizmi, uzayın ticarileşmesi faaliyetlerinin başında gelmektedir ve bilinirliği ve uygulanabilirliği her geçen gün artmaktadır. İnsanlar çok eski çağlardan bu yana gökyüzüne ve gökyüzü ile alakalı bilimlere ilgi duymaktadır. Teknolojinin gelişmesi uzay turizmi ve uzay seyahatlerini farklı boyutlarda gerçek kılmıştır. Yerkürede yapılan rekreatif faaliyetler, yörünge altı uçuşlar ve yörüngesel uçuşlar hali hazırda gerçekleşen uzay turizmi faaliyetleri arasındadır. Bu çalışmayla birlikte uzay turizmi ve uzaya seyahatlerin olası teknik riskleri sosyal bilimci ve turizm araştırmacısı perspektifinden incelenmiştir. Uzay bilimleri özünde bir fen bilim araştırma sahası gibi görünse de, uzay turizmi fenomeninin gerçeklik halini alması konuya sosyal bilimler perspektifi ile de yaklaşılmasını gerekli kılmıştır. Bu doğrultuda uzaya seyahatlerin olası riskleri, uzay turizmi ve uzay seyahatlerinin geleceği düşünülerek incelenmiş ve ortaya bir derleme konmaya çalışılmıştır. Çalışmanın turizm alanındaki araştırmacılara fayda sağlaması amaçlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Uzay turizmi, Uzay seyahatleri, Uzaydaki riskler, Uzaydaki tehditler

A Visionary Paper Towards the Risks of Space Tourism and Space Travels

Öz

Space tourism is at the forefront of the commercialization activities of space and its awareness and applicability is increasing day by day. People have been interested in the sky and the sciences related to the sky since ancient times. The development of technology has made space tourism and space travel real in different dimensions. Recreational activities on Earth, sub-orbital flights and orbital flights are among the space tourism activities that are currently taking place. With this study, space tourism and the possible technical risks of space travel were examined from the perspective of a social scientist and tourism researcher. Although space sciences may seem like a field of science research in essence, the fact that the phenomenon of space tourism has become reality has necessitated approaching the subject from the perspective of social sciences. In this direction, the possible risks of space travel, space tourism and the future of space travel have been examined and a compilation has been tried to be put forward. The aim of the study is to benefit researchers in the field of tourism.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Space tourism, Space travel, Risks in space, Hazards in space

