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Potato Glykoalkaloids: Properties and Biological Activities

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 53 Sayı: 1, 88 - 96, 01.01.2022
https://doi.org/10.17097/ataunizfd.972400

Öz

There are some glycoalkaloids such as solanine, chaconine, solasonine, and tomatine in a significant part of the members of the Solanaceae family, especially potatoes, which are economically produced plants. Since the glycoalkaloid content of potatoes is genetically controlled in addition to environmental conditions, it varies considerably depending on the variety. Factors such as growing conditions, storage, transportation, mechanical damage, sprout development, phytopathogens, heat, and light exposure are other important factors affecting glycoalkaloid accumulation in potatoes. Potato steroidal glycoalkaloids are important components of plant resistance to pests and pathogens, but their high levels can be toxic to humans. The toxicities of steroidal glycoalkaloids are due to their anticholinesterase activity affecting the central nervous system and cell membrane disrupting effects affecting the digestive system and other organs. Accordingly, current safety regulations limit their content in the edible tuber to 20 mg per 100 g fresh weight. The biological effects of glycoalkaloids found in products consumed by humans, such as potatoes, can be beneficial or harmful. Therefore, studies have accelerated to keep the toxic glycoalkaloid level in the tuber at a harmless level for humans and at the same time maintaining a high glycoalkaloid level in the above-ground parts for increasing plant resistance against pathogen and pest attacks. Knowing the functions of the secondary metabolites produced by plants by their nature and investigating the tissue-specific synthesis mechanisms of these substances in terms of both plant defense mechanism and human health are seen as one of the determining factors in the development of new varieties. Therefore, this review focuses on potato glycoalkaloids, their properties, and biological activities as well as the factors affecting glycoalkaloid accumulation and their toxicities.

