A Study of The Effects of The Workplace Spirituality on Employees in Organizations

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 35 Sayı: 1, 125 - 149, 15.01.2021

Zafer Adıgüzel , Fatma Sönmez Çakır , Ayşenur Atalay

https://doi.org/10.16951/atauniiibd.746341

Cited By: 2

Öz

The purpose of the study is to research the effects of the variables of workplace spirituality and perceived organizational support on the variables of organizational citizenship and job control. Workplace spirituality is the existence in an organization of a culture that encourages the experiences of employees throughout job processes and that will gain for them a desire to work. Job control expresses an employee’s perceived level of authority to make decisions, the opportunities to use their knowledge and skills, and the opportunities to participate in an event. Perceived organizational support organization employees’ feeling the existence of the organization in confidence and behind them. The existence of workplace spirituality and organizational support at every organization makes employees a part of the organization - citizens - and ensures job controls are healthy. A questionnaire comprising questions in a 5-point Likert scale were collected from 394 administrative personnel working at organizations (food companies) in the manufacturing sector. Within the scope of the research model, the data obtained were analyzed by IBM SPSS 25 and SPSS Process V3 plug-in. Validating Factor Analysis of Scale was carried out with the LISREL package program. As a result of analysis, the effects of workplace spirituality on job control and organizational citizenship and perceived organizational support on workplace spirituality-job control and workplace mediation effect has been revealed in spirituality- organizational citizenship relations.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Workplace spirituality, Perceived organizational support, Organizational citizenship, Job control

İşyeri Maneviyatının Örgütlerdeki Çalışanlara Etkileri Üzerine Bir Araştırma

Öz

Çalışmanın amacı, işyeri maneviyatı ve algılanan örgütsel destek değişkenlerinin örgütsel vatandaşlık ve iş kontrolü değişkenleri üzerindeki etkilerini araştırmaktır. İşyeri maneviyatı, çalışanların iş süreçleri boyunca deneyimlerini teşvik eden ve kendilerine çalışma arzusu kazandıracak bir kültür organizasyonundaki varlıktır. İş kontrolü, bir çalışanın karar verme yetkisini, bilgi ve becerilerini kullanma fırsatlarını ve bir etkinliğe katılma fırsatlarını ifade eder. Örgütsel destek organizasyonu çalışanlarının örgütün varlığını güvenle ve arkasında hissettiğini algıladı. Her kuruluşta işyeri maneviyatının ve örgütsel desteğin varlığı, çalışanları örgütün bir parçası haline getirir - vatandaşlar - ve iş kontrollerinin sağlıklı olmasını sağlar. Üretim sektöründe bulunan gıda firmalarında çalışan 394 idari personelden 5'li likert ölçeğinde sorular içeren bir anket toplanmıştır. Araştırma modeli kapsamında elde edilen veriler IBM SPSS 25 ve SPSS Process V3 eklentisi ile analiz edilmiştir. Ölçeğin Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi LISREL paket programı ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Analiz sonucunda, işyeri maneviyatının iş kontrolü ve örgütsel vatandaşlık ve algılanan örgütsel desteğin işyeri maneviyat-iş kontrolü ve işyeri medikal etkisi üzerindeki etkileri maneviyat-örgütsel vatandaşlık ilişkilerinde ortaya çıkmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

