BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

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Yıl 2014, Cilt: 28 Sayı: 3, 0 - , 10.03.2014

Harun Yakışık , Ahmet Kibar Çetin

Öz

The purpose of this study is to estimate the determinants of corruption for 142 countries which have attainable data using cross-section data analysis. Four different models are used in this study. The first model is designed to include all countries without being subjected to any classification.Other models are designed according to the Human Development Index (HDI). Human development level of countries is classified as (i) high, (ii) medium, (iii) low. According to the findings, in the first model which covers 142 countries it is estimated that economic freedom, democracy, the ratio of public expenditure to income and per capita income are statistically significant and an increase in these variables has a positive impact on the corruption. Even though the ratio of public expenditure to income is statistically significant but an increase in the ratio of public expenditure to income has a negative income on corruption. The models in which country classification is based on the human development level, it is estimated that the determinants of corruption are changeable according to the human development level of countries.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Corruption Human Development Index Economic Freedom

Kaynakça

  • Aktan, C. (1997). “Siyasal Patoloji ve Siyasal Yozlaşma”, Yeni Türkiye: Siyasette Yozlaşma Özel Sayısı, Cilt 11, Sayı 14, ss. 66-75.
  • Ali, A.M. ve Isse, H.S. (2003). “Determinants of Economic Corruption: A Cross-Country Comparison”, Cato Journal, 22, 449–466.
  • Baldemir, E., İşçi Ö. ve Görgülü, H. (2005). “MIMIC Model ve Yolsuzluk Üzerine Türkiye Uygulaması”, VII. Ulusal Ekonometri ve İstatistik Sempozyumu, 26-27 Mayıs 2005, İstanbul Üniversitesi.
  • Berkman, A. Ü. (1983). “Azgelişmiş Ülkelerde Kamu Yönetiminde Yolsuzluk ve Rüşvet”, Türkiye ve Ortadoğu Amme İdaresi Enstitüsü Yayınları, s.98, Ankara.
  • Broadman, H. G. ve Recanatini, F. (2000). “Seeds of Corruption: Do Market Institutions Matter?”, The World Bank Europe and Central Asia Regional Operations Poverty and Economic Management Department. Campbell, N. ve Saha, S.(2013). "Corruption, democracy and Asia-Pacific countries", Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 18:2, 290-303.
  • Cumhurbaşkanlığı Devlet Denetleme Kurulu Başkanlığı, (1996). “Yolsuzlukla Mücadeleye Yardımcı Olmak Maksadıyla Alınması Gereken Tedbirlere İlişkin İnceleme Raporu” D.D.K Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Del Monte, A. ve Papagni, E. (2007). “The determinants of corruption in Italy: Regional panel data analysis”, European Journal of Political Economy, 23(2), 379-396.
  • Dökmen, G. (2005). “Yolsuzluk ve Kamu Harcamaları İlişkisi: Türkiye Örneği”, (Zonguldak: Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Z.K.Ü., S.B.E).
  • Dwivedi, O. P., Jabbra, G. (1988). Public Service Accountability and Responsibility, Public Service Accountability: A Comparative Perspectives, s.1.
  • Dye, K. M., Stapenhurst, R. (1998). 'Pillars of Integrity: The Importance of Supreme Audit Institutions in Curbing Corruption', Economic Development Institute of the World Bank, Washington D.C.
  • Drury, A. C., Krieckhaus., J. ve Lusztig, M. (2006). "Corruption, Democracy, and Economic Growth", International Political Science Review, Vol 27, No. 2, s.121–136
  • Gray, C.W., Kaufmann, D. (1998). “Corruption and Development,”. Finance and Development, Vol. 35(1): 7-10.
  • Fiorino, N. ve Galli, E. (2010). “An Analysis of the Determinants of Corruption: Evidence from the Italian Regions”, POLIS Working Papers, No.171.
  • Fisman, R. ve Gatti, R. (2002). “Decentralization and Corruption: Evidence across Countries”, Journal of Public Economics, 83, 325–345.
