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Kanatlılarda Klamidiyal Enfeksiyonlar

Yıl 2008, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 20 - 28, 27.03.2010

Kübra Terim Kapakin Samet Kapakin Osman Kutsal

Öz

Kanatlı klamidiyozis‟i; Chlamydia psittaci tarafından oluşturulan sistemik, bulaşıcı ve aynı zamanda da zoonoz bir hastalıktır. Etken papağan ve muhabbet kuşu gibi psittasin kuşlarında, hindi, tavuk ve ördek gibi ticari amaçla yetiştirilen kanatlılarda olmak üzere 469‟un üzerinde kanatlı türünden izole edilmiştir. Klinik olarak; ateş, iştahsızlık, uyuşukluk, tüylerin kabarması, burun ve göz akıntısı, ishal gibi bulgular gözlenebilir. Histopatolojik olarak; solunum, kardiyovasküler, sindirim, hematopoietik, üriner ve genital sistem organlarında, çoğunluğunu makrofajların oluşturduğu, lenfosit ve plazma hücre infiltrasyonları dikkati çeker. Ayrıca makrofajların içerisinde bazofilik elementer cisimcikler gözlenebilir. Kanatlı hayvan yetiştiriciliğinde önemli hastalıklardan biri olan klamidiyozis de korunma ve kontrol yöntemlerinin bilinmesi, gerek ekonomik yönden, gerekse de insan sağlığı için büyük önem arz etmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

