The Effects of Different Salinity Levels on Root and Shoot Development in Some Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Varieties

Öz

This study was planned to determine the development of root and shoot in different salinity levels of 10 quinoa varieties obtained from different sources. The research was conducted in 2015 under controlled conditions in the greenhouses of Agricultural Faculty of Atatürk University. Quinoa plants were grown at different salinity concentrations (0, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 mM NaCl) during seedling period. In the study, which was carried out with 3 replications according to completely randomized plots experimental design, shoot and root length, shoot and root dry weights and tolerance to salinity were determined. According to the data obtained; the highest shoot length (18.0 cm), the shoot dry weight (0.68 g) and the root dry weight (0.049 g) in Qhaslala Blanca variety, the root length (7.6 cm) in Red Head and Moqu Arrochilla varieties were determined. Depending on the level of salinity, the development of root and shoots decreased significantly. However, the responses of the varieties to salinity levels were found to be different. Titicaca and Mint Vanilla were identified as varieties with high salinity tolerance.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Quinoa,Genotype,Salinity stress,Shoot and root development

Farklı Tuzluluk Seviyelerinin Bazı Kinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Çeşitlerinde Kök ve Sürgün Gelişmesine Etkileri

Öz

Bu çalışma farklı kaynaklardan temin edilen 10 kinoa çeşidinin farklı tuzluluk seviyelerinde kök ve sürgün gelişmesini belirlemek amacıyla planlanmıştır. Araştırma 2015 yılında Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi seralarında kontrollü şartlarda yürütülmüştür. Kinoa bitkileri fide döneminde iken farklı tuzluluk konsantrasyonlarında (0, 100, 200, 300, 400 ve 500 mM NaCl) yetiştirilmişlerdir. Şansa bağlı tam parseller deneme desenine göre 3 tekerrürlü olarak yürütülen çalışmada fide dönemindeki bitkilerin sürgün ve kök uzunlukları, sürgün ve kök kuru ağırlıkları ve tuzluluğa tolerans dereceleri belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen verilere göre en yüksek sürgün uzunluğu (18.0 cm), sürgün kuru ağırlığı (0.68 g) ve kök kuru ağırlığı (0.049 g) Qhaslala Blanca çeşidinde, kök uzunluğu (7.6 cm) Red Head ve Moqu Arrochilla çeşitlerinde belirlenmiştir. Tuzluluk seviyesine bağlı olarak kök ve sürgün gelişmesi önemli seviyede gerilemiştir. Ancak çeşitlerin tuzluluk seviyelerine gösterdiği tepkiler farklı bulunmuştur. Titicaca ve Mint Vanilla tuzluluğa toleransı yüksek olan çeşitler olarak belirlenmişlerdir. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kinoa,Genotip,Tuz stresi,Sürgün ve kök büyümesi

Kaynakça

1. Adolf, V.I., Shabala, S., Andersen, MN., Razzaghi, F., Jacobsen, S.E., 2012. Varietal differences of quinoa’s tolerance to saline conditions. Plant and Soil, 357:117-129.
2. Adolf, V.I., Jacobsen, S.E., Shabala, S., 2013. Salt tolerance mechanisms in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). Environmental and Experimental Botany, 92:43-54.
3. Akçay, E., Tan, M., 2018. Farklı tuz konsantrasyonlarında kinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)’nın çimlenme özelliklerinin belirlenmesi. Alınteri Zirai Bil. Derg., 33(1): 85-91.
4. Ashraf, M., 1994. Breeding for salinity tolerance in plants. Critical Rev. in Plant Sci., 13:17-42.
5. Atak, M., Kaya, M.D., Kaya, G., Kıllı, Y., Ciftci, C.Y., 2006. Effects of NaCl on the germination, seedling growth and water uptake of Triticale. Turkish J. Agric. Forestry, 30: 39-47.
6. Cardozo, A., Tapia, M.E., 1979. Valor Nutritivo. Quinua y la Kaniwa. Cultivos Andinos. In: Tapia, ME. (Ed.), Serie Libros y Materiales Educativos, Vol. 49, Instituto Interamericano de Ciencias Agricolas, Bogota, Columbia, pp. 149-192.
7. Dumanoğlu, Z., Işık, D., Geren, H., 2016. Kinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)’da Farklı tuz (NaCl) yoğunluklarının tane verimi ve bazı verim unsurlarına etkisi. Ege Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Derg., 53(2): 153-159.
8. Eisa, S., Hussin, S., Geissler, N., Koyro, H.W., 2012. Effect of NaCl salinity on water relations, photosynthesis and chemical composition of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) as a potential cash crop halophyte, AJCS, 6(2): 357-368.

