Aflatoxin Levels in Roughage, Concentrates, Compound Feed and Milk Samples from Dairy Farms in Erzurum Province

Öz

Aflatoxin in roughage, concentrates and compound feed from dairy farms located in Erzurum province, and the presence of Aflatoxin M1 (AFLM1) in the milk of animals fed with these feeds were determined in four different seasons. The mean level of Aflatoxin M1 detected in milk samples was 0.03 ppb. Aflatoxin M1 levels in the milk samples taken from the holdings were lower in autumn and summer (0.02 ppb) compared to winter and spring (0.04 ppb). The total aflatoxin levels in feed samples were higher in spring and summer, compared to autumn and winter. Furthermore, Aflatoxin B1 (AFLB1) levels in roughage, concentrate and compound feed were significantly higher in spring and summer, compared to autumn and winter (P<0.01). The results obtained in this study demonstrated that Aflatoxin B1 received with compound feed by cattle led to a carry-over of Aflatoxin M1 into milk at a level of 1.219±0.4139%. The mycotoxin levels detected were below the maximum residue limits laid down in the Turkish Food Codex. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Compound feed
• Concentrate
• Milk
• Mycotoxin
• Roughage

Erzurum Bölgesinde Süt Sığırı İşletmelerinden Alınan Kaba, Konsantre, Karma Yem ve Süt Örneklerinde Aflatoksin Düzeyleri

Öz

Erzurum bölgesinde bulunan süt sığırı işletmelerinden kaba, konsantre ve karma yemde aflatoksin ve bu yemlerle beslenen hayvanların sütünde Aflatoksin M1 (AFLM1) varlığı dört farklı dönemde tespit edildi. Süt örneklerinde tespit edilen ortalama aflatoksin düzeyi 0.03 ppb’dir. İşletmelerden alınan süt örneklerindeki aflatoksin düzeyleri kış ve ilkbaharla (0.04 ppb) mukayese edildiğinde sonbahar ve yazın (0.02 ppb) düşük bulundu. Yem örneklerindeki total aflatoksin düzeyleri kış ve sonbahar ile mukayese edildiğinde ilkbahar ve yazın daha yüksek bulundu. Bundan başka, kaba, konsantre ve karma yemlerdeki Aflatoksin B1 (AFLB1) düzeyleri sonbahar ve kış ile mukayese edildiğinde ilkbahar ve yazın önemli derecede yüksek bulunmuştur (P<0.01). Bu çalışmada elde edilen sonuçlar karma yemde aflatoksin B1 e maruz kalan süt sığırlarının sütüne % 1.219±0.4139 oranında geçtiği tespit edildi. Tespit edilen mikotoksin düzeylerinin Türk Gıda Kodeksi tarafından belirtilen sınırların altında olduğu tespit edildi

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kaba
• Karma
• Konsantre yem
• Mikotoksin
• Süt

Kaynakça

1. Akdemir Ç., Altıntaş A., 2004. Investigation of aflatoxin-M1 incidence and levels in milk processed in Ankara by HPLC. Veterinary Journal of Ankara University, 51, 175-179.
2. Anonymous, 2009. Tarım ve Köyişleri Bakanlığı'nın Resmi Maddelerindeki Limitleri Hakkında Tebliğ (Tebliğ No: 2009/22). Maksimum
3. Arbillaga L., Azqueta A., Ezpeleta O., Lopez De Cerain A., 2007. Oxidative DNA damage induced by Ochratoxin A in the HK-2 human kidney cell line: Evidence of the relationship with cytotoxicity. Mutagenesis, 22, 35-42.
4. Anonymous, 1992. Aflatoxin food protection report. Publication Association, 8, 1. by Charles Felix
5. Bakirci I., 2001. A study on the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in milk and milk products produced in van province of Turkey. Food Control, 12, 47-51.
6. Dağoğlu G., Keleş O., Yıldırım M., 1995. Investigation of aflatoxin levels in cheese by ELISA method. Journal of the faculty of Veterinary Medicine Istanbul University, 21, 313-317.
7. Demirer MA., Akkılıç M.,Özalp E., Kaymaz Ş., Dinçer B., Akşehirli E., 1979. The investigation of aflatoxin B1 in some mixed animal feeds and feed raw materials marketed in Turkey. Veterinary Journal of Ankara University, 26, 169-184.
8. Gremmels JF., 2008. Mycotoxins in cattle feeds and carry-over to dairy milk: a review. Food Additives & Contaminants, 25, 172-180.