Kaynakça

  • Abreu, P., Relva, A., Matthew, S., Gomes, Z., Morais, Z., 2007. High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Glycoalkaloids In Potatoes From Conventional, İntegrated and Organic Crop Systems. Food Control, 18,40–44.
  • Allen, E.H., Kuc, J., 1968. a-Solanine and a- Chaconine as Fungitoxic Compounds In Extracts of Irish Potato Tubers. Phytopathology, 58, 776-781.
  • Andreu, A., Oliva, C., Distel, S., Daleo, G., 2001. Production of Phytoalexins, Glycoalkaloids and Phenolics In Leaves and Tubers of Potato Cultivars with Different Degrees of Field Resistance After İnfection with Phytophthora İnfestans. Potato Res, 44, 1-9.
  • Anonymous, 1992. Food and Agriculture Organization / World Health Organization, Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives.
  • Austin, S., Lojkowska, E., Ehlenfeldt, M.K., Kelman, A. Helgeson, J.P., 1988. Fertile İnterspecific Somatic Hybrids of Solanum: A Novel Source of Resistance To Erwinia Soft Rot. Phytopathology, 78, 1216–1220.
  • Bushway, A., Bushway, R., Kim, C., 1988. Isolaton, Partial Purification And Characterization Of A Potato Peel Glycoalkaloid Glycosidase. American Potato Journal, 65(11), 621-631.
  • Cantwell, M., 1996. A Review of Important Facts About Potato Glycoalkaloids. Perishables Handling Newsletter, 87, 26–27.
  • Choi, D., Ward, B.L. Bostock, R.M., 1992. Differential İnduction and Suppression of Potato 3-Hydroxy-3- Methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase Genes In Response To Phytophthora İnfestans and To its Elicitor Arachidonic Acid. Plant Cell, 4, 1333–1344.
  • Chowanski, S., Adamski, Z., Marciniak, P., Rosinski, G., Buyukguzel, E., Buyukguzel, K., Falabella, P., Scrano, L., Ventrella, E., Lelario, F., Bufo, S.A., 2016. A Review of Bioinsecticidal Activity of Solanaceae Alkaloids. Toxins, 8(3), 1–28.
  • Cipollini, M.L., Levey, D.J., 1997. Antifungal Activity of Solanum Fruit Glycoalkaloids: İmplications for Frugivory and Seed Dispersal. Ecology, 78, 799–809.
  • Czopek, A.T., Szyszka, M.J., Lisinska, G., 2008. Changes In Glycoalkaloids Content of Potatoes Destined for Consumption. Food Chemistry, 106(2), 706–711.
  • Czopek, T.A., Rytel, E., Kita, A., Peksa, A., Hamouz, K., 2012. The İnfluence of Thermal Process of Coloured Potatoes On the Content of Glycoalkaloids In the Potato Products. Food Chemistry, 133(4), 1117–1122.
  • Dale, M.F.B., Grfiffiths, D.W., Bain, H., Todd, D., 1993. Glycoalkaloid İncrease In Solanum Tuberosum On Exposure to Light. Annals of Applied Biology, 123, 411–418. Deahl, K.L., Cantelo, W.W., Sinden, S.L., Sanford, L.L., 1991. The Effect of Light İntensity On Colorado Potato Beetle Resistance and Foliar Glycoalkaloid Concentration of Four Solanum Chacoense Clones. Am Potato J, 68, 659–666.
  • Delporte Vergara, C., Backhouse Erazo, N., Negrete, R., Salinas, P., Rivas Rubio, P.A., Niven, C., Bruce, K., San Feliciano, A., 1998. Antipyretic, Hypothermic and Antiinflammatory Activities and Metabolites From Solanum Ligustrinum Lood. Phytotherapy Research, 12(2), 118-122.
  • Dimenstein, L., Lisker, N., Kedar, N. Levy, D., 1997. Changes In The Content of Steroidal Glycoalkaloids In Potato Tubers Grown In the Field and In the Greenhouse Under Different Conditions of Light, Temperature and Day.
  • Eltayeb, E.A., Al-Ansari, A.S., & Roddick, J.G., 1997. Changes In the Steroidal Alkaloid Solasodine During Development of Solanum Nigrum and Solanum İncanum. Phytochemistry, 46, 489–494.
  • FAO/WHO, 1999. Summary of Evaluations Performed By the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee On Food Additives (JECFA). Washington, ILSI Press.
  • Fewell, A.M., Roddick, .J.G., 1997. Potato Glycoalkaloid İmpairment of Fungal Development. Mycol Res, 101, 597-603.
  • Fewell, A.M., & Roddick, J.G., 1993. Interactive Antifungal Activity of the Glycoalkaloids Α-Solanine and Α-Chaconine. Phytochemistry, 33(2), 323-328.
  • Fewell, A.M., Roddick, J.G., Weissenberg, M., 1994. Interactions Between the Glycoalkaloids Solasonine and Solamargin In Relation to İnhibition of Fungal Growth. Phytochemistry, 37, 1007–1011.
  • Friedman, M., 2002. Tomato Glycoalkaloids: Role In the Plant and In the Diet. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50(21), 5751-5780.
  • Friedman, M., 2005. Analysis of biologically active compounds in potatoes (solanum tuberosum), tomatoes (lycopersicon esculentum), and jimson weed (datura stramonium) seeds. Journal of Chromatography A; 1054: 143-155.
  • Friedman, M., 2006. Potato Glycoalkaloids and Metabolites: Roles İn The Plant and In the Diet. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54, 8655–8681. Friedman, M., Dao, L., 1992. Distribution Of Glycoalkaloids In Potato Plants and Commercial Potato Products. J Agric Food Chem, 40, 419–423.
  • Friedman, M., Mcdonald, G.M., 1999. Postharvest Changes In Glycoalkaloid Content of Potatoes. Advances In Experimental Medicine and Biology, 459, 121–143.
  • Friedman, M., Fitch, T., Yokoyama, W., 2000. Lowering Of Plasma LDL Cholesterol In Hamsters By the Tomato Glycoalkaloid Tomatine. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 38(7), 549-553.
  • Friedman, M., Mcdonald, G.M., Keszi, M.F., 1997. Potato Glycoalkaloids: Chemistry, Analysis, Safety and Plant Physiology. Critical Reviews In Plant Sciences, 16(1), 55–132.
  • Golubeva, S., 1966. Experiences In the Diagnosis of Food Allergy And it's Treatment with Solanine. Vestnik Otorinolaringologii, 28(6), 23.
  • Greenhagen, B.T., Schoenbeck, M.A., Yeo, Y.S., Chappell, J., 2003. The Chemical Wizardry of İsoprenoid Metabolism In Plants. In: Romeo JT (Ed) Integrative Phytochemistry: From Ethnobotany to Molecular Ecology. Pergamon, Amsterdam, 231–251.
  • Gregory, P., 1984. Glycoalkaloid Composition of Potatoes: Diversity and Biological İmplications. Am Potato J, 61, 115-122.
  • Hajslova, J., Schulzova, V., Slanina, P., Janne, K., Hellenas, K.E., Andersson, C., 2005. Quality of Organically and Conventionally Grown Potatoes: Four-Year Study of Micronutrients, Metals, Secondary Metabolites, Enzymic Browning and Organoleptic Properties. Food Addit Contam, 22, 514–534.
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Patates Glykoalkaloidleri: Özellikleri ve Biyolojik Aktiviteleri

