Yıl 2015,
Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 0 - , 20.10.2015
Öz
Heat stress is an important factor influencing animal welfare negatively, decreasing efficiency in dairy production, leading to economic loss by increasing health problems. Appropriate description of animals experiencing heat stress and comprehension of biological mechanism(s) of heat stress causing a decline in milk synthesis, growth and reproductive indices may contribute for development of new approaches in minimising low efficiency during stressful summer months and in sustaining efficiency. The biological mechanism of heat stress is partly explained by reduced feed intake. At the same time, heat stress alters endocrine status, causes reduction in rumination and in nutrient absorption, and increases maintenance requirements resulting changes in absorption of nutrients and utilisation of energy. It has been observed that there is thermal discrepancy between the utilisation of nutrients under heat stress conditions. Therefore, during heat stress all these aspects are presumably a mechanism to minimise metabolic heat production. In this paper, we discussed how animals respond to heat stress and how heat stress affects the metabolism and post-absorption of nutrients
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- IPCC. (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
- Change), 2007. Climate change and its impacts in
- the near and long term under different
- scenarios. In Climate Change 2007: Synthesis
- Report (Eds The Core Writing Team, R. K.
- Pachauri & A. Reisinger), pp. 43–54. Geneva, Switzerland: IPCC.
- VanBaale MJ., Smith JF., Brouk MJ., Baumgard
- LH., 2005. Evaluate the efficacy of your cooling
- system through core body temperature. Hoards
- Dairyman: Western Dairy News, 5, 147-148.
- West JW., 2003. Effects of heat-stress on
- production in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy
- Science, 86, 2131-2144.
- Bernard C., 1879. Leçons sur les phѐnomѐnes de
- la vie communs aux animaux et aux vѐgѐtaux.
- Paris, JB Bailliere, 4–5.
- Collier RJ., Baumgard LH., Lock AL., Bauman DE., 2005. Physiological limitations: nutrient
- partitioning. In “Yields of farmed Species:
- constraints and opportunities in the 21st
- Century”, Eds., J Wiseman and R Bradley, 351
- 377, Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, U.K.
- Rhoads ML., Rhoads RP., Sanders SR., Carroll SH., Weber WJ., Crooker BA., Collier RJ., VanBaale MJ., Baumgard LH., 2007. Effects of heat stress on production, lipid metabolism and somatotropin variables in lactating cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 90, 230.
- Baumgard LH., Wheelock JB., Sanders SR., Moore
- CE., Green HB., Waldron MR., Rhoads RP., 2011.
- Postabsorptive carbohydrate adaptations to
- heat stress and monensin supplementation in
- lactating Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 94, 5620-5633.
- Wheelock JB., Sanders SR., Shwartz G.,
- Hernandez LL., Baker SH., McFadden JW., Odens
- LJ., Burgos R., Hartman SR., Johnson RM., Jones
- BE., Collier RJ., Rhoads RP., VanBaale MJ.,
- Baumgard LH., 2006. Effects of heat stress and
- rbST on production parameters and glucose
- homeostasis. Journal of Dairy Science, 89, 290- 291.
- Williams EL., Rodriguez SM., Beitz DC., Donkin
- SS., 2006. Effects of short-term glugagon
- administration on gluconeogenic enzymes in the
- liver of midlactation dairy cows. Journal of Dairy
- Science, 89, 693-703.
- Scheepers A., Joost HG., Schurmann A., 2004. The glucose transporter families SGLT and GLUT: Molecular basis of normal and aberrant function. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 28,
- Hadley ME., 2000. Endocrinology. 5th ed., 255- 263, Prentice-Hall Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
- Brockman RP., 1986. Pancreatic and adrenal hormonal regulation of metabolism. In “Control of Digestion and Metabolism in Ruminant” Eds., LP Milligan, WL Grovum, A Dobson, 405-419, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
- Katsuhiko D., Ohno T., Kuroshima A., 1982. Role pancreas of endocrine in temperature acclimation. Life Science Journal, 30, 2253-2259.
- Torlinska T., Banach R., Paluszak J., Gryczka- Dziadecka A., 1987. Hyperthermia effect on lipolytic processes in rat blood and adipose tissue. Acta Physiologica Polonica, 38, 361-366.
