İneklerde Postpartum Uterus Enfeksiyonları

Yıl 2008, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 3, 56 - 63, 27.03.2010

Bülent Polat

Öz

Bu derlemede sütçü ineklerde görülen uterus enfeksiyonlarında etiyoloji, patogenez, tanı,
savunma sistemi ve tedavi yöntemleri ele alınmıştır. Uterus enfeksiyolarının gelişimi, ineğin immun
cevabının yanı sıra bakterinin türü ve yoğunluğuna da bağlıdır. Postpartum dönemde uterustan gram
pozitif/negatif aerob ve anaerob bakteriler izole edilmektedir. Tedavide intrauterin antibiyotik ve
ansiteptikler, sistemik antibiyotik ve hormonal uygulamalar gibi tek başına ya da kombine olarak
uygulanmaktadır. Uterus enfeksiyonlarının tanı ve tedavisinde birçok yöntem kullanılmasına rağmen, bu
sorun ineklerde infertilitenin en önemli nedenlerinden biridir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

İnek, Patogenez, Postpartum uterus enfeksiyonu, Tanı, Tedavi

Kaynakça

• Azawi, O.I., 2008. Postpartum uterine infection in cattle. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 105, 187–208.
• Bartlett, PC., Kik, JH., Wilke, MA., Kaneene, JB., Mather, EC., 1986. Metritis complex in Michigan Holstein-Friesian cattle: Incidence, descriptive epidemiology and estimated economic impact. Prev. Vet. Med. 4, 235–248.
• Bonnett, BN., Martin, SW., Gannon, VP., Miller, RB., Etherington, WG., 1991. Endometrial biopsy in Holstein-Friesian dairy cows. III. Bacteriological analysis and correlations with histological findings. Can. J. Vet. Res. 55, 168– 173.
• Bonnett, BN., Martin, SW., Meek, AH., 1993. Associations of clinical findings, bacteriological and histological results of endometrial biopsy with reproductive performance of postpartum dairy cows. Prev. Vet. Med. 15, 205–220.
• Bretzlaff, K., 1987. Rationale for treatment of endometritis in the dairy cow. Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food Anim. Pract. 3, 593–607.
• Carleton, CL., Threfall, WR., Schware, RA., 2008. Iodine in milk and serum following intrauterin infusion of Lugol’s solution. Intern J. Appl. Res. Vet. Med. 62,121–129.
• Cohen, RO., Bernstein, M., Ziv, G., 1995. Isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility of Actinomyces pyogenes recovered from the uterus of dairy with retained fetal membranes and postparturient endometritis. Theriogenology. 43, 1389–1397.
• Correa, MT., Erb, H., Scarlett, J., 1993. Path analysis for seven postpartum disorders of Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 76, 1305–1312.
• De Vries, A., 2006. Economic value of pregnancy in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 89, 3876–3885.
• Dhaliwal, GS., Murray, RD., Woldehiwet, Z., 2001. Some aspects of immunology of the bovine uterus related to treatments for endometritis. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 67, 135–152.
• Drillich, M., Pfützner, A., Sabin, HJ., Sabin, M., Heuwieser, W., 2003. Comparison of two protocols for the treatment of retained fetal membranes in dairy cattle. Theriogenology. 59, 951–960.
• Elliott, L., McMahon, KJ., Gier, HT., Marion, GB., 1968. Uterus of the cow after parturition: bacterial content. Am. J. Vet. Res. 29, 77–81.
• Foldi, J., Kulcsar, M., Pecsi, A., Huyghe, B., de Sa, C., Lohuis, J.A.C.M., Cox, P., Huszenicza, GY., 2006. Bacterial complications of postpartum uterine involution in cattle. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 96, 265–281.
• Gilbert, RO., Schwark, WS., 1992. Pharmacologic considerations in the management of peripartum conditions in the cow. Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food Anim. Pract. 8, 29–56.
• Goff, JP., Horst, RL., 1997. Physiological changes at parturition and their relationship to metabolic disorders. J. Dairy Sci. 80, 1260–1268.
• Hajurka, J., Nagy, J., Popelka, P., Rozemska, H., Sokol, J., Cabadaj, R., Hura, V., 2003. Tetracycline concentration in blood and milk of cows following intrauterine treatment of acute or subacute/chronic endometritis. Bull. Vet. Pulawy. 47, 435–447.
• Hammon, DS., Evjen, IM., Dhiman, TR., Goff, JP., Walters, JL., 2006. Neutrophil function and energy status in Holstein cows with uterine health disorders. Vet. Immunology and Immunopath. 113, 21–29.
• Herath, S., Fischer, DP., Erin, DW., Williams, J., Lilly, ST., Dobson, H., Bryant, CE., Sheldon, IM., 2006. Expression and function of toll-like receptor 4 in the endometrial cells of the uterus. Endoc. 147, 562–570.