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 53 Sayı: 1, 88 - 96, 01.01.2022
https://doi.org/10.17097/ataunizfd.972400

Öz

Ekonomik olarak üretimi yapılan bitkilerden patates başta olmak üzere, Solanaceae familyası üyelerinin önemli bir kısmında solanin, çakonin, solasonin ve tomatin gibi bazı glikoalkaloidler bulunmaktadır. Patateste glikoalkaloid içeriği çevre koşulları ile birlikte genetik olarak da kontrol edildiği için çeşide bağlı olarak önemli derecede değişim göstermektedir. Büyüme koşulları, depolama, taşıma, mekanik zarar, sürgün gelişimi, fitopatojenler, ısı ve ışığa maruz kalma gibi faktörler patateste glikoalkaloid birikimini etkileyen diğer önemli faktörlerdir. Patates steroidal glikoalkaloidleri (SGA'lar) zararlılara ve patojenlere karşı bitki direncinin önemli bileşenleri olmakla birlikte, yüksek seviyeleri insanlar için toksik etki gösterebilmektedir. SGA'ların toksisiteleri merkezi sinir sistemini etkileyen antikolinesteraz aktivitesinden ve sindirim sistemi ve diğer organları etkileyen hücre zarı bütünlüğünü bozucu etkilerinden kaynaklanmaktadır. SGA toksisitesinin alt sınırı yenilebilir yumrularda 20 mg/100 g taze ağırlık ile sınırlandırılmıştır. Patates gibi insanlar tarafından tüketilen ürünlerde bulunan glikoalkaloidlerin biyolojik etkileri faydalı veya zararlı olabilmektedir. Bu nedenle, yumrudaki toksik glikoalkaloid seviyesinin insanlar açısından zararsız seviyede tutulup, aynı zamanda toprak üstü aksamında yüksek glikoalkaloid seviyesini koruyarak patojen ve zararlı saldırılarına karşı bitki direncinin arttırılmasına yönelik çalışmalar yapılmaktadır. Bitkilerin doğaları gereği üretmiş oldukları sekonder metabolitlerin işlev ve fonksiyonlarının bilinmesi ve bu maddelerin hem bitki savunma mekanizması hem de insan sağlığı açısından dokuya özel sentez mekanizmalarının araştırılması, yeni çeşitlerin geliştirilmesinde belirleyici faktörlerden birisi olarak görülmektedir. Bu derlemede, patates glikoalkaloidleri, özellikleri ve biyolojik aktivitelerinin yanı sıra glikoalkaloid birikimini etkileyen faktörler ve toksisiteleri hakkında güncel bilgiler sunulmuştur.

