Bitkilerin Düşük Sıcaklıklara Dayanımında Hücresel ve Moleküler Mekanizmalar

Yıl 2010, Cilt: 41 Sayı: 2, 157 - 167, 20.02.2013

Rafet Aslantaş , Halil Karakurt Yaşar Karakurt

Öz

Sıcaklık, yeryüzünde doğal bitki topluluklarının normal dağılışında etkili olan önemli bir belirleyici faktördür. Pek çok
bitki tür ve çeşidi, çoğu zaman genetik özellikleri çerçevesinde canlı kalabildikleri en düşük sınır derecelerindeki sıcaklıklarla karşı
karşıya kalmaktadır. Soğuğa dayanım sürecinde, bitkiler üşüme ve don stresi sonucu oluşabilecek zararlanmalardan veya
ölümlerden korunmak veya tolerans sağlamak için farklı mekanizmalar geliştirmektedirler. Bunlar; bitkilerde hücre içi ve hücreler
arası don oluşum sürecinin ekzotermik etkileri, don zararı sürecinde hücre membranlarında fiziksel değişimler, dona dayanım ve
soğuk aklimasyonu, soğuk aklimasyonu süresince biyokimyasal değişimler (bitki öz suyunda bulunan bazı çözülebilir
maddelerdeki, hücre membranlarının lipit bileşimindeki, protein miktarındaki, enzim aktivitesindeki, antioksidant sistemdeki, bitki
besin elementlerindeki değişimler gibi) olarak kategorize edilmektedir. Günümüzde soğuğa dayanım sürecinin genetik olarak da
açıklanabilmesi için moleküler düzeyde önemli çalışmalar yürütülmektedir. Bu orijinal derleme makalesinde, dünya üzerinde bitki
tür ve çeşitlerinin yetişmesinde en büyük sınırlayıcı faktör olan üşüme ve donma stresine karşı bitkilerin geliştirdiği savunma
mekanizmaları, bu süreçteki biyofiziksel ve biyokimyasal değişimler ile moleküler düzeydeki gelişmeler mevcut literatür dahilinde
açıklanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bitki, Üşüme ve Donma, Soğuğa Dayanım, Biyofiziksel ve Biyokimyasal Değişim

Kaynakça

• Ameglio, T., Cochard, H., Lacointe, A., Sauter, J., Evers, F., Martignac, M., 2001. Adaptation to cold temperature and response to freezing in walnut tree. Acta Hort., 544: 247-254.
• Arora, R., Palta, J.P., 1991. A loss in plasma membrane ATPase activity and its recovery coincides with incipient freeze-thaw injury and post-thaw recovery in onion bulb scale tissue. Plant Physiol., 95:845-852.
• Asada, K., 1992. Ascorbate peroxidase - a hydrogen peroxide- scavenging enzyme in plants. Physiol. Plant. 85: 235-241.
• Aslantaş, R., 1999. Erzincan Şartlarında yetiştirilen bazı badem (Amygdalus communis L.) çeşit/klon ve tiplerinin vejetatif ve generatif gelişme ile çiçek tomurcuklarının dona dayanım derecelerinin belirlenmesi. Atatürk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, 92s.
• Aslantaş, R., 2008. Bahçe Bitkilerinin dona dayanıklılık fizyolojisi. Atatürk Üniv. Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Ders Notu, Erzurum.
• Baek, S.H., Kwon, I.S., Park, T., Yun, S.J., Kim, J.K., Choi, K.G., 2000. Activities and isozyme profiles of antioxidant enzymes in intercellular compartment of overwintering barley leaves. J. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 33 (5): 385-390.
• Baek, K.H., Skinner, D.Z., 2006. Differential expression of manganese superoxide dismutase sequence variants in near isogenic lines of wheat during cold acclimation. Plant Cell Rep., 25: 223-230.
• Bates, L.S.,1973. Rapid determination of free proline for water stress studies. Plant Soil 39: 205-207.