- Itoh F., Obara Y., Rose MT., Fuse H., Hashimoto H., 1998. Insulin and glucagon secretion in lactating cows during heatexposure. Journal of Animal Science, 76, 2182-2189.
- Fink WJ., Costill DL., Van Handel PJ., 1975. Leg muscle metabolism during exercise in the heat and cold. Journal of Applied Physiology, 34, 183- 190.
- Yaspelkis BB., Scroop GC., Wilmore KM., Ivy JL., 1993. Carbohydrate metabolism during exercise in hot and thermoneutral environments. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 14, 13- 19.
- Angus DJ., Febbraio MA., Lasini D., Hargreaves M., 2001. Effect of carbohydrate ingestion on glucose kinetics during exercise in the heat. Journal of Applied Physiology, 90, 601-605.
- Van Soest PJ., 1994. Nutritional Ecology of the Ruminant. 2nd ed., 476p, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.
- Mortimore GE., Poso AR., Kadowaki M., Wert JJ., 1987. Multiphasic control of hepatic protein degradation by regulatory amino acids. General features and hormonal modulation. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 262, 16322-16327.
- O’Brien MD., Rhoads RP., Sanders SR., Duff GC., Baumgard LH., 2010. Metabolic adaptations to heat stress in growing cattle. Domestic Animal Endocrinology, 38, 86-94.
- Berg JM., Tymoczko JL., Stryer L., 2007. Biochemistry. 6 ed., 459, W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, NY.
- Wheelock, JB., Rhoads RP., Vanbaale MJ., Sanders SR., Baumgard LH., 2010. Effects of heat stress on energetic metabolism in lactating Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 93, 644- 655.
- Achmadi J., Yanagisawa T., Sano H., Terashima Y., 1993. Pancreatic insulin secretory response and insulin action in heatexposed sheep given a concentrate or roughage diet. Domestic Animal Endocrinology, 10, 279-287.
- Jentjens RL., Wagenmakers AJ., Jeukendrup AE., 2002. Heat stress increases muscle glycogen use but reduces the oxidation of ingested carbohydrates during exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 92, 1562-1572.
- Geraert PA., Padilha JC., Guillaumin S., 1996. Metabolic and endocrine changes induced by chronic heat exposure in broiler chickens: growth performance, body composition and energy retention. British Journal of Nutrition, 75, 195-204.
- Brody T., 1999. Nutritional Biochemistry. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
- Baumgard LH., Wheelock JB., O’Brien MD., Shwartz G., Zimbelman RB., Sanders SR., VanBaale MJ., Collier RJ., Rhoads ML., Rhoads RP., 2007. The differential effects of heat stress vs. underfeeding on production and post- absorptive nutrient partitioning. Proceedings of Southwest Nutrition and Management Conference, 116-124.
- Shwartz G., Rhoads ML., VanBaale MJ., Rhoads RP., Baumgard LH., 2009. Effects ofa supplemental yeast culture on heat-stressed lactating Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 92, 935-942.
- Yunianto VD., Hayashi K., Kaneda S., Ohtsuka A., Tomita Y., 1997. Effect of environmental temperature on muscle protein turnover and heat production in tube-fed broiler chickens. British Journal of Nutrition, 77, 897-909.
- Marder J., Eylath U., Moskovitz E., Sharir R., 1990. The effect of heat exposure on blood chemistry Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 97, hyperthermic rabbit.
- Kamiya M., Kamiya Y., Tanaka M., Oki T., Nishiba Y., Shioya S., 2006. Effects of high ambient temperature and restricted feed intake on urinary and plasma 3-methylhistidine in lactating Holstein cows. Animal Science Journal, 77, 201- 207.
- Febbraio MA., 2001. Alterations in energy metabolism during exercise and heat stress. Sports Medicine, 31, 47-59.
- Mitlöhner FM., Morrow JL., Dailey JW., Wilson SC., Galyean ML., Miller MF., McGlone JJ., 2001. Shade and water misting effects on behavior, physiology, performance, and carcass traits of heat-stressed feedlot cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 79, 2327-2335.
- Bernabucci U., Lacetera N., Ronchi B., Nardone A., 2002. Effects of the hot season on milk protein fractions in Holstein cows. Animal Research, 51, 25-33.