Kaynakça

  • Abreu, P., Relva, A., Matthew, S., Gomes, Z., Morais, Z., 2007. High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Glycoalkaloids In Potatoes From Conventional, İntegrated and Organic Crop Systems. Food Control, 18,40–44.
  • Allen, E.H., Kuc, J., 1968. a-Solanine and a- Chaconine as Fungitoxic Compounds In Extracts of Irish Potato Tubers. Phytopathology, 58, 776-781.
  • Andreu, A., Oliva, C., Distel, S., Daleo, G., 2001. Production of Phytoalexins, Glycoalkaloids and Phenolics In Leaves and Tubers of Potato Cultivars with Different Degrees of Field Resistance After İnfection with Phytophthora İnfestans. Potato Res, 44, 1-9.
  • Anonymous, 1992. Food and Agriculture Organization / World Health Organization, Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives.
  • Austin, S., Lojkowska, E., Ehlenfeldt, M.K., Kelman, A. Helgeson, J.P., 1988. Fertile İnterspecific Somatic Hybrids of Solanum: A Novel Source of Resistance To Erwinia Soft Rot. Phytopathology, 78, 1216–1220.
  • Bushway, A., Bushway, R., Kim, C., 1988. Isolaton, Partial Purification And Characterization Of A Potato Peel Glycoalkaloid Glycosidase. American Potato Journal, 65(11), 621-631.
  • Cantwell, M., 1996. A Review of Important Facts About Potato Glycoalkaloids. Perishables Handling Newsletter, 87, 26–27.
  • Choi, D., Ward, B.L. Bostock, R.M., 1992. Differential İnduction and Suppression of Potato 3-Hydroxy-3- Methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase Genes In Response To Phytophthora İnfestans and To its Elicitor Arachidonic Acid. Plant Cell, 4, 1333–1344.
  • Chowanski, S., Adamski, Z., Marciniak, P., Rosinski, G., Buyukguzel, E., Buyukguzel, K., Falabella, P., Scrano, L., Ventrella, E., Lelario, F., Bufo, S.A., 2016. A Review of Bioinsecticidal Activity of Solanaceae Alkaloids. Toxins, 8(3), 1–28.
  • Cipollini, M.L., Levey, D.J., 1997. Antifungal Activity of Solanum Fruit Glycoalkaloids: İmplications for Frugivory and Seed Dispersal. Ecology, 78, 799–809.
  • Czopek, A.T., Szyszka, M.J., Lisinska, G., 2008. Changes In Glycoalkaloids Content of Potatoes Destined for Consumption. Food Chemistry, 106(2), 706–711.
  • Czopek, T.A., Rytel, E., Kita, A., Peksa, A., Hamouz, K., 2012. The İnfluence of Thermal Process of Coloured Potatoes On the Content of Glycoalkaloids In the Potato Products. Food Chemistry, 133(4), 1117–1122.
  • Dale, M.F.B., Grfiffiths, D.W., Bain, H., Todd, D., 1993. Glycoalkaloid İncrease In Solanum Tuberosum On Exposure to Light. Annals of Applied Biology, 123, 411–418. Deahl, K.L., Cantelo, W.W., Sinden, S.L., Sanford, L.L., 1991. The Effect of Light İntensity On Colorado Potato Beetle Resistance and Foliar Glycoalkaloid Concentration of Four Solanum Chacoense Clones. Am Potato J, 68, 659–666.
  • Delporte Vergara, C., Backhouse Erazo, N., Negrete, R., Salinas, P., Rivas Rubio, P.A., Niven, C., Bruce, K., San Feliciano, A., 1998. Antipyretic, Hypothermic and Antiinflammatory Activities and Metabolites From Solanum Ligustrinum Lood. Phytotherapy Research, 12(2), 118-122.
  • Dimenstein, L., Lisker, N., Kedar, N. Levy, D., 1997. Changes In The Content of Steroidal Glycoalkaloids In Potato Tubers Grown In the Field and In the Greenhouse Under Different Conditions of Light, Temperature and Day.
  • Eltayeb, E.A., Al-Ansari, A.S., & Roddick, J.G., 1997. Changes In the Steroidal Alkaloid Solasodine During Development of Solanum Nigrum and Solanum İncanum. Phytochemistry, 46, 489–494.
  • FAO/WHO, 1999. Summary of Evaluations Performed By the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee On Food Additives (JECFA). Washington, ILSI Press.
  • Fewell, A.M., Roddick, .J.G., 1997. Potato Glycoalkaloid İmpairment of Fungal Development. Mycol Res, 101, 597-603.
  • Fewell, A.M., & Roddick, J.G., 1993. Interactive Antifungal Activity of the Glycoalkaloids Α-Solanine and Α-Chaconine. Phytochemistry, 33(2), 323-328.
  • Fewell, A.M., Roddick, J.G., Weissenberg, M., 1994. Interactions Between the Glycoalkaloids Solasonine and Solamargin In Relation to İnhibition of Fungal Growth. Phytochemistry, 37, 1007–1011.
  • Friedman, M., 2002. Tomato Glycoalkaloids: Role In the Plant and In the Diet. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50(21), 5751-5780.
  • Friedman, M., 2005. Analysis of biologically active compounds in potatoes (solanum tuberosum), tomatoes (lycopersicon esculentum), and jimson weed (datura stramonium) seeds. Journal of Chromatography A; 1054: 143-155.
  • Friedman, M., 2006. Potato Glycoalkaloids and Metabolites: Roles İn The Plant and In the Diet. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54, 8655–8681. Friedman, M., Dao, L., 1992. Distribution Of Glycoalkaloids In Potato Plants and Commercial Potato Products. J Agric Food Chem, 40, 419–423.