Kaynakça

• Andrews, J. R., Garcia, M. A., Mitchell, P. L. & Vail, S. K. N. (2019). ISS Safety Requirements Document International Space Station Program. NASA Technical Reports Server. https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20210009936
• Anghaie, S., Knight, T. & Houts, M. (2004). Nuclear power and propulsion systems for space exploration. Acta Astronautica, 55(3-9), 687-699.
• Barratt, M. R. & Pool, S. L. (2016). Principles of Clinical Medicine for Space Flight. Springer.
• Basner, M., Dinges, D. F., Mollicone, D., Savelev, I., Ecker, A. J., Di Antonio, A. & Sutton, J. P. (2014). Psychological and behavioral changes during confinement in a 520-day simulated interplanetary mission to Mars. PloS one, 9(3), e93298.
• Beery, J. (2012). State, capital and spaceships: a terrestial geography of space tourism. Geoforum, 43(1), 25-34.
• Chaikin, A. (1994). A man on the moon: The voyages of the Apollo astronauts. Viking.
• Chapman, S. C., Horne, R. B. & Hapgood, M. A. (2021). Explorations of extreme space weather events from stellar observations: implications for technological civilization. İçinde H. Hayakawa, Y. Notsu, & Y. Ebihara (Ed.), Extreme Events in Geospace: Origins, Predictability, and Consequences (pp. 221-240). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7765-7_11
• Chen, D. (2021). Cybersecurity for space tourism: A framework and recommendations. Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy, 5(1), 1-20.
• Chen, F. & Wang, G. (2021). Guidance, navigation and control of space vehicles. Space Technology Review, 7(2), 15-32.
• Collins, P. (2001). Public choice economics and space policy: realising space tourism. Acta Astronautica, 48, 921-950. doi:10.1016/S0094-5765(01)00067-4
• Cucinotta, F. A. & Durante, M. (2006). Cancer risk from exposure to galactic cosmic rays: implications for space exploration by human beings. The Lancet Oncology, 7(5), 431-435.
• Diamandis, P. & Kotler, S. (2012). Abundance: The future is better than you think. Free Press.
• Durante, M. & Cucinotta, F. A. (2011). Physical basis of radiation protection in space travel. Reviews of Modern Physics, 83(4), 1245-1281.
• Ferkul, P., Bhattacharjee, S., Fernandez-Pello, A. C., Miller, F., Olson, S., T'ien, J. S. & Urban, D. L. (2017). Radiative, thermal, and kinetic regimes of opposed-flow flame spread: A comparison between experiment and theory. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 36(2), 2963-2969.
• Foster, J., King, J., Norris, R. & Johnson, A. (2019). Communication challenges for commercial spaceflight operations: Perspectives from analogous domains. Acta Astronautica, (161), 268-275.
• Garber, S. J. (2007). NASA | History - Sputnik. NASA History Division. Retrieved June 25, 2023, from https://history.nasa.gov/sputnik/
• Gonzalez, L. (2018). Space tourism: Past, present, and future. In Handbook of Space Tourism (pp. 1-18). Springer.
• Johnson, D. A. (2015). Space tourism. In Tourism in the City (pp. 259-267). Springer
• Jones, B. (2019). Cybersecurity in space: A critical domain for global security. International Affairs, 95(4), 881-899.
• Jones, D. & Lee, E. (2020). Thermal protection systems for space vehicles. Advances in Aerospace Science and Technology, 5(1), 23-40.
• Kanas, N., Salnitskiy, V., Gushin, V., Weiss, D. S., Grund, E. M., Flynn, C., Kozerenko, O., Sled, A. & Marmar, C. R. (2010). Interpersonal and cultural issues involving crews and ground personnel during Shuttle/Mir space missions. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 81(5), 489-196.
• Kanas, N., Salnitskiy, V., Gushin, V., Weiss, D. S., Grund, E. M., Flynn, C. & Marmar, C. R. (2009). Psychosocial issues in space: results from Shuttle/Mir. Acta Astronautica, 64(2-3), 138-148.
• Kiper, V. O. & Batman, O. (2021). Uzay Turizmi: Olasılıklar, Uygulamalar, Kavramsal Bir Yaklaşım. JOEEP: Journal of Emerging Economies and Policy, 6(1), 265-271.
• Lee, C. (2018). Cyber threats in outer space: Challenges and opportunities. Space Policy, (46), 15-23.
• Liou, J. C., & Johnson, N. L. (2018). Risks in space from orbiting debris. Science, 359(6379), 912-914.
• Logsdon, J. M., Launius, R. D., Onkst, D. H. & Garber, S. J. (2011). Exploring the unknown: Selected documents in the history of the U.S. civil space program: Volume VII: Human spaceflight: Projects Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo. NASA.