C. psittaci Histopatoloji Kanatlı

Kaynakça

  • Andersen, AA., Grimes, JE., Wyrick, PB., 1997. Chlamydiosis (psittacosis, ornithosis). In: Calnek BW, Barnes JJ, Beard CW, McDougald LR, Saif YM (Editors), Diseases of poultry. 10 th ed. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press. pp: 333-349.
  • Andersen, AA., Vanrompay, D., 2000. Avian chlamydiosis. Rev Sci Tec.; 19, 396-404.
  • Arnall, L., Keymer. IF., 1975. Viral and Ricketsial infections. Bird Diseases., Bailliere Tindall., 95-105. London.
  • Arzey, GG., Arzey, KE., 1990. Chlamydiosis in layer chickens. AVA., 67, 461.
  • Aydın, N., İzgür, M., Diker, KS, Yardımcı, H., Esendal, ÖM., Paracıkoğlu, J., Akan, M., 2006. Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji (Bakteriyel Hastalıklar). Paracıkoğlu J. (Editör). Chlamydia ve Chlamydophila İnfeksiyonları, İlke-Emek Yayınları, Ankara. 305-312
  • Bachmaier, KN., Neu, N., de la Maza, LM., Pal, S., Andrew, P., Josef, M., 1999. Chlamydia Infections and Heart Disease Linked Through Antigenic Mimicry. Science., 283, 1335-1339.
  • Barr, DA., Scott, PC., O‟rourke, MD., Coulter, RJ., 1986. Isolation of Chlamydia psittaci from commercial broiler chickens. AVA., 63, 377-378.
  • Beasley, JN., Davis, DE., Grumbles, LC., 1959. Preliminary Studies on the histopathology of Experimental Ornithosis in turkeys. Am. J. Vet. Res., 341-349.
  • Beasley, JN., Moore, RW., Watkins, JR., 1961. The Histopathologic Charecteristics of Diseases Producing Inflamation of the Air Sacs in turkeys-A Comparative Study of Pleuropneumonia-like Organisms and Ornithosis in Pure and Mixed infections. Am. J. Vet. Res., 22, 85-91.
  • Boney, WA., Grumbles, LC., Delaplane, JP., Irons, JV., Sullivan, TD., 1952. Another agent causing air sac involvment in turkey. JAVMA., 121, 269-270.
  • Camus, AC., Cho, DY., Poston, RP., Paulsen, DP., Oliver, JL., Law, JM., Tully, TN., 1994. Chlamydiosis in Commercial Rheas. Avian Dis., 38, 666-671.
  • European Commission Health and Consumer Protection Directorate-General. Report of the Scientific Committee on Animal Health and Animal Welfare Adopted 16 April 2002. Avian chlamydiosis as a zoonotic disease and risk reduction strategies. 1-25.
  • Condon, K., Oakey, J., 2007. Detection of Chlamydiaceae DNA in veterinary specimens using a family-specific PCR. Lett Appl Microbiol., 45, 121-127.
  • Çelebi, B.S., Ak, S., 2006. A comparative study of detecting Chlamydophila psittaci in pet birds using isolation in embryonated egg and polymerase chain reaction. Avian Dis., 50, 483-489.
  • Davis, DE., Delaplane, JP., Watkins, JR., 1957. The role of turkey eggs in the transmission of ornithosis. Am. J. Vet. Res., 409-413.
  • Eddie, B., Meyer, KF., Lambrecht, FL., Furman, P., 1962. Isolation of Ornithosis Bedsoniae from mites collected in turkey quarters and from chicken lice. J. Infect. Dis., 110, 231-237
  • Eidson, M., Johnston, WB., Smith, KA., Stobierski, MG., 1997. Compendium of Chlamydiosis (psittacosis) control. AVMA., 1, 1-14.
  • Everett, KD., Bush, RM., Andersen, AA., 1999. Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 49, 415-440.
  • Gale, C., Sanger, VL., Pomeroy, BS., 1960. The Gros and Microscopic Pathology of an Ornithosis Virus of Low Virulence for Turkeys. Am. J. Vet. Res., 21, 491-497.
  • Graham, DL., 1989. Histopathologic lesions associated with chlamydiosis in psittacine birds. JAVMA., 195, 1571-1573.
  • Hashimoto, A., Hirai, K., Tamura, H., 1985. Histopathological studies on chlamydiosis in psittacine birds. Research Bulletin of the Faculty of Agriculture, Gifu University, 50, 279-291.
  • Hirai, K., 1985. Avian chlamydiosis. Journal of the Japanese Society on Poultry Diseases., 21, 59-71
  • Hodinka, RL., Wyrick, PB., 1986. Ultrastructural study of mode of entry of Chlamydia psittaci into L-929 cells. Infect. Immun., 54, 855-863.
  • Johnston. WB., Eidson, M., Smith, KA., Stobierski, MG., 1999. Compendium of chlamydiosis (psittacosis) control,1999. JAVMA., 214, 640-646.
  • Johnston, WB., Eidson, M., Smith, KA., Stobierski, MG., 2000. Compendium of measures to control Chlamydia psittaci infection among humans (Psittacosis) Birds (Avian Chlamydiosis). MMVR., 49, 1-17.