- National Research Council, 1989. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 6th Revised ed. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
- Moore CE., 2005. Controlled milk fat depression as a management tool to improve energy balance in lactating dairy cattle. University of Arizona, Animal Science, Tucson, AZ.
- Goff JP., Horst RL., 1997. Physiological changes at parturition and their relationship to metabolic disorders. Journal of Dairy Science, 80, 1260- 1268.
- Drackley JK., 1999. Biology of dairy cows during the transition period: the final frontier? Journal of Dairy Science, 82, 2259-2273.
- Lucy MC., Staples CR., Thatcher WW., Erickson PS., Cleale RM., Firkins JL., Clark JH., Murphy MR., Brodie BO., 1992. Influence of diet composition, dry matter intake, milk production and energy balance on time of postpartum ovulation and fertility in dairy cows. Journal of Animal Production, 54, 323-331.
- Baumgard LH., Wheelock JB., VanBaale MJ., Collier RJ., Rhoads ML., Rhoads RP., 2006. Environmental influence on metabolism of ruminants. Proceedings of Minnesota Nutrition Conference, 80-89.
- Ruvuna F., McDaniel BT., Johnson JC., Hollon BF., McDowell RE., Brandt GW., 1976. Interactions of breed and heterosis with hot and cold seasons for milk yield. Proceedings of American Dairy Science Association, 72.
- Campbell JR., Kenealy MD., Campbell KL., 2003. Animal Science, The Biology, Care, and Production of Domestic Animal. 4th ed., 510p, McGraw Hill, San Francisco, CA.
- St. Pierre NR., Cobanov B., Schnitkey G., 2003. Economic losses from heat stress by US livestock industries. Journal of Dairy Science, 86, 52-77.
Yıl 2015,
Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 0 - , 20.10.2015
Öz
Sıcaklık stresi hayvan refahını olumsuz yönde etkileyen, hayvansal üretimde verimliliği düşüren, sağlık sorunlarını artırarak ekonomik kayıplara yol açan bir olgudur. Sıcaklık stresi yaşayan hayvanları doğru tanımlamak, bu stresin süt verimi, büyüme ve üreme performansını düşürmesinin biyolojik mekanizmalarını kavramak, verimliliği sürdürebilmek, yaz aylarında gözlenen sıcağa bağlı verim düşüklüğünü en aza indirilebilmek için yenilikçi yaklaşımların geliştirilmesine olanak tanır. Sıcaklık stresinin biyolojik mekanizması, ruminantlarda kısmen yem tüketimindeki azalmaya bağlıdır. Aynı zamanda yüksek çevre sıcaklığına bağlı endokrin sistemdeki değişimler, geviş getirme ve besin maddeleri emilimindeki düşme, yaşama payı gereksinimlerinin artması sonucunda verim için gerekli olan besin maddelerinin ve enerjinin kullanımında farklılıklar görülür. Sıcaklık stresinde besin maddelerinin organizmada kullanımında termik bir ayrımın olduğu gözlenmiştir. Bütün bunlar sıcağa maruz kalan hayvanların vücutlarındaki ısı üretimini düşürmek için kullandıkları bir mekanizmadır. Bu makalede hayvanların sıcaklık stresine nasıl tepki verdikleri ve sıcaklık stresinin besin maddeleri metabolizması üzerine olan etkileri tartışılmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- IPCC. (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
- Change), 2007. Climate change and its impacts in
- the near and long term under different
- scenarios. In Climate Change 2007: Synthesis
- Report (Eds The Core Writing Team, R. K.
- Pachauri & A. Reisinger), pp. 43–54. Geneva, Switzerland: IPCC.
- VanBaale MJ., Smith JF., Brouk MJ., Baumgard
- LH., 2005. Evaluate the efficacy of your cooling
- system through core body temperature. Hoards
- Dairyman: Western Dairy News, 5, 147-148.
- West JW., 2003. Effects of heat-stress on
- production in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy
- Science, 86, 2131-2144.
- Bernard C., 1879. Leçons sur les phѐnomѐnes de
- la vie communs aux animaux et aux vѐgѐtaux.
- Paris, JB Bailliere, 4–5.