9. Elkoca, E., 1997. Fasulye (Phaseolus vulgaris L)’de Tuza Dayanıklılık Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Atatürk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enst. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Erzurum.
10. Elkoca, E., Haliloglu, K., Esitken, A., Ercisli, S., 2007. Hydro and osmopriming improve chickpea germination. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section B-Soil and Plant Science, 57: 193-200.
11. Elkoca, E., Kantar, F., Güvenç, İ., 2003. Değişik NaCl konsantrasyonlarının kuru fasulye (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotiplerinin çimlenme ve fide gelişmesine etkileri. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 34 (1): 1-8.
12. Epstein, E., 1985. Salt-tolerant crops: origin, development, and prospects of the concept. Plant and Soil, 89: 187-198.FAO, 2008. Land and plant nutrition management service. Available from, www.fao.org/ag/agl/agll/spush. (04.05.2017)
13. Garcia, M., Raes, D., Jacobsen, S.E., 2003. Evapotranspiration analysis and irrigation requirements of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) in the Bolivian highlands. Agric. Water Management, 60: 119-134.
14. Goertz, S.H., Coons, J.M., 1991, Tolerance of tepary and navy beans to NaCl during germination and emergence. Hortscience, 26: 246-249.
15. Güldüren Ş., Elkoca E., 2012. Kuzey Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi ve Çoruh Vadisi’nden toplanan bazı Fasulye (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotiplerinin çimlenme döneminde tuza toleransları. Atatürk Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Derg., 43 (1): 29-41.
16. Hariadi, Y., Marandon, K., Tian, Y., Jacobsen, S.E., Shabala, S., 2011. Ionic and osmotic relations in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) plant grown at various salinity levels. J. Exp. Bot., 62: 185-193.
17. Jacobsen, S.E., Mujica, A., Jensen, A.C., 2003.The resistance of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) to adverse abiotic factors. Food Reviews International, 19: 1-2.
18. Jensen C.R., Jacobsen S.E., Andersen M.N., Nunez N., Andersen S.D., Rasmussen L., Mogensen V.O., 2000. Leaf gas exchange and water relations of field quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) during soil drying. European J. Agronomy, 13: 11-25.
19. Koyro, H.W., Eisa, S.S., 2008. Effect of salinity on composition, viability and germination of seeds of Chenopodium quinoa Willd., Plant Soil, 302: 79-90.
20. Peterson, A.J., 2013. Salinity tolerance and nitrogen use efficiency of quinoa for expanded production in temperate North America, Master of Science in Crop Science, Washington State University Department of Crop and Soil Science, Washington.
21. Ruiz K. B., Biondi S., Martinez E. A., Orsini F., Antognoni F., Jacobsen S.E., 2015. Quinoa - A model crop for understanding salt tolerance mechanisms in halophytes. Plant Biosyst. 150: 357-371.
22. Ruiz-Carrasco, K., Antognoni, F., Coulibaly, A.K., Lizardi, S., Covarrubias, A., Martinez, E.A., Molina-Montenegro, M.A., Biondi S., Zurita-Silva, A., 2011. Variation in salinity tolerance of four lowland genotypes of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) as assessed by growth, Physiological Traits and Sodium Transporter Gene Expression, Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 49: 1333-1341.
23. Wilson, C., Read, J.J., Abo-Kassem, E., 2002. Effect of mixed-salt salinity on growth and ion relations of a quinoa and a wheat variety, J. Plant Nutr., 25(12): 2689-2704.
24. Yıldırım, B., Yaşar, F., Özpay, T., Türközü, D., Terzioğlu, Ö., Tamkoç, A., 2008. Variations in response to salt stress among field pea genotypes (Pisum sativum sp. arvense L.). Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 7(8):