  • Kaleta, EF., Taday, EM., 2003. Avian host range of Chlamydophila spp. based on isolation, antigen detection and serology. Avian Pathol., 32, 435-461.
  • Karakuzulu, H., 2003. Türkiye‟deki önemli hayvanat bahçelerinde bulunan su kuşları ve bakıcılarında Chlamydia psittaci prevelansnın belirlenmesi. Doktora Tezi. Uludağ Univ. Sağ. Bil. Enst. Bursa.
  • Maluping, RP., Oronan, RB., Toledo, SU., 2007. Detection of Chlamydophila psittaci antibodies from captive birds at the Ninoy Aquino Parks and Wildlife Nature Center, Quezon City, Philippines. Ann Agric Environ Med., 14, 191-193.
  • Matsumoto, A., 1981. Isolation and electron microscopic observations of intrasitoplasmic inclusions containing Chlamydia psittaci. J. Bacteriol., 145, 605-612.
  • Mcdonald, SE., Bayer, EV., 1981. Psittacosis in pet birds. Calif. Vet., 4, 6-17.
  • Micheal, EW., 2007. Chlamydiae, http// www.chlamydiae.com/chlamydiae., [Erişim: 11. 03. 2007]
  • Moore, FM., Petrak, ML. 1985. Chlamydia immunoreactivity in birds with psittacosis: Localization of chlamydiae by the peroxidase antiperoxidase method. Avian Diseases., 29, 1036-1042.
  • Grimes, JE., 1985. Enigmatic psittacine chlamydiosis: results of serotesting and isolation attempts, 1978 through 1983 and considerations for the future. JAVMA., 186, 1075-1079.
  • Pienar, JG., Schutte, AP., 1975. The occurrence and pathology of chlamydiosis in domestic and laboratory animals: a review. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res., 42, 77-90.
  • Saito, T., Ohnishi, J., Mori, Y., Iinuma, Y., Ichiyama, S., Kohi, F., 2005; Infection by Chlamydophilia avium in an elderly couple working in a pet shop. J. Clin. Microbiol., 43, 3011-3013.
  • Satalovic, FT., Barrett, L., Sinclair, C., Smith, KA., Williams, LP., 1993. Compendium of Chlamydiosis (psittacosis) control. JAVMA., 203, 1675-1680.
  • Schacter, J., Caldwell, HD.,1980. Chlamydiae. Ann. Rev. Microbiol., 34, 285-309.
  • Schmidt, RE., Reavill, DR., Phalen, DN., 2003. Pathology of Pet and Aviary Birds. lowa State Press
  • Smith, KA., Eidson, M., Johnston, WB., Stobierski, MG., 2002. Compendium of measures to control chlamydophila psittaci (formerly chlamydia psittaci) infection among humans (psittacosis) and pet birds. AVMA., 1, 1-14.
  • Shewen, PE. 1980. Chlamydial infection in animals: A review. Canadian Veterinary Journal., 21, 2- 11.
  • Suwa, T., Touchi, A., Hirai, K., Itakura, C., 1990. Pathological studies on chlamydiosis in parakeets (Psittacula krameri manillensis). Avian Pathology., 19, 355-370.
  • Stamm, WE., 1992. Diseases caused by Chlamydiae. Cecil Textbook of Medicine. Volum 2.19 th ed., W. B. Saunders Company., Philadelphia. 1779-1783.
  • Tappe, JP., Andersen, AA., Cheville, NF., 1989. Respiratory and Pericardial Lesions in turkeys infected with Avian or Mammalian Strains of Chlamydia psittaci. Vet. Pathol., 26, 386-395.
  • Tappe, JP., Anderson, AA., Hargis, AM., Gaillard, DJ., 1991. Diseases casused by Chlamydiaceae. Vet. Pathol., 30, 402-411. The Merck Veterinary Manual Avian Chlamydiosis. http:/www.merckvetmanual. com. [Erişim: 20. 11. 2007]
  • Todd, WJ., Caldwell, HD., 1985. The infection of Chlamydia trachomatis with host cells: Ultastructural studies of the mechanism of release of a biovar II strain from HeLa 229 cells. J. Infect. Dis.,151, 1037-1044.
  • Vanrompay, D., Andersen, AA., Ducatelle, R., Haesebrouck, F., 1993. Serotyping of European isolates of Chlamydia psittaci from poultry and other birds. JCM., 31, 134-137.
  • Viciana, P., Bozada, JM., Martin-Sanz, V., Martinez Marcos, F., Martin, A., Pachon, J., 1993. Psittacosis of avian origin as etiology of community-acquired pneumonia with severe onset. Rev. Clin. Esp., 192, 28-30.
  • Wittenbrink, MM., Mrozek, M., Bisping,W., 1993. Isolation of chlamydia psittaci from a chicken egg: Evidence of egg transmission. J. Vet. Med. B., 40, 451-452.
  • World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)., 2004. Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals. Chapter 2.7.4., Avian Chlamydiosis: http://www.oie.int/eng/normes/mmanual/A [Erişim: 20. 11. 2007].