- Collier RJ., Baumgard LH., Lock AL., Bauman DE., 2005. Physiological limitations: nutrient
- partitioning. In “Yields of farmed Species:
- constraints and opportunities in the 21st
- Century”, Eds., J Wiseman and R Bradley, 351
- 377, Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, U.K.
- Rhoads ML., Rhoads RP., Sanders SR., Carroll SH., Weber WJ., Crooker BA., Collier RJ., VanBaale MJ., Baumgard LH., 2007. Effects of heat stress on production, lipid metabolism and somatotropin variables in lactating cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 90, 230.
- Baumgard LH., Wheelock JB., Sanders SR., Moore
- CE., Green HB., Waldron MR., Rhoads RP., 2011.
- Postabsorptive carbohydrate adaptations to
- heat stress and monensin supplementation in
- lactating Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 94, 5620-5633.
- Wheelock JB., Sanders SR., Shwartz G.,
- Hernandez LL., Baker SH., McFadden JW., Odens
- LJ., Burgos R., Hartman SR., Johnson RM., Jones
- BE., Collier RJ., Rhoads RP., VanBaale MJ.,
- Baumgard LH., 2006. Effects of heat stress and
- rbST on production parameters and glucose
- homeostasis. Journal of Dairy Science, 89, 290- 291.
- Williams EL., Rodriguez SM., Beitz DC., Donkin
- SS., 2006. Effects of short-term glugagon
- administration on gluconeogenic enzymes in the
- liver of midlactation dairy cows. Journal of Dairy
- Science, 89, 693-703.
- Scheepers A., Joost HG., Schurmann A., 2004. The glucose transporter families SGLT and GLUT: Molecular basis of normal and aberrant function. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 28,
- Hadley ME., 2000. Endocrinology. 5th ed., 255- 263, Prentice-Hall Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
- Brockman RP., 1986. Pancreatic and adrenal hormonal regulation of metabolism. In “Control of Digestion and Metabolism in Ruminant” Eds., LP Milligan, WL Grovum, A Dobson, 405-419, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
- Katsuhiko D., Ohno T., Kuroshima A., 1982. Role pancreas of endocrine in temperature acclimation. Life Science Journal, 30, 2253-2259.
- Torlinska T., Banach R., Paluszak J., Gryczka- Dziadecka A., 1987. Hyperthermia effect on lipolytic processes in rat blood and adipose tissue. Acta Physiologica Polonica, 38, 361-366.
- Itoh F., Obara Y., Rose MT., Fuse H., Hashimoto H., 1998. Insulin and glucagon secretion in lactating cows during heatexposure. Journal of Animal Science, 76, 2182-2189.
- Fink WJ., Costill DL., Van Handel PJ., 1975. Leg muscle metabolism during exercise in the heat and cold. Journal of Applied Physiology, 34, 183- 190.
- Yaspelkis BB., Scroop GC., Wilmore KM., Ivy JL., 1993. Carbohydrate metabolism during exercise in hot and thermoneutral environments. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 14, 13- 19.
- Angus DJ., Febbraio MA., Lasini D., Hargreaves M., 2001. Effect of carbohydrate ingestion on glucose kinetics during exercise in the heat. Journal of Applied Physiology, 90, 601-605.
- Van Soest PJ., 1994. Nutritional Ecology of the Ruminant. 2nd ed., 476p, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.
- Mortimore GE., Poso AR., Kadowaki M., Wert JJ., 1987. Multiphasic control of hepatic protein degradation by regulatory amino acids. General features and hormonal modulation. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 262, 16322-16327.
- O’Brien MD., Rhoads RP., Sanders SR., Duff GC., Baumgard LH., 2010. Metabolic adaptations to heat stress in growing cattle. Domestic Animal Endocrinology, 38, 86-94.
- Berg JM., Tymoczko JL., Stryer L., 2007. Biochemistry. 6 ed., 459, W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, NY.
- Wheelock, JB., Rhoads RP., Vanbaale MJ., Sanders SR., Baumgard LH., 2010. Effects of heat stress on energetic metabolism in lactating Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 93, 644- 655.
- Achmadi J., Yanagisawa T., Sano H., Terashima Y., 1993. Pancreatic insulin secretory response and insulin action in heatexposed sheep given a concentrate or roughage diet. Domestic Animal Endocrinology, 10, 279-287.