• Beck, E.H., Heim, R., Hansen, J., 2004. Plant resistance to cold stres: Mechanism and environmental signals triggering frost hardening and dehardening. J. Biosci., 29 (4): 449-459.
• Bertrve, A., Pobitaille, G., Castonguay, Y., Nadaeau, P., Boutin, R., 1997. Changes in ABA and gene expression in cold- acclimated sugar maple. Tree Physiol., 17: 31-37.
• Bolat, İ., 1995. The relationship between frost resistance and seasonal changes in carbohydrate contents in flower buds in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L. cvs Şalak and Tebereze). Acta Hort., 384: 183:187.
• Burak, 1989. Marmara Bölgesi’nde yetiştirilen önemli bazı şeftali çeşitlerinin dona dayanımları üzerinde araştırmalar. Atatürk Bahçe Kültürleri Merkez Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü (Doktora Tez Projesi), Yalova.
• Burke, J.J., 1995. Enzym adaptation to tempeaature. IN - Environment and Phnt Metabolism Flexibility and Acclimation. N. Smirnoff, ed. (BIOS Scientific Publisher Limited),pp. 63-78.
• Chen, H.H., Li, P.H., Brenner, M.L., 1983. Involvement of absisic acid in potato cold acclimation. Plant Physiol., 71: 362-365.
• Crane, F.L., Sun, L.L., Barr, R., Low, H., 1991. Electron and proton transport across the plasma membrane. J. Bioenerg Biomembr 23: 773-803.
• Crespi, M.D., Zabaleta, E.J., Pontis, H.G., Salerno, G.L., 1991. Sucrose synthase expression during cold acclimation in wheat. Plant Physiol., 96: 887-891.
• Dalmannsdottır, S., Helgadottır, A., Gudleıfsson, B.E., 2001. Fatty acid and sugar content in white clower, in relation to frost tolerance and ice-encasement tolerance. Annals of Botany, 88: 753-759.
• Del Rio, L.A., Palma, L.M., Sveolio, F.J., Corpas, G.M., Pastori, P., 1996. Peroxisomes as a source of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide and in stressed plants. Biochem. Soc. Trans., 24: 434-438.
• Demirel, H., 1997. Erzincan Ovası’nda seçilen ve yetiştirilen bazı kayısı çeşitleri ve zerdali tiplerinin dona dayanımları üzerine bir araştırma. Atatürk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Doktora Tezi, Erzurum.
• Dimler, R.J., Shaeter, N.C., Crist, J., 1952. Quantitive paper cromotography of D-Glucose and its Oligosuccharites. Anal. Chem., 24:1411-1414.
• Ercişli, S., 2003. Relationship of seasonal changes in carbohydrates and cold hardiness in buds of two rose hip genotypes. Europ. J. Hort. Sci., 68 (2): 63-66.
• Ertürk, Y., Güleryüz, M., 2007. Erzincan koşullarında bazı yerli ve yabancı kayısı çeşitlerinin düşük sıcaklıklara dayanım derecelerinin belirlenmesi. Tarım Bilimleri Derg., 13(2): 128-136.
• Flurkey, W.H., 1986. Polyphenoloxidase in higher plants: immunological detection and analysis of in vitro translation products. Plant Physiol., 81(2):614–618.
• Foyer, C.H., 1993. Ascorbic acid. LN Antioxidants in Higher Plants. RG. Alscher and J.L.Hess, eds. (Boca Raton, Ann Arbor, London, Tokyo: CRC Press), pp. 31-58.
• Grene, R., 2002. Oxidative stres and acclimation mechanism in plants. American Society of Plant Biologists, The Arabidopsis Book, doi: 10.1119/tab.0036.1.
• Guy, C.L., 1990. Cold acclimation and freezing stress tolerance: role of protein metabolism. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol., 41: 187-223.