İşyeri maneviyatı, Algılanan kurumsal destek, Örgütsel vatandaşlık, İş kontrolü

Kaynakça

• Akın, M. (2008). Örgütsel destek, sosyal destek ve iş-aile çatışmalarının yaşam tatmini üzerindeki etkileri. Bozok Üniversitesi İİBF Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 25, 141- 170.
• Akkoç, İ. , Çalışkan, A. & Turunç, Ö. (2012). Örgütlerde gelişim kültürü ve algılanan örgütsel desteğin iş tatmini ve iş performansına etkisi: Güvenin aracılık rolü. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Dergisi, 19(1), 105-135.
• Allen, D. , Shore, L. M. & Griffeth, R. W. (2003). The role of perceived organizational support and supportive human resource practices in the turnover process. Journal of Management, 29, 99-118.
• Ambrose, M. L., & Schminke, M. (2003). Organization structure as a moderator of the relationship between procedural justice, interactional justice, perceived organizational support, and supervisory trust. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 295–305.
• Aselage, J., & Eisenberger, R. (2003). Perceived organizational support and psychological contracts: A theoretical integration. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 24(5), 491-509.
• Ashmos, D. P., & Duchon, D. (2000). Spirituality at work: A conceptualization and measure. Journal of management inquiry, 9(2), 134-145.
• Bakhshi, A., Sharma, A. D., & Kumar, K. (2011). Organizational commitment as predictor of organizational citizenship behavior. European Journal of Business and Management, 3(4), 78-86.
• Bakker, A. B., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2008). Positive organizational behavior: Engaged employees in flourishing organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 29(2), 147-154.
• Basu, E., Pradhan, R. K., & Tewari, H. R. (2017). Impact of organizational citizenship behavior on job performance in Indian healthcare industries. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management. 66(6), 780-796.
• Bell, S. J., & Menguc, B. (2002). The employee-organization relationship, organizational citizenship behaviors, and superior service quality. Journal of retailing, 78(2), 131-146.
• Bodia, M. A., & Ali, H. (2012). Workplace spirituality: A spiritual audit of banking executives in Pakistan. African Journal of Business Management, 6(11), 3888-3897.
• Bolat, O. (2011). İş yükü, iş kontrolü ve tükenmişlik ilişkisi. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 25(2), 87-101.
• Bolino, M. C., & Klotz, A. C. (2015). The paradox of the unethical organizational citizen: The link between organizational citizenship behavior and unethical behavior at work. Current Opinion in Psychology, 6, 45-49.
• Borman, W. C., & Motowidlo, S. M. (1993). Expanding the criterion domain to include elements of contextual performance. Personnel Selection in Organizations; San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 71.
• Brough, P., & Biggs, A. (2015). Job demands× job control interaction effects: Do occupation‐specific job demands increase their occurrence?. Stress and Health, 31(2), 138-149.
• Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2002). Sosyal Bilimler için Veri Analizi El Kitabı, Ankara: Pegem Yayıncılık.
• Buyukozturk, S. (2007). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. Ankara: Pegem A Yayıncılık.
• Cakir, F. S., & Adiguzel, Z. (2019). Evaluation of open leadership and innovation orientation on employees and culture of the organization. Business: Theory and Practice, 20, 432-445.
• Chaitanya, S. K., & Tripathi, N. (2001). Dimensions of organisational citizenship behaviour. Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 217-230.
• Cheng, J. C., Chen, C. Y., Teng, H. Y., & Yen, C. H. (2016). Tour leaders’ job crafting and job outcomes: The moderating role of perceived organizational support. Tourism Management Perspectives, 20, 19-29.
• Day, A., Crown, S. N., & Ivany, M. (2017). Organisational change and employee burnout: The moderating effects of support and job control. Safety science, 100, 4-12.
• Demiral, Y., Ünal, B., Kılıç, B., Soysal, A., Bilgin, A. C., Uçku, R., & Theorell, T. (2007). İş stresi ölçeğinin İzmir Konak Belediyesi’nde çalışan erkek işçilerde geçerlik ve güvenilirliğinin incelenmesi. Toplum Hekimliği Bülteni, 26(1), 11-18.
• Dimitriades, Z. S. (2007). The influence of service climate and job involvement on customer-oriented organizational citizenship behavior in Greek service organizations: a survey. Employee Relations, 29(5), 469-491.
• Duchon, D., & Plowman, D. A. (2005). Nurturing the spirit at work: Impact on work unit performance. The leadership quarterly, 16(5), 807-833.
• Eisenberger, R. , Huntington, R. , Hutchison, S. & Sowa, D. (1986). Perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 51-59.
• Eisenberger, R. Fasolo P. & Valeria D. L. (1990). Perceived Organizational Support and Employee Diligence, Commitment and Innovation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75(1), 51-59.
• Eisenberger, R., Armeli, S., Rexwinkel, B., Lynch, P. D., & Rhoades, L. (2001). Reciprocation of perceived organizational support. Journal of applied psychology, 86(1), 42.