- Jentjens RL., Wagenmakers AJ., Jeukendrup AE., 2002. Heat stress increases muscle glycogen use but reduces the oxidation of ingested carbohydrates during exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 92, 1562-1572.
- Geraert PA., Padilha JC., Guillaumin S., 1996. Metabolic and endocrine changes induced by chronic heat exposure in broiler chickens: growth performance, body composition and energy retention. British Journal of Nutrition, 75, 195-204.
- Brody T., 1999. Nutritional Biochemistry. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
- Baumgard LH., Wheelock JB., O’Brien MD., Shwartz G., Zimbelman RB., Sanders SR., VanBaale MJ., Collier RJ., Rhoads ML., Rhoads RP., 2007. The differential effects of heat stress vs. underfeeding on production and post- absorptive nutrient partitioning. Proceedings of Southwest Nutrition and Management Conference, 116-124.
- Shwartz G., Rhoads ML., VanBaale MJ., Rhoads RP., Baumgard LH., 2009. Effects ofa supplemental yeast culture on heat-stressed lactating Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 92, 935-942.
- Yunianto VD., Hayashi K., Kaneda S., Ohtsuka A., Tomita Y., 1997. Effect of environmental temperature on muscle protein turnover and heat production in tube-fed broiler chickens. British Journal of Nutrition, 77, 897-909.
- Marder J., Eylath U., Moskovitz E., Sharir R., 1990. The effect of heat exposure on blood chemistry Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 97, hyperthermic rabbit.
- Kamiya M., Kamiya Y., Tanaka M., Oki T., Nishiba Y., Shioya S., 2006. Effects of high ambient temperature and restricted feed intake on urinary and plasma 3-methylhistidine in lactating Holstein cows. Animal Science Journal, 77, 201- 207.
- Febbraio MA., 2001. Alterations in energy metabolism during exercise and heat stress. Sports Medicine, 31, 47-59.
- Mitlöhner FM., Morrow JL., Dailey JW., Wilson SC., Galyean ML., Miller MF., McGlone JJ., 2001. Shade and water misting effects on behavior, physiology, performance, and carcass traits of heat-stressed feedlot cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 79, 2327-2335.
- Bernabucci U., Lacetera N., Ronchi B., Nardone A., 2002. Effects of the hot season on milk protein fractions in Holstein cows. Animal Research, 51, 25-33.
- National Research Council, 1989. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 6th Revised ed. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
- Moore CE., 2005. Controlled milk fat depression as a management tool to improve energy balance in lactating dairy cattle. University of Arizona, Animal Science, Tucson, AZ.
- Goff JP., Horst RL., 1997. Physiological changes at parturition and their relationship to metabolic disorders. Journal of Dairy Science, 80, 1260- 1268.
- Drackley JK., 1999. Biology of dairy cows during the transition period: the final frontier? Journal of Dairy Science, 82, 2259-2273.
- Lucy MC., Staples CR., Thatcher WW., Erickson PS., Cleale RM., Firkins JL., Clark JH., Murphy MR., Brodie BO., 1992. Influence of diet composition, dry matter intake, milk production and energy balance on time of postpartum ovulation and fertility in dairy cows. Journal of Animal Production, 54, 323-331.
- Baumgard LH., Wheelock JB., VanBaale MJ., Collier RJ., Rhoads ML., Rhoads RP., 2006. Environmental influence on metabolism of ruminants. Proceedings of Minnesota Nutrition Conference, 80-89.
- Ruvuna F., McDaniel BT., Johnson JC., Hollon BF., McDowell RE., Brandt GW., 1976. Interactions of breed and heterosis with hot and cold seasons for milk yield. Proceedings of American Dairy Science Association, 72.
- Campbell JR., Kenealy MD., Campbell KL., 2003. Animal Science, The Biology, Care, and Production of Domestic Animal. 4th ed., 510p, McGraw Hill, San Francisco, CA.
- St. Pierre NR., Cobanov B., Schnitkey G., 2003. Economic losses from heat stress by US livestock industries. Journal of Dairy Science, 86, 52-77.
Toplam 74 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Derlemeler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 20 Ekim 2015 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2015 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2 |