  • Fisman, R., Svensson, J. (2002). "Are Corruption And Taxation Really Harmful To Growth? Firm Level Evidence”, Journal of Development Economics, 63-75.
  • Ghura, D. A. D. (1998). “Tax Revenue in Sub-Saharan Africa - Effects of Economic Policies and Corruption"; IMF Working Papers 98/135 International Monetary Fund.
  • Goel, R. K. ve Budak, J. (2006). “Corruption in Transition Economies: Effects of Government Size, Country Size and Economic Reforms”, Journal of Economics and Finance, 30(2), 240-250.
  • Goel, R. K. ve Nelson, M. A. (2010). “Causes of Corruption: History, Geography and Government”, Journal of Policy Modeling, 32, 433– 4
  • Graeff, P. ve Mehlkop, G. (2003). “The Impact of Economic Freedom on Corruption: Different Patterns for Rich and Poor Countries”, European Journal of Political Economy, 19, 605–620.
  • Gunardi, S. H. (2008). “Corruption and Governance around the World an Empirical Investigation”, PhD dissertation, Netherlands: PPI Publishers, Enschede
  • Heidenheimer, A. (1970). Political Corruption: Readings In Comperative Analysis, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
  • Khan, M.H. (2006). “Determinants of Corruption in Developing Countries: The Limits of Conventional Economic Analysis”, in International Handbook on the Economics of Corruption, ed. by S. Rose-Ackerman, Edward Elgar Publishing, New York.
  • Kalenborn C. ve Lessmann, C. (2012). "The Impact of Democracy and Press Freedom on Corruption: Conditionality Matters", Cesifo Working Paper No. 3917.
  • Kruger, A. (1974). “The Political Economy of the Rent-Seeking Society”, American Economic Review, Vol. 64, No. 3, pp. 291-303.
  • Lambsdorff, J.G. (2006). The Institutional Economics of Corruption and Reform: Theory, Evidence and Policy, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
  • La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., Shleifer, A., Vishny, R.W. (1999). The quality of government. Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, 15, 222-279.
  • Leff, N.H. (1964). “Economic Development through Bureaucratic Corruption.” American Behavioral Scientist, 8(3):8-14.
  • Mauro, P. (1997). “Why Worry about Corruption?” International Monetary Found, Economic Issues 6, Washington D.C., 1-13.
  • Mauro,P. Corruption: Causes, Consequences, and Agenda for Further Researchhttps://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/1998/03/pdf/mauro pdf
  • Merton, R. K. (1957). Social Theory and Social Structure, The Free Press, New York, s. 72-82.
  • Mo, P.H. (2001). “Corruption and Economic Growth”, Journal of Comparative Economics, Vol. 9, No. 1, 66-79.
  • Mohtadi, H, and Roe, T. L. (2003). Democracy, Rent Seeking, Public Spending and Growth. Journal of Public Economics.87 (3-4): 445-466.
  • Montinola, G. R. ve Jackman, R. W. (2002). “Sources of Corruption: A CrossCountry Study”, British Journal of Political Science, 32, Cambridge University Press, 147-170.
  • Paldam, M. (1999). “Corruption and Religion: Adding to the Economic Model?”, Working Paper No. 21, Center for Dynamic Modelling in Economics, Department of Economics, University of Aarhus, Denmark. Paldam, M. (1999). “The Big Pattern of Corruption: Economics, Culture, and Seesaw Dynamics”, Working Paper No: 11, Center for Dynamic Modelling in Economics, Department of Economics, University of Aarhus, Denmark.
  • Potanlar, K., Samimi, A. J., Roshan, A. R. (2010). “Corruption and Tax Revenues: New Evidence from Some Developing Countries”, Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 4(9), 4218-4222.
  • Pellegrini, L. ve Gerlagh, R. (2008). “Causes of Corruption: A Survey of CrossCountry Analyses and Extended Results”, Econ Gov, 9, 245–263.
  • Peyton, K. ve Belasen, A. R. (2012). "Corruption in Emerging and Developing Economies: Evidence from a Pooled Cross-Section", Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, Vol. 48, No.2, 29-43.
  • Rock, M. T. (2007.) “Corruption and Democracy” UN/DESA Working paper, 55: 1-18.