Yıl 2008, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 20 - 28, 27.03.2010

Kübra Terim Kapakin Samet Kapakin Osman Kutsal

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Andersen, AA., Grimes, JE., Wyrick, PB., 1997. Chlamydiosis (psittacosis, ornithosis). In: Calnek BW, Barnes JJ, Beard CW, McDougald LR, Saif YM (Editors), Diseases of poultry. 10 th ed. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press. pp: 333-349.
  • Andersen, AA., Vanrompay, D., 2000. Avian chlamydiosis. Rev Sci Tec.; 19, 396-404.
  • Arnall, L., Keymer. IF., 1975. Viral and Ricketsial infections. Bird Diseases., Bailliere Tindall., 95-105. London.
  • Arzey, GG., Arzey, KE., 1990. Chlamydiosis in layer chickens. AVA., 67, 461.
  • Aydın, N., İzgür, M., Diker, KS, Yardımcı, H., Esendal, ÖM., Paracıkoğlu, J., Akan, M., 2006. Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji (Bakteriyel Hastalıklar). Paracıkoğlu J. (Editör). Chlamydia ve Chlamydophila İnfeksiyonları, İlke-Emek Yayınları, Ankara. 305-312
  • Bachmaier, KN., Neu, N., de la Maza, LM., Pal, S., Andrew, P., Josef, M., 1999. Chlamydia Infections and Heart Disease Linked Through Antigenic Mimicry. Science., 283, 1335-1339.
  • Barr, DA., Scott, PC., O‟rourke, MD., Coulter, RJ., 1986. Isolation of Chlamydia psittaci from commercial broiler chickens. AVA., 63, 377-378.
  • Beasley, JN., Davis, DE., Grumbles, LC., 1959. Preliminary Studies on the histopathology of Experimental Ornithosis in turkeys. Am. J. Vet. Res., 341-349.
  • Beasley, JN., Moore, RW., Watkins, JR., 1961. The Histopathologic Charecteristics of Diseases Producing Inflamation of the Air Sacs in turkeys-A Comparative Study of Pleuropneumonia-like Organisms and Ornithosis in Pure and Mixed infections. Am. J. Vet. Res., 22, 85-91.
  • Boney, WA., Grumbles, LC., Delaplane, JP., Irons, JV., Sullivan, TD., 1952. Another agent causing air sac involvment in turkey. JAVMA., 121, 269-270.
  • Camus, AC., Cho, DY., Poston, RP., Paulsen, DP., Oliver, JL., Law, JM., Tully, TN., 1994. Chlamydiosis in Commercial Rheas. Avian Dis., 38, 666-671.
  • European Commission Health and Consumer Protection Directorate-General. Report of the Scientific Committee on Animal Health and Animal Welfare Adopted 16 April 2002. Avian chlamydiosis as a zoonotic disease and risk reduction strategies. 1-25.
  • Condon, K., Oakey, J., 2007. Detection of Chlamydiaceae DNA in veterinary specimens using a family-specific PCR. Lett Appl Microbiol., 45, 121-127.
  • Çelebi, B.S., Ak, S., 2006. A comparative study of detecting Chlamydophila psittaci in pet birds using isolation in embryonated egg and polymerase chain reaction. Avian Dis., 50, 483-489.
  • Davis, DE., Delaplane, JP., Watkins, JR., 1957. The role of turkey eggs in the transmission of ornithosis. Am. J. Vet. Res., 409-413.
  • Eddie, B., Meyer, KF., Lambrecht, FL., Furman, P., 1962. Isolation of Ornithosis Bedsoniae from mites collected in turkey quarters and from chicken lice. J. Infect. Dis., 110, 231-237
  • Eidson, M., Johnston, WB., Smith, KA., Stobierski, MG., 1997. Compendium of Chlamydiosis (psittacosis) control. AVMA., 1, 1-14.
  • Everett, KD., Bush, RM., Andersen, AA., 1999. Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 49, 415-440.
  • Gale, C., Sanger, VL., Pomeroy, BS., 1960. The Gros and Microscopic Pathology of an Ornithosis Virus of Low Virulence for Turkeys. Am. J. Vet. Res., 21, 491-497.
  • Graham, DL., 1989. Histopathologic lesions associated with chlamydiosis in psittacine birds. JAVMA., 195, 1571-1573.
  • Hashimoto, A., Hirai, K., Tamura, H., 1985. Histopathological studies on chlamydiosis in psittacine birds. Research Bulletin of the Faculty of Agriculture, Gifu University, 50, 279-291.
  • Hirai, K., 1985. Avian chlamydiosis. Journal of the Japanese Society on Poultry Diseases., 21, 59-71
  • Hodinka, RL., Wyrick, PB., 1986. Ultrastructural study of mode of entry of Chlamydia psittaci into L-929 cells. Infect. Immun., 54, 855-863.
  • Johnston. WB., Eidson, M., Smith, KA., Stobierski, MG., 1999. Compendium of chlamydiosis (psittacosis) control,1999. JAVMA., 214, 640-646.
  • Johnston, WB., Eidson, M., Smith, KA., Stobierski, MG., 2000. Compendium of measures to control Chlamydia psittaci infection among humans (Psittacosis) Birds (Avian Chlamydiosis). MMVR., 49, 1-17.