• Elovainio, M., Kivimaki, M., & Helkama, K. (2001). Organizational justice evaluations, job control, and occupational strain. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 418–424.
• Erkorkmaz, Ü., Etikan, İ., Demir, O., Özdamar, K., & Sanisoğlu, S. Y. (2013). Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ve uyum indeksleri. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Sciences, 33(1), 210-223.
• Ganster, D. C. (1989). Worker control and well-being: A review of research in the workplace. Job control and worker health, 3(23), 213-229.
• Geh, E., & Tan, G. (2009). Spirituality at work in a changing world: managerial and research implications. Journal of Management, Spirituality and Religion, 6(4), 287-300.
• Giacalone, R. A., & Jurkiewicz, C. L. (Eds.). (2003). Handbook of workplace spirituality and organizational performance. Me Sharpe.
• Güleryüz, E., & Aydın, O. (2006). Is Kontrolü ve Kontrol Istegi Ile Tükenmislik ve Fiziksel Saglik Arasindaki Iliskiler. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 21(58), 59.
• Gupta, M., Kumar, V., & Singh, M. (2014). Creating satisfied employees through workplace spirituality: A study of the private insurance sector in Punjab (India). Journal of business ethics, 122(1), 79-88.
• Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1975). Development of the job diagnostic survey. Journal of Applied psychology, 60(2), 159.
• Hair, J. F., Bush, R. P., & Ortinau, D. J. (2000). Marketing research: A practical approach for the new millennium. Irwin Professional Publishing.
• Hayes, A. F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford publications.
• Hessels, J., Rietveld, C. A., & van der Zwan, P. (2017). Self-employment and work-related stress: The mediating role of job control and job demand. Journal of Business Venturing, 32(2), 178-196.
• Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Articles, 2.
• İslamoğlu, A. (2011). Hamdi: Sosyal Bilimlerde Araştırma Yöntemleri, 2. Bs. İstanbul, Beta Basım AŞ.
• Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1993). LISREL 8: Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language. Scientific Software International.
• Kalaycı, Ş. (2010). SPSS uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik teknikleri (Vol. 5). Ankara, Turkey: Asil Yayın Dağıtım.
• Kalidass, A., & Bahron, A. (2015). The relationship between perceived supervisor support, perceived organizational support, organizational commitment and employee turnover intention. International Journal of Business Administration, 6(5), 82.
• Karakas, F. (2010). Spirituality and performance in organizations: A literature review. Journal of business ethics, 94(1), 89-106.
• Karambayya, R. (1990), Work Unit Characteristics with Implications for Organizational Citizenship Behavior, York University, North York, Ontario.
• Karanika-Murray, M., Michaelides, G., & Wood, S. J. (2017). Job demands, job control, psychological climate, and job satisfaction. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance. 4(3), 238-255.
• Karasek, R. A., Gordon, G., Pietrokovsky, C., Frese, M., Pieper, C., Schwartz, J., Fry, L., & Schirer, D. (1985). Job content instrument: Questionnaire and user’s guide. Los Angeles, CA: University of Southern California.
• Katz, D., & Kahn, R.L. (1978), The Social Psychology of Organizations, Wiley, New York, NY.
• Khan, S. K., & Rashid, M. Z. A. (2012). The Mediating Effect of Organizational Commitment in the Organizational Culture, Leadership and Organizational Justice Relationship with Organizational Citizenship Behavior: A Study of Academicians in Private Higher Learning Institutions in Malaysia. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(8).
• Kim, K. Y., Eisenberger, R., & Baik, K. (2016). Perceived organizational support and affective organizational commitment: Moderating influence of perceived organizational competence. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37(4), 558-583.
• Kline, T. (2005). Psychological testing: A practical approach to design and evaluation. Sage.
• Kolodinsky, R. W., Giacalone, R. A., & Jurkiewicz, C. L. (2008). Workplace values and outcomes: Exploring personal, organizational, and interactive workplace spirituality. Journal of business ethics, 81(2), 465-480.
• Krishnan, J., & Mary, V. S. (2012). Perceived organisational support–an overview on its antecedents and consequences. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 2(4), 2-3.
• Kurtessis, J. N., Eisenberger, R., Ford, M. T., Buffardi, L. C., Stewart, K. A., & Adis, C. S. (2017). Perceived organizational support: A meta-analytic evaluation of organizational support theory. Journal of management, 43(6), 1854-1884.
• Lo, M. C., Ramayah, T., & Kueh Swee Hui, J. (2006). An Investigation of Leader Member Exchange Effects on Organizational Citizenship Behavior in Malaysia. Journal of Business & Management, 12(1).
• Miller, D. W., & Ewest, T. (2015). A new framework for analyzing organizational workplace religion and spirituality. Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion, 12(4), 305-328.
• Milliman, J., Czaplewski, A. J., & Ferguson, J. (2003). Workplace spirituality and employee work attitudes: An exploratory empirical assessment. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 16(4), 426-447.