• Manzey, D., Lorenz, B. & Poljakov, V. (2014). Mental performance in extreme environments: results from a performance monitoring study during a 438-day spaceflight. Ergonomics, 41(4), 537-559.
• NASA. (2020). Space Radiation. Temmuz 2, 2023 tarihinde https://www.nasa.gov/hrp/elements/space-radiation adresinden alınmıştır.
• Needham, J. (1986). Science and civilisation in China: Military technology: The gunpowder epic. Cambridge University Press.
• Prideaux, B. & Singer, P. (2005). Space tourism a future dream or a cyber reality? Tourism Recreation Research, 30(3), 27-35.
• Roberts, J. A. (2020). Space tourism: A contextual analysis of the market potential. Journal of Tourism Futures, 6(2), 149-164.
• Sandal, G. M., Leon, G. R. & Palinkas, L. A. (2006). Human challenges in polar and space environments. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology, 5(2-3), 281-296.
• Seager, S. (2010). Exoplanet atmospheres: Physical processes. Princeton University Press.
• Siddiqi, A. A. (2003). Sputnik and the Soviet space challenge. University Press of Florida.
• Smirnov, N. N. & Yakushenko, E. (2022). Safety in Space. Acta Astronautica. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2022.10.028
• Smith, M. (2010). Space tourism. In The Routledge Handbook of Transport Economics (pp. 511-521). Routledge
• Smith, A. (2020). The future of space tourism: Opportunities and challenges. Journal of Space Policy, (56), 101-109.
• Smith, A., Brown, B., & Clark, C. (2019). Design and testing of a reusable space vehicle. Journal of Space Engineering, 12(3), 45-67.
• Smith, C. M. & Roach, L. M. (2019). Handbook of Space Tourism. Springer.
• Smith, E. J. (1993). The Hubble Space Telescope observatory. İçinde J. C. Bhattacharyya & B. N. Dwivedi (Ed.), Observational astronomy for developing countries (pp. 179-188). Narosa Publishing House.
• Spilker, L. J., Edgington, S. G. & Altobelli, N. (2010). Cassini's exploration of the Saturn system: accomplishments and discoveries. Space Science Reviews, 151(1-4), 1-20.
• Spudis, P. D. (2016). The value of the Moon: How to explore, live, and prosper in space using the Moon's resources. Smithsonian Books.
• Squyres, S. W., Arvidson, R. E., Bell, J. F., Brückner, J., Cabrol, N. A., Calwin, W. & Herkenhoff, K. E. (2004). The Spirit Rover's Athena science investigation at Gusev Crater Mars. Science, 305(5685), 794-799.
• Stone, E. C. & Miner, E. D. (1986). The Voyager 2 encounter with Uranus. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 91(A9), 8681-8689.
• Stuster, J. (2010). Behavioral issues associated with long-duration space expeditions: review and analysis of astronaut journals. Anacapa Sciences, (01-E104).
• Suedfeld, P., Johnson, P. J. & Gushin, V. I. (2012). Psychological effects of polar expeditions. The Lancet, 379(9816), 594-600.
• Swenson Jr, L. S., Grimwood, J. M. & Alexander, C. C. (1966). This new ocean: A history of Project Mercury. National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
• Telloni, D. (2022). Statistical methods applied to space weather science. Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences, (9). doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2022.865880
• Temmer, M. (2021). Space weather: the solar perspective. Living Reviews in Solar Physics, 18(4). doi.org/10.1007/s41116-021-00030-3
• Thompson, D. C. (2016). Space tourism. In The Oxford Handbook of Space Policy (pp. 441-455). Oxford University Press
• Vernikos, J. (2008). Human exploration of space: why, where, what for? Hippokratia, 12(1), 6-9.
• Webber, D. (2013). Space tourism: Its history, future and importance. Acta Astronautica, 92(2), 138-143.
• White, L. (2019). Space tourism and environmental sustainability. In Tourism in Space (pp. 63-75). Channel View Publications
• White, L., Slack, K., Clement, G., & Palinkas, L. A. (2016). A review of human physiological and performance changes associated with desirability for space tourism. Acta Astronautica, (128), 449-464. doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2016.07.038
• Williams, D., Kuipers, A. & Thirsk, R. (2019). Acclimation during space flight: effects on human physiology. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 191(14), E391-E397.
• Zhang, H. & Liu, J. (2020). Planetary protection and contamination control for space vehicles. Space Exploration Research, 4(4), 56-72.
• Zubrin, R. (1996). The case for Mars: The plan to settle the red planet and why we must. Free Press.