  • Rock, M. T. (2009). “Corruption and Democracy”, The Journal of Development Studies, 45:1, 55-75.
  • Sandholtz, W. ve Koetzle, W. (2000). “Accounting for Corruption: Economic Structure, Democracy and Trade”, International Studies Quarterly, 44(2000), 31–50.
  • Shen, C. ve Williamson, J. B. (2005). “Corruption, Democracy, Economic Freedom and State Strength”, International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 46(4), 327-345.
  • Saha, S. ve Su, J.J. (2012). "Investigating the Interaction Effect of Democracy and Economic Freedom on Corruption: A Cross-Country Quantile Regression Analysis", Economic Analaysis & Policy, Vol. 42 no. 3, December, 389-396.
  • Sayan, İ. Ö. ve Kışlalı, M. (2004). “Yolsuzluk Üzerine Ekonometrik Bir Çalışma”, Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi GETA Tartışma Metinleri, No.73.
  • Salisu, M. (2000). “Corruption in Nigeria”, Lancaster University, Management School, Working Paper, Lancaster, UK.
  • Shimpalee, P. L., Janice, B. B. (2006). “Currency Crises and Institutions”, Journal of International Money and Finance, Volume: 25
  • Shleifer, A., and Vishny, R. W. (1993). “Corruption”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 108, 519-617.
  • Sherman, L. W., (1974), “Becoming Bent: Moral Careers of Corrupt Policemen”, Lawrence W. Sherman, (Der.), Police Corruption: A Sociological Perspective, New York: Anchor Books, ss. 191-208).
  • Sung, H. – E. (2004). “Democracy and Political Corruption: A Cross-national Comparison”, Crime, Law & Social Change, Vol: 41, s.179-194.
  • Şaylan, G. (1975). “Toplumsal Değişme, Yönetsel Bozulma ve Yolsuzluk”, Amme İdaresi Dergisi, Cilt 8, Sayı 4, s.83-96.
  • Tanzi, V. (1998). "Corruption around the World; Causes, Consequences, Scope, and Cures ", IMF Staff Paper, 45(4), 559-594
  • Tiwari, A. K. (2012). "Corruption, democracy and bureaucracy", Theoretical and Applied Economics, Volume XIX (2012) No. 9(574), 17-28.
  • Transparency International, “Background Information to the Corruption Perceptions Index,” www.transparency.org.de/documents/cpı/2000/qanda.html. (Erişim Tarihi: 11.02.2014)
  • Treisman, D. (2000). “The Causes of Corruption: A cross – National Study”, Journal of Public Economics, Vol: 76, 399-457.
  • Vittal, N. (1999). “Public Expenditure and Corruption,” İnternet Sitesi, http://cvc.nic.in/vscvc/cvcspeeches/99jul3.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 02014).
  • Whyte, W. F., (1974). “Gambling and the Police in Boston”, Lawrence W. Sherman, (Der.), Police Corruption: A Sociological Perspective, New York: Anchor Books, ss. 108-128.
  • World Bank. (1997), World Development Report-1997, World Bank, Washington D.C
  • Yardımcıoğlu, F. (2013). “Türk Cumhuriyetlerinde Demokrasi Ve Yolsuzluk İlişkisi: Panel Veri Analizi”, AİBÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Cilt: 13, Yıl: 13, Sayı:2, 13:437-457. http://www.heritage.org/index/ (Erişim Tarihi: 27.01.2014) http://www.gsdrc.org/go/display&type=Document&id=723 (Erişim Tarihi: 02013)
  • URL,http://www.transparency.org/whatwedo/activity/gateway_tools_to_meas ure_corruption (Erişim Tarihi: 27.01.2014)
  • URL,http://www.euronews.com/2014/02/03/corruption-costing-europe120bn-per-year/ (Erişim Tarihi: 18.01.2014)
  • URL, http://www.transparency.org/whatwedo/activity/gateway_tools_to_mea sure_corruption (Erişim Tarihi: 18.02.2014)
  • URL, http://www.euronews.com/2014/02/03/corruption-costing-europe120bn-per-year/ (Erişim Tarihi: 05.02.2014)
  • URL, http://www.heritage.org/index/(Erişim Tarihi: 16.01.2014)
  • URL, http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/hdi (Erişim Tarihi: 14.01.2014) URL, https://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=DemocracyIndex2 012
  • URL, http://www.tradingeconomics.com/country-list/government-debt-togdp2012
  • URL, http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD

Yolsuzlukların Sosyoekonomik Belirleyicileri: Yatay Kesit Veri Analizi

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 28 Sayı: 3, 0 - , 10.03.2014

Harun Yakışık , Ahmet Kibar Çetin

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, 2012 yılı yatay kesit verilerini kullanarak 142 ülke için yolsuzluğun belirleyicilerini tahmin etmektir. Çalışmada dört farklı model kullanılmıştır. Bu modellerden ilki, hiçbir sınıflamaya tabi tutulmadan tüm ülkeleri kapsayacak şekilde dizayn edilmiştir. Diğer modeller ise İnsani Gelişme Endeksine (İGE) göre sınıflandırılmıştır.  Ülkelerin gelişmişlik düzeyleri (i) yüksek, (ii) orta ve (iii) düşük olarak kademelendirilmiştir. Böylece gelişmişlik düzeyi birbirine yakın ülkelerde yolsuzluğun belirleyicileri tahmin edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre, 142 ülkeyi kapsayan modelde ekonomik özgürlük, demokrasi ve kişi başı gelir istatistiksel olarak anlamlı çıkmış ve bu değişkenlerdeki artışlar yolsuzlukları pozitif (iyileşme) yönde etkilediği tahmin edilmiştir. Kamu harcama oranı ise istatistiksel olarak anlamlı çıkmasına rağmen bu değişkendeki artış yolsuzlukları negatif (olumsuz) yönde etkilemektedir. Gelişmişlik düzeyine göre gruplandırılan ülke modellerinde yolsuzlukların belirleyicilerinin ülkenin gelişmişlik düzeyine bağlı olarak değiştiği belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yolsuzluk İnsani Gelişme Endeksi Ekonomik Özgürlük