• Guy, C.L., Huber, J.L.A., Huber, S.C., 1992. Sucrose phosphate synthase and sucrose accumulation at low temperature. Plant Physiol., 100:502-508.
• Hausladen, A., Alscher, R.G., 1994a. Purification and characterization of glutathione reductase isozymes specific for the state of cold hardiness of Red Spruce. Plant Physiol., 105: 205-213.
• Hausladen, A., Alscher, R.G., 1994b. Cold hardiness-specific glutathione reductase isozymnes in Red Spruce. Plant Physiol., 105: 215-223.
• Havir, E.A., McHale, N.A., 1987. Regulation of Catalase Activity in Leaves of Nicotiana sylvestris by High CO2.Plant Physiol., 89(3): 952–957.
• Howarth, C.J., Ougham, H.J., 1993. Gene expression under tempemture stress. New Phytol., 125: 1-26.
• Iswari, S., Palta, J.P., 1989. Plasma membrane ATPase as a site of functional alteration during cold acclimation and freezing injury. IN Low Temperature Stress Physiology in Crops. PH. Li, ed. (Boca Raton: CRC press), pp. 123- 137.
• Jia, Z., Deluca, C.L., Chao, H., Davies, P.L., 1996. Structural basis for binding of a globular antitifreeze protein to ice. Nature, 384: 285-288.
• Kacar, B., 1972. Bitki ve Toprağın Kimyasal Analizleri II. Bitki Analizleri, Ankara Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Yayınları: 453, Ankara, s596.
• Kendall, E.J., McKersie, B.D., 1989. Free radical and freezing injury to cell membranes of winter wheat. Physiol. Plant., 76:86-94.
• Kocaçalışkan, İ., 2002. Bitki Fizyolojisi, DPU Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi, 2. Baskı, Kütahya.
• Kuroda, H., Sagisaka, S., Asada, M., Chiba, K., 1990. Peroxide- scavencing systems during cold acclimation of apple callus culture. Plant Cell Phsiol., 32: 635-641.
• Küden, A.B., Küden, A., Paydaş, S., Kaşka N., İmrak B., 1998. Bazı ılıman iklim meyve tür ve çeşitlerinin soğuğa dayanıklılığı üzerinde çalışmalar. Tr. J. of Agriculture ve Forestry, 22: 101-109.
• Lewitt, J., 1967. Status of the sulfhydry1 hypothesis of freezing injury and resistance. IN Molecular Mechanisms of Temperature Adaptation. C. Ladd Prosser, ed. (Washington, DC: Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci.), pp. 41-51.
• Lewitt, J., 1980. Responses of Plants to Environmental Stress. Vol. 1 Chiling, freezing, and high temperature stresses (New York London Toronto: academic Press).
• Muradoğlu, F., 1998. Bazı kayısı çeşitlerinin dona dayanıklılık durumlarının saptanması ve kayısılarda dona tolerans ile bitki besin elementleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi üzerine bir araştırma, Y:Y.Ü. Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Van.
• Nakano, Y., Asada, K., 1981. Hydrogen peroxide is scavenged by ascorbatespecific peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts. Plant Cell Physiol., 22, 867–880.
• Neven, L.G., Haskell, D.W., Hofig, A., Li, Q.B., Guy, C.L., 1993. Characterization of a spinach gene responsive to low temperature and water stress. Plant Mol. Biol., 21: 291- 305.
• Nilsen, E.T., Orcutt, D.M., 1996. Physiology of Plants Under Stress (New York Toronto: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.).
• Orr, W., Keller, W.A., Singh, J., 1986. Induction of freezing tolerance in an embryogenic cell suspension culture of Brassica napus by absisic acid at room temperature. J. Plant Physiol., 126: 23-32.
• Pallonen, P., 1999. Relationship of seasonal changes carbohydrates and cold hardiness in canes and buds of tree red raspberry cultivars. J. Amer. Hort. Sci., 124 (5): 507-513.