• Murnane, J. A. (2016). Developing Organizational Citizens: Creating Business Impact and Greater Human Capital. Journal of Leadership Studies, 10(2), 64-68.
• Nafis, M., Agus, Z. F., & Mujib, F. (2018). Workplace Spirituality To Increase Institutions’commitment And Meaning Of Life. Epistemé: Jurnal Pengembangan Ilmu Keislaman, 13(1), 89-112.
• Nasina, M. D., Pin, D., & Pin, K. (2011). The workplace spirituality and affective commitment among auditors in big four public accounting firms: does it matter?. Journal of global management, 2(2).
• Noor, S., & Arif, S. (2011). Achieving job satisfaction via workplace spirituality: Pakistani doctors in focus. European Journal of Social Sciences, 19(4), 507-515.
• Nunnally, J. C. (1978). An overview of psychological measurement. In Clinical diagnosis of mental disorders (pp. 97-146). Springer, Boston, MA.
• Organ, D. W. (1988). Organizational citizenship behavior: The good soldier syndrome. Lexington Books/DC Heath and Com.
• Organ, D. W., Podsakoff, P. M., & MacKenzie, S. B. (2005). Organizational citizenship behavior: Its nature, antecedents, and consequences. Sage Publications.
• Özdamar, K. (2013). Paket Programlar ile İstatistiksel Veri Analizi, Nisan Kitabevi, 9. Baskı, Ankara, 551-560.
• Pawar, B. S. (2009). Individual spirituality, workplace spirituality and work attitudes. Leadership & Organization Development Journal. 30(8), 759-777.
• Pawar, B. S. (2009). Workplace spirituality facilitation: A comprehensive model. Journal of Business Ethics, 90(3), 375.
• Randhawa, G., & Kaur, K. (2015). An empirical assessment of impact of organizational climate on organizational citizenship behaviour. Paradigm, 19(1), 65-78.
• Rastgar, A. A., Zarei, A., Davoudi, S. M., & Fartash, K. (2012). The link between workplace spirituality, organizational citizenship behavior and job performance in Iran. Arth Prabhand: A journal of economics and management, 1(6), 51-67.
• Rego, A., & e Cunha, M. P. (2008). Workplace spirituality and organizational commitment: an empirical study. Journal of organizational change management. 21(1), 53-75.
• Robbins, S., & Judge, T. (2011). Organizational behavior.(14th) New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.
• Rousseau, D. (1995). Psychological contracts in organizations: Understanding written and unwritten agreements. Sage publications.
• Sainfort, P. C. (1991). Stress, job control and other job elements: A study of office workers. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 7(1), 11-23.
• Sawitri, D., Suswati, E., & Huda, K. (2016). The Impact Of Job Satisfaction, Organization Commitment, Organization Citizenship Behavior (Ocb) On Employees'performance. International Journal of Organizational Innovation, 9(2).
• Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of psychological research online, 8(2), 23-74.
• Shantz, A., Alfes, K., & Latham, G. P. (2016). The buffering effect of perceived organizational support on the relationship between work engagement and behavioral outcomes. Human resource management, 55(1), 25-38.
• Sharma, J. P., Bajpai, N., & Holani, U. (2011). Organizational citizenship behavior in public and private sector and its impact on job satisfaction: A comparative study in Indian perspective. International Journal of Business and Management, 6(1), 67.
• Smith, C. S., Tisak, J., Hahn, S. E., & Schmieder, R. A. (1997). The measurement of job control. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 18(3), 225-237.
• Sönmez Çakır, F. (2019). Sosyal Bilimler için Parametrik Veri Analizi, 1. Baskı, Gazi Kitabevi, Ankara.
• Sönmez Çakır, F., Adıgüzel, Z. (2020). Examining of Organizational Citizenship Behaviors and Employee Involvement in Transformational Leadership and Organization Support: A Research on White Collar Bank Employees, Journal of Business Research-Turk, 12 (1), 111-125.
• Turnley, W. H., Bolino, M. C., Lester, S. W., & Bloodgood, J. M. (2003). The impact of psychological contract fulfillment on the performance of in-role and organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of Management, 29(2), 187-206.
• Turunç, Ö., & Çelik, M. (2010). Çalışanların algıladıkları örgütsel destek ve iş stresinin örgütsel özdeşleşme ve iş performansına etkisi. Yönetim ve Ekonomi: Celal Bayar Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 17(2), 183-206.
• Van Dyne, L., Graham, J. W., & Dienesch, R. M. (1994). Organizational citizenship behavior: Construct redefinition, measurement, and validation. Academy of management Journal, 37(4), 765-802.
• Vasconcelos, A. F. (2010). Spiritual development in organizations: A religious-based approach. Journal of business ethics, 93(4), 607-622.
• Wood, S., Daniels, K., & Ogbonnaya, C. (2018). Use of work–nonwork supports and employee well-being: the mediating roles of job demands, job control, supportive management and work–nonwork conflict. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 1-32.
• Yusof, J., Yaacob, H. F., & Rahman, S. A. A. (2019). Organisational Citizenship Behaviour, Leader-Member Exchange, Psychological Empowerment and Workplace Spirituality: A Review. International Journal of Business and Social Development (IJBSD), 1(1), 54-65.