Kaynakça

  • Aktan, C. (1997). “Siyasal Patoloji ve Siyasal Yozlaşma”, Yeni Türkiye: Siyasette Yozlaşma Özel Sayısı, Cilt 11, Sayı 14, ss. 66-75.
  • Ali, A.M. ve Isse, H.S. (2003). “Determinants of Economic Corruption: A Cross-Country Comparison”, Cato Journal, 22, 449–466.
  • Baldemir, E., İşçi Ö. ve Görgülü, H. (2005). “MIMIC Model ve Yolsuzluk Üzerine Türkiye Uygulaması”, VII. Ulusal Ekonometri ve İstatistik Sempozyumu, 26-27 Mayıs 2005, İstanbul Üniversitesi.
  • Berkman, A. Ü. (1983). “Azgelişmiş Ülkelerde Kamu Yönetiminde Yolsuzluk ve Rüşvet”, Türkiye ve Ortadoğu Amme İdaresi Enstitüsü Yayınları, s.98, Ankara.
  • Broadman, H. G. ve Recanatini, F. (2000). “Seeds of Corruption: Do Market Institutions Matter?”, The World Bank Europe and Central Asia Regional Operations Poverty and Economic Management Department. Campbell, N. ve Saha, S.(2013). "Corruption, democracy and Asia-Pacific countries", Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 18:2, 290-303.
  • Cumhurbaşkanlığı Devlet Denetleme Kurulu Başkanlığı, (1996). “Yolsuzlukla Mücadeleye Yardımcı Olmak Maksadıyla Alınması Gereken Tedbirlere İlişkin İnceleme Raporu” D.D.K Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Del Monte, A. ve Papagni, E. (2007). “The determinants of corruption in Italy: Regional panel data analysis”, European Journal of Political Economy, 23(2), 379-396.
  • Dökmen, G. (2005). “Yolsuzluk ve Kamu Harcamaları İlişkisi: Türkiye Örneği”, (Zonguldak: Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Z.K.Ü., S.B.E).
  • Dwivedi, O. P., Jabbra, G. (1988). Public Service Accountability and Responsibility, Public Service Accountability: A Comparative Perspectives, s.1.
  • Dye, K. M., Stapenhurst, R. (1998). 'Pillars of Integrity: The Importance of Supreme Audit Institutions in Curbing Corruption', Economic Development Institute of the World Bank, Washington D.C.
  • Drury, A. C., Krieckhaus., J. ve Lusztig, M. (2006). "Corruption, Democracy, and Economic Growth", International Political Science Review, Vol 27, No. 2, s.121–136
  • Gray, C.W., Kaufmann, D. (1998). “Corruption and Development,”. Finance and Development, Vol. 35(1): 7-10.
  • Fiorino, N. ve Galli, E. (2010). “An Analysis of the Determinants of Corruption: Evidence from the Italian Regions”, POLIS Working Papers, No.171.
  • Fisman, R. ve Gatti, R. (2002). “Decentralization and Corruption: Evidence across Countries”, Journal of Public Economics, 83, 325–345.
  • Fisman, R., Svensson, J. (2002). "Are Corruption And Taxation Really Harmful To Growth? Firm Level Evidence”, Journal of Development Economics, 63-75.
  • Ghura, D. A. D. (1998). “Tax Revenue in Sub-Saharan Africa - Effects of Economic Policies and Corruption"; IMF Working Papers 98/135 International Monetary Fund.
  • Goel, R. K. ve Budak, J. (2006). “Corruption in Transition Economies: Effects of Government Size, Country Size and Economic Reforms”, Journal of Economics and Finance, 30(2), 240-250.
  • Goel, R. K. ve Nelson, M. A. (2010). “Causes of Corruption: History, Geography and Government”, Journal of Policy Modeling, 32, 433– 4
  • Graeff, P. ve Mehlkop, G. (2003). “The Impact of Economic Freedom on Corruption: Different Patterns for Rich and Poor Countries”, European Journal of Political Economy, 19, 605–620.
  • Gunardi, S. H. (2008). “Corruption and Governance around the World an Empirical Investigation”, PhD dissertation, Netherlands: PPI Publishers, Enschede
  • Heidenheimer, A. (1970). Political Corruption: Readings In Comperative Analysis, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
  • Khan, M.H. (2006). “Determinants of Corruption in Developing Countries: The Limits of Conventional Economic Analysis”, in International Handbook on the Economics of Corruption, ed. by S. Rose-Ackerman, Edward Elgar Publishing, New York.
  • Kalenborn C. ve Lessmann, C. (2012). "The Impact of Democracy and Press Freedom on Corruption: Conditionality Matters", Cesifo Working Paper No. 3917.
  • Kruger, A. (1974). “The Political Economy of the Rent-Seeking Society”, American Economic Review, Vol. 64, No. 3, pp. 291-303.
  • Lambsdorff, J.G. (2006). The Institutional Economics of Corruption and Reform: Theory, Evidence and Policy, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
  • La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., Shleifer, A., Vishny, R.W. (1999). The quality of government. Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, 15, 222-279.
  • Leff, N.H. (1964). “Economic Development through Bureaucratic Corruption.” American Behavioral Scientist, 8(3):8-14.
  • Mauro, P. (1997). “Why Worry about Corruption?” International Monetary Found, Economic Issues 6, Washington D.C., 1-13.
  • Mauro,P. Corruption: Causes, Consequences, and Agenda for Further Researchhttps://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/1998/03/pdf/mauro pdf
  • Merton, R. K. (1957). Social Theory and Social Structure, The Free Press, New York, s. 72-82.
  • Mo, P.H. (2001). “Corruption and Economic Growth”, Journal of Comparative Economics, Vol. 9, No. 1, 66-79.
  • Mohtadi, H, and Roe, T. L. (2003). Democracy, Rent Seeking, Public Spending and Growth. Journal of Public Economics.87 (3-4): 445-466.
  • Montinola, G. R. ve Jackman, R. W. (2002). “Sources of Corruption: A CrossCountry Study”, British Journal of Political Science, 32, Cambridge University Press, 147-170.
