Bitkilerin Düşük Sıcaklıklara Dayanımında Hücresel ve Moleküler Mekanizmalar

Öz

Sıcaklık, yeryüzünde doğal bitki topluluklarının normal dağılışında etkili olan önemli bir belirleyici faktördür. Pek çok bitki tür ve çeşidi, çoğu zaman genetik özellikleri çerçevesinde canlı kalabildikleri en düşük sınır derecelerindeki sıcaklıklarla karşı karşıya kalmaktadır. Soğuğa dayanım sürecinde, bitkiler üşüme ve don stresi sonucu oluşabilecek zararlanmalardan veya ölümlerden korunmak veya tolerans sağlamak için farklı mekanizmalar geliştirmektedirler. Bunlar; bitkilerde hücre içi ve hücreler arası don oluşum sürecinin ekzotermik etkileri, don zararı sürecinde hücre membranlarında fiziksel değişimler, dona dayanım ve soğuk aklimasyonu, soğuk aklimasyonu süresince biyokimyasal değişimler (bitki öz suyunda bulunan bazı çözülebilir maddelerdeki, hücre membranlarının lipit bileşimindeki, protein miktarındaki, enzim aktivitesindeki, antioksidant sistemdeki, bitki besin elementlerindeki değişimler gibi) olarak kategorize edilmektedir. Günümüzde soğuğa dayanım sürecinin genetik olarak da açıklanabilmesi için moleküler düzeyde önemli çalışmalar yürütülmektedir. Bu orijinal derleme makalesinde, dünya üzerinde bitki tür ve çeşitlerinin yetişmesinde en büyük sınırlayıcı faktör olan üşüme ve donma stresine karşı bitkilerin geliştirdiği savunma mekanizmaları, bu süreçteki biyofiziksel ve biyokimyasal değişimler ile moleküler düzeydeki gelişmeler mevcut literatür dahilinde açıklanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Bitki, Üşüme ve Donma, Soğuğa Dayanım, Biyofiziksel ve Biyokimyasal Değişim

Kaynakça

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