• Palta, J.P., Weiss, L.S., 1993. Ice formation and freezing injury: An overview on the survival mechanism and molecular aspects of injury and cold acclimation in herbaceous plants. IN Advances in Plant Cold Hardiness. P. Li and L. Christefsson, eds. (Boca Raton, Ann Arbor, London Tokyo: CRC press), pp. 143-176.
• Pearce, R.S., 1988. Extracellular ice and cell shape in frost- stressed cereal leaves: a low temperature scanning electron microscopy study. Planta, l75:3 13-324.
• Pearce, R.S., 1999. Molecular analysis of acclimation to cold. Plant Growth Regulation, 29: 47-76.
• Pearce, R.S., 2001. Plant freezing and damage. Annals of Botany, 87: 417-424.
• Porcel, R., Barea, J.M., Ruiz-Lozano, J.M., 2003. Antioxidant activities in mycorrhizal soybean plants under drought stres and their possible relationship to the process of nodule senescence. New Phytologist, 157: 135-143.
• Puhakainen, T., 2004. Physiological and molecular analyses of cold acclimation of plants. Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Genetics Faculty of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland.
• Pukacki, P., Pukacka, S., 1987. Freezing stress and membrane injury of Norway spruce (Picea abies) tissue. Physiol. Plant., 69: 156- 160.
• Pukacki, P.M., Kendall, E.J., McKersie, B.D., 1991. Membrane injury during freezing stress to winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crowns. J. Plant Physiol., 138: 5l6-52l.
• Regnell, J.C., 1973. Analytical methods in quality control of processed fruit and vegetables. Technical Report no. 11. From the quality control centre, Olive Culture Reserach Institute. Bornova, İzmir.
• Sakai, A., Larcher, W., 1987. Frost Survivai in Plants: Responses and Adaptations to Freezing Stress (New York, USA: Springer-Verilag).
• Sakamoto, T., Murata, N., 2002. Regulation of the desaturation of fatty acids and its role in tolerance to cold and salt stres. Current Opinion in Microbiology, 5: 206-210.
• Scebba, F., Sebastiani, L., Vitagliano, C., 1998. Changes in activity of antioxidative enzymes in wheat (Triticum aestivum) seedlings under cold acclimation. Phsiologia Plantarum, 104: 747-752.
• Smala, S., Yan, J., Baird, V., 1998. Changes in polar fatty acid composition during cold acclimation in ‘Midiron’ and ‘U3’ Bermudagrass, Crop Sci., 38: 188-195.
• Savitch, L.V., Harney, T., Huner, N.P.A., 2000. Sucrose metabolism in spring and winter wheat in response to high irradiance, cold stres and cold acclimation. Phsiologia Plantarum, 108: 270-278.
• Serrano, A., Cordoba, F., Gonzales-Reyes, J.A., Santos, C., Navas, P., Villalba, J.M., 1995. NADH-specific dehydrogenase from onion root plasma membrane:purification and characterization. Protoplasma, 181: 133-139.
• Shanzhi, L., Huan, G., Wenfeng, L., Yuanzhen, L., Qian, Z., Dongmei, H., Baoqing, Z., Zhiyi, Z., 2002. Forestry Studies in China, 6(4): 1-7.
• Shewfelt, R.L., Ericson, M.E., 1991. Role of lipid peroxidation in the mechanism of membrane-associated disorders in edible plant tissue. Trends Food Sci. Technol., 2: 152-154.
• Shewfelt, R.L., 1992. Response of plant membranes to chilling ve freezing. IN Plant Membranes: a biophysical approach to structure, development and senescence. Y.Y. Leshem, ed. (Dordrecht. Boston, London: KIuwer Acdemic Publishers), pp. 192-219.
• Smallwood, M., Bowles, D.J., 2002. Plants in a cold climate. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 357: 831-847.
• Smirnoff, N., 1993. The role of active oxygen in the response of plants to water deficit and desiccation. New Phytol., 125:27- 58.