  • Kaleta, EF., Taday, EM., 2003. Avian host range of Chlamydophila spp. based on isolation, antigen detection and serology. Avian Pathol., 32, 435-461.
  • Karakuzulu, H., 2003. Türkiye‟deki önemli hayvanat bahçelerinde bulunan su kuşları ve bakıcılarında Chlamydia psittaci prevelansnın belirlenmesi. Doktora Tezi. Uludağ Univ. Sağ. Bil. Enst. Bursa.
  • Maluping, RP., Oronan, RB., Toledo, SU., 2007. Detection of Chlamydophila psittaci antibodies from captive birds at the Ninoy Aquino Parks and Wildlife Nature Center, Quezon City, Philippines. Ann Agric Environ Med., 14, 191-193.
  • Matsumoto, A., 1981. Isolation and electron microscopic observations of intrasitoplasmic inclusions containing Chlamydia psittaci. J. Bacteriol., 145, 605-612.
  • Mcdonald, SE., Bayer, EV., 1981. Psittacosis in pet birds. Calif. Vet., 4, 6-17.
  • Micheal, EW., 2007. Chlamydiae, http// www.chlamydiae.com/chlamydiae., [Erişim: 11. 03. 2007]
  • Moore, FM., Petrak, ML. 1985. Chlamydia immunoreactivity in birds with psittacosis: Localization of chlamydiae by the peroxidase antiperoxidase method. Avian Diseases., 29, 1036-1042.
  • Grimes, JE., 1985. Enigmatic psittacine chlamydiosis: results of serotesting and isolation attempts, 1978 through 1983 and considerations for the future. JAVMA., 186, 1075-1079.
  • Pienar, JG., Schutte, AP., 1975. The occurrence and pathology of chlamydiosis in domestic and laboratory animals: a review. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res., 42, 77-90.
  • Saito, T., Ohnishi, J., Mori, Y., Iinuma, Y., Ichiyama, S., Kohi, F., 2005; Infection by Chlamydophilia avium in an elderly couple working in a pet shop. J. Clin. Microbiol., 43, 3011-3013.
  • Satalovic, FT., Barrett, L., Sinclair, C., Smith, KA., Williams, LP., 1993. Compendium of Chlamydiosis (psittacosis) control. JAVMA., 203, 1675-1680.
  • Schacter, J., Caldwell, HD.,1980. Chlamydiae. Ann. Rev. Microbiol., 34, 285-309.
  • Schmidt, RE., Reavill, DR., Phalen, DN., 2003. Pathology of Pet and Aviary Birds. lowa State Press
  • Smith, KA., Eidson, M., Johnston, WB., Stobierski, MG., 2002. Compendium of measures to control chlamydophila psittaci (formerly chlamydia psittaci) infection among humans (psittacosis) and pet birds. AVMA., 1, 1-14.
  • Shewen, PE. 1980. Chlamydial infection in animals: A review. Canadian Veterinary Journal., 21, 2- 11.
  • Suwa, T., Touchi, A., Hirai, K., Itakura, C., 1990. Pathological studies on chlamydiosis in parakeets (Psittacula krameri manillensis). Avian Pathology., 19, 355-370.
  • Stamm, WE., 1992. Diseases caused by Chlamydiae. Cecil Textbook of Medicine. Volum 2.19 th ed., W. B. Saunders Company., Philadelphia. 1779-1783.
  • Tappe, JP., Andersen, AA., Cheville, NF., 1989. Respiratory and Pericardial Lesions in turkeys infected with Avian or Mammalian Strains of Chlamydia psittaci. Vet. Pathol., 26, 386-395.
  • Tappe, JP., Anderson, AA., Hargis, AM., Gaillard, DJ., 1991. Diseases casused by Chlamydiaceae. Vet. Pathol., 30, 402-411. The Merck Veterinary Manual Avian Chlamydiosis. http:/www.merckvetmanual. com. [Erişim: 20. 11. 2007]
  • Todd, WJ., Caldwell, HD., 1985. The infection of Chlamydia trachomatis with host cells: Ultastructural studies of the mechanism of release of a biovar II strain from HeLa 229 cells. J. Infect. Dis.,151, 1037-1044.
  • Vanrompay, D., Andersen, AA., Ducatelle, R., Haesebrouck, F., 1993. Serotyping of European isolates of Chlamydia psittaci from poultry and other birds. JCM., 31, 134-137.
  • Viciana, P., Bozada, JM., Martin-Sanz, V., Martinez Marcos, F., Martin, A., Pachon, J., 1993. Psittacosis of avian origin as etiology of community-acquired pneumonia with severe onset. Rev. Clin. Esp., 192, 28-30.
  • Wittenbrink, MM., Mrozek, M., Bisping,W., 1993. Isolation of chlamydia psittaci from a chicken egg: Evidence of egg transmission. J. Vet. Med. B., 40, 451-452.
  • World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)., 2004. Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals. Chapter 2.7.4., Avian Chlamydiosis: http://www.oie.int/eng/normes/mmanual/A [Erişim: 20. 11. 2007].
Toplam 49 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