• Hoedemaker, M., 1998. Postpartal pathological vaginal discharge: to treat or not to treat? Reprod. Dom. Anim. 33, 141–146.
• Hussain, AM., 1989. Bovine uterine defense mechanisim. J. Vet. Med. 36, 641–651.
• Hussain, AM., Daniel, RCW., 1991. Bovine endometritis current and future alternative therapy. J. Vet. Med. 38, 641– 651.
• Hussain, AM., Daniel, RCW., 1992. Effect of intrauterine infusion of Escherichia coli endotoxin in normal cows and in cows with endometritis induced by experimental infection with Streptococcus agalactiae. Theriogenology. 37, 791–810.
• Kasimanickam, R., Duffield, TE., Foster, RA., Gartley, CL., Leslie, KE., Walton, JS., Johnson, WH., 2004. Endometrial cytology and ultrasonography for the detection of subclinical endometritis in postpartum dairy cows. Theriogenology. 62, 9–23.
• Kasimanickam, R., Duffield, TE., Foster, RA., Gartley, CJ., Leslie, KE.,Walton, JS., Johnson, WH., 2005a. The effect of a single administration of cephaprim or cloprostenol on the reproductive performance of dairy cows with subclinical endometritis. Theriogenology. 63, 818–830.
• Kasimanickam, R., Duffield, TF., Foster, RA., Gartley, CJ., Leslie, KE.,Walton, JS., Johnson, WH., 2005b. A comparison of the cytobrush and uterine lavage techniques to evaluate endometrial cytology in clinically normal postpartum dairy cows. Can. Vet. J. 46, 255–259.
• Kastelic, JP., Curran, S., Ginther, OJ., 1989. Accuracy of ultrasonography for pregnancy diagnosis on days 10 to 22 in heifers. Theriogenology. 31, 813–818.
• Kubar, H., Jalakas, S., 2002. Pathological changes in the reproductive organs of cows and heifers culled because of infertility. J. Vet. Med. A. 49, 356–372.
• LeBlanc, SJ., Leslie, K., Duffield, T., Bateman, K., Keefe, G., 2001. The incidence and impact of clinical endometritis in dairy cows. J. Anim. Sci. Suppl. 79, 187.
• LeBlanc, SJ., Duffield, TF., Leslie, KE., Bateman, KG., Keefe, GP., Walton, WH., 2002a. Defining and diagnosing postpartum clinical endometritis and impact on reproductive performance in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 85, 2223–2236.
• LeBlanc, SJ., Duffield, TF., Leslie, KE., Bateman, KG., Keefe, GP., Walton, W.H., Johnson, WH., 2002b. The effect of treatment of clinical endometritis on reproductive performance in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 85, 2237–2244.
• LeBlanc, SJ., 2008. Postpartum uterine disease and dairy herd reproductive performance: A review. The Vet. J. 176, 102–114
• Lewis, GS., 1997. Uterine health and disorders. J. Dairy Sci. 80, 984–994.
• Lewis, GS., 2003. Steroidal regulation of uterine resistance to bacteria infection in livestock. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. 1, 117–125.
• Lewis, GS., 2004. Steroidal regulation of uterine immune defenses. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 82–83, 281–294.
• Mallard, BA., Dekkers, JC., Ireland, MJ., Leslie, KE., Sharif, S., Vankampen, CL., Wagter, L., Wilkie, BN., 1998. Alteration in immune responsiveness during the peripartum period and its ramification on dairy cow and calf health. J. Dairy Sci. 81, 585–595.
• Mateus, L., Lopes da Costa, L., Carvalho, H., Serra, P., Robalo Silva, J., 2002. Blood and intrauterine leukocyte profile and function in dairy cows that spontaneously recovered from postpartum endometritis. Reprod. Dom. Anim. 37, 176–180.
• Melendez, P., McHale, J., Bartolome, J., Archbald, LF., Donovan, GA., 2004. Uterine involution and fertility of Holstein cows subsequent to early postpartum PGF2α treatment for acute puerperal metritis. J. Dairy Sci. 87, 3238–3246.
• Miller, HV., Kimsey, PB., Kendrick, JW., 1980. Endometritis of dairy cattle: Diagnosis, treatment and fertility. Bovine Pract. 15, 13–23.
• Mortimer, RC., Farin, PW., Stevens, RD., 1997. Reproductive examination of the non-pregnant cow. In: Youngquist, R.S. Ed., Current Therapy in Large Animal Theriogenology. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA, pp. 268–275.
• Murray, JD., Allison, JD., Gerd, RP., 1990. Bovine endometritis: Comparative efficiency of alfaprostenol and intrauterine therapies and other factors influencing clinical success. Vet. Rec. 127, 86–90.
• Noakes, DE., Wallace, L., Smith, GR., 1991. Bacterial flora of the uterus of cows after calving on two hygienically contrasting farms. Vet. Rec. 128, 440–442.
