Potato Glykoalkaloids: Properties and Biological Activities

Abstract

There are some glycoalkaloids such as solanine, chaconine, solasonine, and tomatine in a significant part of the members of the Solanaceae family, especially potatoes, which are economically produced plants. Since the glycoalkaloid content of potatoes is genetically controlled in addition to environmental conditions, it varies considerably depending on the variety. Factors such as growing conditions, storage, transportation, mechanical damage, sprout development, phytopathogens, heat, and light exposure are other important factors affecting glycoalkaloid accumulation in potatoes. Potato steroidal glycoalkaloids are important components of plant resistance to pests and pathogens, but their high levels can be toxic to humans. The toxicities of steroidal glycoalkaloids are due to their anticholinesterase activity affecting the central nervous system and cell membrane disrupting effects affecting the digestive system and other organs. Accordingly, current safety regulations limit their content in the edible tuber to 20 mg per 100 g fresh weight. The biological effects of glycoalkaloids found in products consumed by humans, such as potatoes, can be beneficial or harmful. Therefore, studies have accelerated to keep the toxic glycoalkaloid level in the tuber at a harmless level for humans and at the same time maintaining a high glycoalkaloid level in the above-ground parts for increasing plant resistance against pathogen and pest attacks. Knowing the functions of the secondary metabolites produced by plants by their nature and investigating the tissue-specific synthesis mechanisms of these substances in terms of both plant defense mechanism and human health are seen as one of the determining factors in the development of new varieties. Therefore, this review focuses on potato glycoalkaloids, their properties, and biological activities as well as the factors affecting glycoalkaloid accumulation and their toxicities.

Keywords

• Biological activity
• potato
• Glycoalkaloid
• solanine
• Solanum tuberosum L.

Patates Glykoalkaloidleri: Özellikleri ve Biyolojik Aktiviteleri

Öz

Ekonomik olarak üretimi yapılan bitkilerden patates başta olmak üzere, Solanaceae familyası üyelerinin önemli bir kısmında solanin, çakonin, solasonin ve tomatin gibi bazı glikoalkaloidler bulunmaktadır. Patateste glikoalkaloid içeriği çevre koşulları ile birlikte genetik olarak da kontrol edildiği için çeşide bağlı olarak önemli derecede değişim göstermektedir. Büyüme koşulları, depolama, taşıma, mekanik zarar, sürgün gelişimi, fitopatojenler, ısı ve ışığa maruz kalma gibi faktörler patateste glikoalkaloid birikimini etkileyen diğer önemli faktörlerdir. Patates steroidal glikoalkaloidleri (SGA'lar) zararlılara ve patojenlere karşı bitki direncinin önemli bileşenleri olmakla birlikte, yüksek seviyeleri insanlar için toksik etki gösterebilmektedir. SGA'ların toksisiteleri merkezi sinir sistemini etkileyen antikolinesteraz aktivitesinden ve sindirim sistemi ve diğer organları etkileyen hücre zarı bütünlüğünü bozucu etkilerinden kaynaklanmaktadır. SGA toksisitesinin alt sınırı yenilebilir yumrularda 20 mg/100 g taze ağırlık ile sınırlandırılmıştır. Patates gibi insanlar tarafından tüketilen ürünlerde bulunan glikoalkaloidlerin biyolojik etkileri faydalı veya zararlı olabilmektedir. Bu nedenle, yumrudaki toksik glikoalkaloid seviyesinin insanlar açısından zararsız seviyede tutulup, aynı zamanda toprak üstü aksamında yüksek glikoalkaloid seviyesini koruyarak patojen ve zararlı saldırılarına karşı bitki direncinin arttırılmasına yönelik çalışmalar yapılmaktadır. Bitkilerin doğaları gereği üretmiş oldukları sekonder metabolitlerin işlev ve fonksiyonlarının bilinmesi ve bu maddelerin hem bitki savunma mekanizması hem de insan sağlığı açısından dokuya özel sentez mekanizmalarının araştırılması, yeni çeşitlerin geliştirilmesinde belirleyici faktörlerden birisi olarak görülmektedir. Bu derlemede, patates glikoalkaloidleri, özellikleri ve biyolojik aktivitelerinin yanı sıra glikoalkaloid birikimini etkileyen faktörler ve toksisiteleri hakkında güncel bilgiler sunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Biyolojik aktivite
• patates
• glikoalkaloid
• solanin
• Solanum tuberosum L.

Kaynakça

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