Observations of Kefir Grains and Their Structure From Different Geographical Regions: Turkey and Germany

Yıl 2006, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1 , 11 - 15 , 18.04.2010

Hilmi Yaman Mehmet Elmalı Gencehan Karadagoglu Asya Cetınkaya

https://izlik.org/JA98NJ39XP

Öz

It is well known that kefir grains from different locations have various microbiological compositions and it is not certain that there is comparison between different samples. The mechanism of grain formation is not clear. In the previous studies no authors have reported the presence of kefir grains with a globular, sagy structure resembling small pouches . In this study we showed a distinct kefir grain formation exist after cauliflower-like structures and sheet-like structures.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kefir , kefir taneciği , yapı

Kaynakça

• Angulo, L., Lopez, E., Lema, C., 1993. Microflora present in kefir grains of the Galician region (North-West of Spain). J. Dairy Res., 60, 263-267.
• Beshkova, DM., Simova, ED., Simov, ZI., Frengova, GI., Spasov, ZN., 2002. Pure cultures for making kefir. Food Microbiol., 19, 537-544.
• Bottazi, V., Bianchi, F., 1980. A note on scanning Electron microscopy of micro organisms associated with the kefir granule. J. Appl. Bacteriol . , 48, 265-268.
• Dmitrichenko, MI., 1976. Microstructure and composition of kefir grains. Sovershentvovanie tekhnologicheskikh protsessor v molochnoi promyshlennosti. Tom I Chast’ II. Leningard. U.S.S.R.: Leninradskii Tekhnologicheskii Institut Kkoldil’noi Promyshlennosti 43-46. In: Dairy Sci. Abst. 1976 38, 1066.
• Duitschaever, CL., Kemp, N, Smith, AK., 1988. Microscopic studies of the microflora of kefir grains and kefir made by different methods. Milchwissensch., 43,8, 479-481.
• Feofilova, EP., 1958. Microflora of kefir grains. Dairy Sci. Abst., 20, 1889.
• Gerhard, JH., 1976. Alcoholic beverages and fermented foods. Indust. Microbiol., 1 st ed., pp.165-191. USA.
• Glauert, AM., Thorley, MJ. 1969. The topography of the bacterial cell wall. Ann. Rev. Microbiol., 23, 159-198.
• Graciela, LG., Analía GA., Graciela, LA. 2001, Chemical and microbiological characterisation of kefir grains. J. Dairy Res. 68, 639-652.
• Hirota, T., Kikuchi, T., 1976. Studies on kefir grains. I. Isolation and classification of micro-organisms from kefir grains and their characteristics. Reports of Res. Snow Brand Milk Products Co. Laboratory. No:74, 63-82.
• Karnovsky, MJ., 1965. A formaldehydeglutaraldehyde fixative of high osmality for use in electron microscopy. J. Cell Biol., 27, 137A-138A. Koroleva, NS., 1980. Tiechniceskaja mikrobiologia kislomolocnych produktow. pišc. Prom., Moskwa, In: Molska, I., Kocen, I., Zmarlicki, S., 1980. Electron microscopic studies on structural and microflora of kefir grains. Acta Aliment. Polonica., Vol. VI, No.3, 145-154.
• Kosikowski, F., 1977. Cheese and Fermented Products, 2 nd ed., pp. 40-41, Ann Arbor, Michigan: Edwards Brothers Inc. USA. Kurmann, JA., 1984. Fermented milks. In procedings of the International Dairy Federation (IDF) seminar in Avignon (France). Doc. 179, pp. 16-26.
• Lipatov, NN., 1978. Fermented milks other than yoghurt. XXth Int. Dairy Congress, Paris, 43 ST. La Riviere, JW., Kooiman, P., Schmidt, K., 1967. Kefiran; a novel polysaccharide produced in the kefir grain by Lactobacillus brevis . Arc. Microbiol., 59, 269-278. 14
• Atatürk Üniversitesi Vet. Bil. Derg. 2006, 1 (1-2) 11-15 Marshall, V., 1984. Observations on the structure of kefir grains and the distribution of the Microflora. J. Appl. Bacteriol . , 57, 491-497.
• Molska, I., Kocen, I., Zmarlicki, S., 1980. Electron microscopic studies on the structure and microflora of kefir grains. Acta Aliment. Polonica, Vol. VI, No.3, 145-154.
• Neve, H., 1992. Analysis of kefir grain starter cultures by scanning electron microscopy. Milchwissensch., 47 (5), 275-278.
• Novil, S., 1998. Kefir. Lifeway Foods, Inc, 7625 N. Austin Ave. Skokie, IL 60077, USA, 1998, Personal communication. Ottagalli, G., Galli, A., Resmini, A., Volonterio, P., 1973. Microbiological and chemical composition and ultrastructure of kefir grains. Ann. Microbiol Enzy., 23:109-121.
• Pettersson, HE., Christiansson, A., Ekelund, K., 1985. Making kefir without grains. Scandinavian J. Dairy Tech. and KnowHow/Nm 2-85 (Nordisk Mejeriindustri 1985,12,8, 58-60.
• Pintado, EM., Silva, LJA., Fernandes, BP., Malcata, FX., Hogg, TA., 1996. Microbiological and rheological studies on Portuguse kefir grains. J. Food Sci. Techn., 31, 15-26.
• Rea, MC., Lennartsson, T., Dillon, P., Drian, FD., Rewille, WJ., Heapes, M., Cogan, TM., 1996. Irish kefir-like grains: their structure, microbial composition and fermentation kinetics. J. Appl. Bacteriol., 81, 83-94.
• Rosi, J., 1978. I microorganismi del kefir: Gli acetobatteri (in Italian). Scienza Technica Lattiera-Casearia, 29, 221-227, In: Angulo, L., Lopez, E., Lema, C., 1993. Microflora present in kefir grains of the Galician Region (North-west of Spain). J. Dairy Res., 60, 263-267.
• Toba, T., Arihara, K., Adachi, S., 1990. Distribution of micro-organisms with particular reference to encapsulated bacteria in kefir grains. Int. J. Food Microbiol . , 10, 219-224.
• Wszolek, M., Tamime, AY., Muir, DD., Barclay, NI., 2001. Properties of kefir made in Scotland and Poland using bovine, caprine, and ovine milk with different starter cultures. Lebensm.-Wiss. u.-Techn., 34, 251-261.
• Veneable, JH., Coggeshall, R., 1965. A simplified lead citrate stain for use in electron Microscopy. J. Cell Biol., 25, 407408.
• Yaman, H., 2000 Partial characterisation of lactobacilli isolated from commercial kefir Grain. PhD thesis. Huddersfield University, Huddersfield, UK.
• Yoshida, T., Toyashima, K., 1994. Lactic acid bacteria and yeast from kefir (in Japanese, English summary). J. Japanese Society Nut. Food Sci., 1994 47, 55-59