Kübra Terim Kapakin Bu kişi benim

Samet Kapakin Bu kişi benim

Osman Kutsal Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Mart 2010
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2008 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Terim Kapakin, K., Kapakin, S., & Kutsal, O. (2010). Kanatlılarda Klamidiyal Enfeksiyonlar. Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(2), 20-28.
AMA Terim Kapakin K, Kapakin S, Kutsal O. Kanatlılarda Klamidiyal Enfeksiyonlar. Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi. Mart 2010;3(2):20-28.
Chicago Terim Kapakin, Kübra, Samet Kapakin, ve Osman Kutsal. “Kanatlılarda Klamidiyal Enfeksiyonlar”. Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi 3, sy. 2 (Mart 2010): 20-28.
EndNote Terim Kapakin K, Kapakin S, Kutsal O (01 Mart 2010) Kanatlılarda Klamidiyal Enfeksiyonlar. Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi 3 2 20–28.
IEEE K. Terim Kapakin, S. Kapakin, ve O. Kutsal, “Kanatlılarda Klamidiyal Enfeksiyonlar”, Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 3, sy. 2, ss. 20–28, 2010.
ISNAD Terim Kapakin, Kübra vd. “Kanatlılarda Klamidiyal Enfeksiyonlar”. Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi 3/2 (Mart 2010), 20-28.
JAMA Terim Kapakin K, Kapakin S, Kutsal O. Kanatlılarda Klamidiyal Enfeksiyonlar. Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi. 2010;3:20–28.
MLA Terim Kapakin, Kübra vd. “Kanatlılarda Klamidiyal Enfeksiyonlar”. Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 3, sy. 2, 2010, ss. 20-28.
Vancouver Terim Kapakin K, Kapakin S, Kutsal O. Kanatlılarda Klamidiyal Enfeksiyonlar. Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi. 2010;3(2):20-8.