• Noakes, DE., Parkinson, TJ., England, GCW., Arthur, GH., 2002. Arthur’s Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics, eighth ed. Elsevier Sci. Ltd, pp. 399–408.
• Olson, JD., Ball, L., Mortimer, RG., Farin, PW., Adney, WS., Huffman, EM., 1984. Aspects of bacteriology and endocrinology of cows with pyometra and retained fetal membranes. Am. J. Vet. Res. 45, 2251–2255.
• Olson, JD., Bretzlaff, KN., Mortimer, RG., Ball, L., 1986. The metritis-pyometra complex. In: Morrow, D.A. Ed., Current Therapy in Theriogenology. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA, pp. 227–236.
• Ott, RS., Bretzlaff, K., Hixon, JG., 1986. Comparison of palpable corpora lutea with serum progesterone concentration in cows. JAVMA. 188, 1417–1419.
• Paisley, LG., Mickelsen,WD., Anderson, PB., 1986. Mechanisms and therapy for retained fetal membranes and uterine infections of cows: a review. Theriogenology. 25, 353–381.
• Patterson, DJ., Perry, RC., Call, EP., Beal,WE., Corah, LR., 1989. Comparison of ultrasonography and ovarian palpation for determination of puberty in beef & heifers. J. Anim. Sci. Suppl. 67, 463 (özet).
• Ramadan, AA., Johnson, GL., Lewis, GS., 1997. Regulation of uterine immune function during the estrus cycle and in response to infectious bacteria in sheep. J. Anim. Sci. 75, 1621–1632.
• Risco, CA., Hernandez, J., 2003. Comparison of ceftiofur hydrochloride and estradiol cypionate for metritis prevention and reproductive performance in dairy cows affected with retained fetal membranes. Theriogenology. 60, 47–58.
• Roberts, SJ., 1986. Veterinary Obstetrics and Genital Diseases, third ed. S.J. Roberts-Woodstock, NY, pp. 381–359.
• Robertson, S.A., 2000. Control of the immunological environment of the uterus. Rev. Reprod. 5, 164– 174.
• Rodriguez-Martinez, H., Mckernna, D., Weston, PG., Whitmore, HL., Gustafsson, BK., 1987. Uterine motility in the cow during the estrus cycle. I. Spontaneous activity. Theriogenology 27, 337– 348.
• Roncada, P., Ermine, N., Schleuning, A., Stracciari, GL., Strocchia, A., 2000. Pharmacokinetic and residual behavior in milk of oxytetracycline in cows following administration of uterine pessaries. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 23, 281– 285.
• Sheldon, IM., Noakes, DE., Rycroft, AN., Pfeiffer, DU., Dobson, H., 2002. Influence of uterine   bacterial contamination after parturition on ovarian dominant follicle selection and follicle growth and function in cattle. Reproduction. 123, 837–845.
• Sheldon, IM., Dobson, H., 2004. Postpartum uterine health in cattle. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 82, 295–306.
• Sheldon, IM., Rycroft, AN., Zhou, C., 2004a. Association between postpartum pyrexia and uterine bacterial infection in dairy cattle. Vet. Rec. 154, 289–293.
• Sheldon, IM., Noakes, DE., Rycroft, AN., Dobson, H., 2004b. Effect of intrauterine administration of estradiol on postpartum uterine bacterial infection in cattle. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 8, 13–23.
• Sheldon, IM., Lewis, GS., LeBlanc, SJ., Gilbert, RO., 2006. Defining postpartum uterine disease in cattle. Theriogenology. 65, 1516–1530.
• Stevenson, J.S., 1997. Clinical reproductive physiology of the cow. In: Youngquist, R.S. Ed., Current Therapy of Large Animal Theriogenology. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA, pp. 257–267.
• Studer, E., Morrow, DA., 1978. Postpartum evaluation of bovine reproductive potential: comparison of findings from genital tract examination per rectum, uterine culture, and endometrial biopsy. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 172, 489–494.
• Williams, FJ., Fischer, DP., Drik, V., England, CW., Noakes, DE., Dobson, H., Sheldon, IM., 2005. Clinical evaluation of postpartum vaginal mucus reflects uterine bacterial infection and the immune response in cattle. Theriogenology. 63, 102–117.
• Williams, EJ., Fischer, DP., Noakes, DE., England, GCW., Rycroft, A., Dobson, H., Sheldon, IM., 2007. The relationship between uterine pathogen growth density and ovarian function in the postpartum dairy cow. Theriogenology. 68, 549– 559.
• Youngquist, RS., Shore, MD., 1997. Postpartum uterine infection. In: Youngquist, R.S. Ed., Current Therapy of Large Animal Theriogenology. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA, pp. 335–340.       i Yazışma Adresi
• Yrd. Doç. Dr. Bülent POLAT
• Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi
• Doğum ve Jinekoloji ABD. 25700 Aziziye, ERZURUM
• e-mail: [e-mail]