9. Gurbay A., Aydın S., Girgin G., Engin AB., Sahin G., 2005. Assessment of aflatoxin M1 levels in milk in Ankara, Turkey. Food Control, 17, 1-4.
10. Heeschen W., Bluthgen AH., Hahn G., 1990. Aflatoxin M1 in pasteurized in milk. Brief Communications of the XXII Inter. Dairy Congress, Brussels, IDF Montreal, 1: 131.
11. Hui YH., 1992. Dairy Science and Technology Handbook USA, 1352.
12. Kamkar A., 2005. A study on the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk produced in Sarab city of Iran. Food Control, 16, 593-599.
13. Karakaya M., Atasever M., 2010. Aflatoxin B1 in corn silage and its probability passing in milk. Journal of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Kafkas University, 16 (Suppl-A), 123-127.
14. Kaya Ş., 2007. Yem kaynaklarında mikotoksinler, etkileri ve alınacak önlemler. MKU Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 12, 17-26.
15. Mavuş H., 2003. Kayseri yöresinde satışa sunulan sütlerden aflatoksin tayini. Gazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara.
16. Özkaya Ş., Basaran A., Kaymak T., Dikmen O., Kocabey M., Demirkazık G., Altındis G., Ramiz R., 2002. Gıda ve yemlerde mikotoksin düzeylerinin tespiti, Bölüm 1; Türkiye’de üretilen süt ve peynirlerde aflatoksin M1 aranması: Gıdalarda katkı, kalıntı ve Mikrobiyoloji Kongresi,
17. Sarımehmetoğlu B., Küplülü Ö., Çelik TH., 2003. Detection of Aflatoxin M1 in Cheese Samples by ELISA. Food Control, 15, 45–49.
18. Sarımehmetoğlu B., Küplülü Ö., 2004. Binding ability of Aflatoxin M1 to yoghurt bacteria. Veterinary Journal of Ankara University, 51, 195-198.
19. Shreeve BJ., Patterson DSP., 1977. TDC article mycotoxicosis. Veterinary Record, 97, 279-280.
20. Shotwell OL., Hesseltine CW., Burmeister HR., Kwolek WF., Shannon GM., Hall HH., 1969a. Survey of cereal grains and soybeans for the presence of aflatoxin: I. Wheat grain sorghum, and oats. Cereal Chemistry, 46, 446-454.
21. Shotwell OL., Hesseltine CW., Burmeister HR., Kwolek WF., Shannon GM., Hall HH., 1969b. Survey of cereal grains and soybeans for the presence of aflatoxin: II. Corn and soybeans. Cereal Chemistry, 46, 454-463.
22. SPSS. 2010. v 19 SPSS for Windows release 10.01. SPSS Inc., Chicago.
23. Steyn PS., Stander MA., 1989. Mycotoxins with Special Mycotoxins: Aflatoxins, Ochratoxins and Fumonisins. General and Applied Toxicology 2nd edition United Kingdom: Macmillan Reference Ltd, 2145-2176.
24. Tutelyan VA., Sobolev VS., Rybakova NV., Eller KI., 1989. A survey using normal phase HPLC of aflatoxins in domestic and important foods and dairy products in the USSR. Food Additives & Contaminants, 6, 459-465.
25. Van Egmond HP., 1989. Current situation on regulations for mycotoxins. Overview of tolerances and status of standard methods of sampling and analysis. Food Additives & Contaminants, 6, 139-188.
26. Van Egmond HP., 1994. Aflatoxin in milk, The Toxicology of Aflatoxins: Human Health, Veterinary Agricultural Significant Academy Press Inc., 365-381.
27. Vidyasagar T., Sujatha N., Sashidhar RB., 1997. Determination of aflatoxin B1-DNA adduct in rat liver by enzyme immunoassay. The Analyst, 122, 609-613.
28. Williams JH., Phillips TD., Jolly PE., Stiles JK., Jolly CM., Aggarwal D., 2004. Human aflatoxicosis in developing countries: a review of toxicology, exposure, potential health consequences and interventions. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 80, 1106-1122.
29. Wood G., 1991. Aflatoxin M1. In R. P. Sharma and D. (Eds.), K. phytoalexins. P. London: CRC 145-163. Mycotoxins and