  • Paldam, M. (1999). “Corruption and Religion: Adding to the Economic Model?”, Working Paper No. 21, Center for Dynamic Modelling in Economics, Department of Economics, University of Aarhus, Denmark. Paldam, M. (1999). “The Big Pattern of Corruption: Economics, Culture, and Seesaw Dynamics”, Working Paper No: 11, Center for Dynamic Modelling in Economics, Department of Economics, University of Aarhus, Denmark.
  • Potanlar, K., Samimi, A. J., Roshan, A. R. (2010). “Corruption and Tax Revenues: New Evidence from Some Developing Countries”, Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 4(9), 4218-4222.
  • Pellegrini, L. ve Gerlagh, R. (2008). “Causes of Corruption: A Survey of CrossCountry Analyses and Extended Results”, Econ Gov, 9, 245–263.
  • Peyton, K. ve Belasen, A. R. (2012). "Corruption in Emerging and Developing Economies: Evidence from a Pooled Cross-Section", Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, Vol. 48, No.2, 29-43.
  • Rock, M. T. (2007.) “Corruption and Democracy” UN/DESA Working paper, 55: 1-18.
  • Rock, M. T. (2009). “Corruption and Democracy”, The Journal of Development Studies, 45:1, 55-75.
  • Sandholtz, W. ve Koetzle, W. (2000). “Accounting for Corruption: Economic Structure, Democracy and Trade”, International Studies Quarterly, 44(2000), 31–50.
  • Shen, C. ve Williamson, J. B. (2005). “Corruption, Democracy, Economic Freedom and State Strength”, International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 46(4), 327-345.
  • Saha, S. ve Su, J.J. (2012). "Investigating the Interaction Effect of Democracy and Economic Freedom on Corruption: A Cross-Country Quantile Regression Analysis", Economic Analaysis & Policy, Vol. 42 no. 3, December, 389-396.
  • Sayan, İ. Ö. ve Kışlalı, M. (2004). “Yolsuzluk Üzerine Ekonometrik Bir Çalışma”, Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi GETA Tartışma Metinleri, No.73.
  • Salisu, M. (2000). “Corruption in Nigeria”, Lancaster University, Management School, Working Paper, Lancaster, UK.
  • Shimpalee, P. L., Janice, B. B. (2006). “Currency Crises and Institutions”, Journal of International Money and Finance, Volume: 25
  • Shleifer, A., and Vishny, R. W. (1993). “Corruption”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 108, 519-617.
  • Sherman, L. W., (1974), “Becoming Bent: Moral Careers of Corrupt Policemen”, Lawrence W. Sherman, (Der.), Police Corruption: A Sociological Perspective, New York: Anchor Books, ss. 191-208).
  • Sung, H. – E. (2004). “Democracy and Political Corruption: A Cross-national Comparison”, Crime, Law & Social Change, Vol: 41, s.179-194.
  • Şaylan, G. (1975). “Toplumsal Değişme, Yönetsel Bozulma ve Yolsuzluk”, Amme İdaresi Dergisi, Cilt 8, Sayı 4, s.83-96.
  • Tanzi, V. (1998). "Corruption around the World; Causes, Consequences, Scope, and Cures ", IMF Staff Paper, 45(4), 559-594
  • Tiwari, A. K. (2012). "Corruption, democracy and bureaucracy", Theoretical and Applied Economics, Volume XIX (2012) No. 9(574), 17-28.
  • Transparency International, “Background Information to the Corruption Perceptions Index,” www.transparency.org.de/documents/cpı/2000/qanda.html. (Erişim Tarihi: 11.02.2014)
  • Treisman, D. (2000). “The Causes of Corruption: A cross – National Study”, Journal of Public Economics, Vol: 76, 399-457.
  • Vittal, N. (1999). “Public Expenditure and Corruption,” İnternet Sitesi, http://cvc.nic.in/vscvc/cvcspeeches/99jul3.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 02014).
  • Whyte, W. F., (1974). “Gambling and the Police in Boston”, Lawrence W. Sherman, (Der.), Police Corruption: A Sociological Perspective, New York: Anchor Books, ss. 108-128.
  • World Bank. (1997), World Development Report-1997, World Bank, Washington D.C
  • Yardımcıoğlu, F. (2013). “Türk Cumhuriyetlerinde Demokrasi Ve Yolsuzluk İlişkisi: Panel Veri Analizi”, AİBÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Cilt: 13, Yıl: 13, Sayı:2, 13:437-457. http://www.heritage.org/index/ (Erişim Tarihi: 27.01.2014) http://www.gsdrc.org/go/display&type=Document&id=723 (Erişim Tarihi: 02013)
  • URL,http://www.transparency.org/whatwedo/activity/gateway_tools_to_meas ure_corruption (Erişim Tarihi: 27.01.2014)
  • URL,http://www.euronews.com/2014/02/03/corruption-costing-europe120bn-per-year/ (Erişim Tarihi: 18.01.2014)
  • URL, http://www.transparency.org/whatwedo/activity/gateway_tools_to_mea sure_corruption (Erişim Tarihi: 18.02.2014)
  • URL, http://www.euronews.com/2014/02/03/corruption-costing-europe120bn-per-year/ (Erişim Tarihi: 05.02.2014)
  • URL, http://www.heritage.org/index/(Erişim Tarihi: 16.01.2014)
  • URL, http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/hdi (Erişim Tarihi: 14.01.2014) URL, https://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=DemocracyIndex2 012
  • URL, http://www.tradingeconomics.com/country-list/government-debt-togdp2012
  • URL, http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD
Toplam 65 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Harun Yakışık

Ahmet Kibar Çetin

Yayımlanma Tarihi 10 Mart 2014
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2014 Cilt: 28 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Yakışık, H., & Çetin, A. K. (2014). Yolsuzlukların Sosyoekonomik Belirleyicileri: Yatay Kesit Veri Analizi. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 28(3). https://doi.org/10.16951/iibd.27756
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