• Smirnoff, N.,1995a. Metabolic flexibility in relation to the environment. In Environment and Plant Metabolism Flexibility and Acclimation. N. Smirnoff, ed. (BIOS Scientific Publisher Limited), pp. 1-16.
• Smirnoff, N.,1995b. Antioxidant systems and plant response to environment. In Environment and Plant Metabolism Flexibility and Acclimation. N. Smirnoff, ed. (BIOS Scientific Publisher Limited), pp. 217-243.
• Steponkus, P.L., 1984. Rolee of the plasma membrane in freezing injury and cold acclimation. Annu. Rev. Plant Phsiol., 35: 543-586.
• Szalai, G., Jvea, T., Paldi, E., Dubacq, J.P., 2001. Changes in the fatty acid unsaturation after hardening in wheat chrosome substitution lines with different cold tolerance. J. Plant Physiol., 158: 663-666.
• Szalay, L., Hegedüs, A., Banyai, E.S., 2005. Presumable protective role of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase enzymes against freezing stres in peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch). Acta Biologica Szegendiensis, 49 (1-2): 121-122.
• Tao, D.L., Öquist, G., Wingsle, G., 1998. active oxygen scavengers during cold acclimation of Scots Pine seedlings in relation to freezing tolerance. Cryobiology, 37: 38-45.
• Teklemariam, T.A., Blake, T.J., 2004. Phenylalanine ammonia- lyase-induced freezing tolerance in Jackpine (Pinus banksiana) seedlings treated with low, ambient levels of ultraviolet-B radiation. Physiologia Plantarum, 122: 244- 253.
• Thomashow, M.F., 1990. Molecular genetics ofcold acclimationin higher plants. Adv. Genet. 28: 99-131.
• Thompson, G.A., 1989. Molecular changes in membrane lipids during cold stress. In Eavironmental Stress in Plants. J. H. Cherry, ed. (Berlin: Springer Verlag).
• Tseng, M.J., Li, P.H., 1990. Alterations of gene expression in potato (Solanum commersonii) during cold acclimation. Physiol. Plant., 78: 538-547.
• Uemura, M., Joseph, R.A., Steponkus, P.L., 1995. Cold acclimation of Arabidopsis thaliana effect on plasma membrane lipid composition and freeze-induced lesions. Plant Physiol.,109: 15-30.
• Vagujfalvi, A., Kerepesi, I., Galiba, G., Tischner, T., Sutka, J., 1999. Frost hardiness depending on carbohydrate changes during cold acclimation in wheat. Plant Sci., 144: 85-92.
• Welti, R., Li, W., Li, M., Sang, Y., Biesiada, H., Zhou, H., Rajashekar, C.B., Williams, T.D., Wang, X., 2002. Profiling membrane lipids in plant stres responses. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 277 (35): 31994-32002.
• Wisniewski, M., Basett, C., 2003. An overview of cold hardiness in woody plants: Seeing the forest through the trees. Hortscience, 38 (5).
• Veerson, J.V., Hess, J.L., Chevone, B.I., 1990. Purification, characterization, and immunological properties for two isoforms of glutathione reductase from eastem white pine needles. Plant Physiol., 94: 1402-1409.
• Yiğit, D., Güleryüz, M., 1995. Farklı doz ve derinliklerde uygulanan potasyumn sülfat gübresinin Kütahya vişne çeşidinin soğuğa dayanımına etkisi üzerinde bir araştırma. II. Bahçe Bitkileri Kongresi I, 253-258.
• Yoshida, S., 1984. Chemical and Biophysical changes in the plasma membrane during cold acclimation of mulberry bark cells (Morus bombycis Koidz. cv goroji). Plant Physiol., 76: 257-265.
• Zhao, S., 1998. Induction of freezing tolerance in Jack Pine seedlings: changes in lipids, oxidation-reduction and antioxidant enzymes during cold acclimation, Department of Botany, Toronto University, PhD Thesis, p166.