  • Friedman, M., Mcdonald, G.M., 1999. Postharvest Changes In Glycoalkaloid Content of Potatoes. Advances In Experimental Medicine and Biology, 459, 121–143.
  • Friedman, M., Fitch, T., Yokoyama, W., 2000. Lowering Of Plasma LDL Cholesterol In Hamsters By the Tomato Glycoalkaloid Tomatine. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 38(7), 549-553.
  • Friedman, M., Mcdonald, G.M., Keszi, M.F., 1997. Potato Glycoalkaloids: Chemistry, Analysis, Safety and Plant Physiology. Critical Reviews In Plant Sciences, 16(1), 55–132.
  • Golubeva, S., 1966. Experiences In the Diagnosis of Food Allergy And it's Treatment with Solanine. Vestnik Otorinolaringologii, 28(6), 23.
  • Greenhagen, B.T., Schoenbeck, M.A., Yeo, Y.S., Chappell, J., 2003. The Chemical Wizardry of İsoprenoid Metabolism In Plants. In: Romeo JT (Ed) Integrative Phytochemistry: From Ethnobotany to Molecular Ecology. Pergamon, Amsterdam, 231–251.
  • Gregory, P., 1984. Glycoalkaloid Composition of Potatoes: Diversity and Biological İmplications. Am Potato J, 61, 115-122.
  • Hajslova, J., Schulzova, V., Slanina, P., Janne, K., Hellenas, K.E., Andersson, C., 2005. Quality of Organically and Conventionally Grown Potatoes: Four-Year Study of Micronutrients, Metals, Secondary Metabolites, Enzymic Browning and Organoleptic Properties. Food Addit Contam, 22, 514–534.
  • Hellenas, K.E., Nyman, A., Slanina, P., Loof, L., Gabrielsson, J., 1992. Determination of Potato Glycoalkaloids and Their Aglycone In Blood Serum By High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Application To Pharmacokinetic Studies In Humans. Journal of Chromatography Biomedical Applications, 573, 69–78.
  • Hlywka, J.J., Stephenson, G.R., Sears, M.K., Yada, R.Y., 1994. Effects of İnsect Damage On Glycoalkaloid Content In Potatoes (Solanum Tuberosum). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 42(11), 2545-2550.
  • Holland, H.L., Taylor, G.J., 1979. Transformations of Steroids and the Steroidal Alkaloid, Solanine, By Phytophthora İnfestans. Phytochemistry, 18(3), 437-440.
  • Jansky, S.H. (2010). Potato Flavor. American Journal of Potato Research, 87(2), 209–217. Johns, T., Keen, S.L., 1986. Taste Evaluation of Potato Glycoalkaloids By the Ayamara: A Case Study In Human Chemical Ecology. Human Ecology, 14(4), 437–452.
  • Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee On Food Additives, 1992. Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Naturally Occurring Toxicants. WHO Technical Report Series 828, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland.
  • Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee On Food Additives, 1993. Solanine And Chaconine. In: Toxicological Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Naturally Occurring Toxicants, WHO Food Additive Series: 30. World Health Organization, Geneva.
  • Karim, M.S., Percival, G.C., Dixon, G.R., 1997. Comparative Composition of Aerial and Subterranean Potato Tubers (Solanum Tuberosum L). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 75, 251–257.
  • Kirui, K.G., Misra, A.K., Olanya, O.M., El-Bedewy, R., Ewell, P.T., Friedman, M., 2009. Glycoalkaloid Content of Some Superior Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.) Clones and Commercial Cultivars. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 42, 453–463.
  • Papathanasiou, F., Mitchell, S.H., Watson, S., Harvey, B.M.R., 1999. Effect of Environmental Stress During Tuber Development On Accumulation of Glycoalkaloids In Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.).
  • Pehu, E., Gibson, R.W., Jones, M.G.K., Karp, A., 1990. Studies On the Genetic Basis of Resistance to Potato Leaf Roll Virus, Potato Virus Y and Potato Virus X In Solanum Brevidens Using Somatic Hybrids of Solanum Brevidens and Solanum Tuberosum. Plant Sci, 69, 95–101.
  • Peksa, A., Golubowska, G., Aniolowski, K., Lisinska, G., Rytel, E., 2006. Changes of Glycoalkoaloids and Nitrate Contents In Potatoes During Chips Processing. Food Chemistry, 97, 151–156.
  • Percival, G.C., Karim, M.S., Dixon, G.R., 1998. Influence of Light Enhanced Glycoalkaloids On Resistance of Potato Tubers to Fusarium Sulphureum and Fusarium Solani Var. Coeruleum. Plant Pathol, 47, 665–670.
  • Rayburn, J.R., Bantle, J.A., Friedman, M., 1994. Role of Carbohydrate Side-Chains of Potato Glycoalkaloids In Developmental Toxicity. J Agric Food Chem, 42, 1511–1515.
  • Roddick, J.G., 1987. Antifungal Activity Of Plant Steroids. In Ecology And Metabolism of Plant Lipids (G. Fuller And W.D. Nes, Eds), 286- 303. American Chemical Society Symposium 325, Washington D.C., The American Chemical Society.
  • Roddick, J.G., Rijnenberg, A.L., Osman, S.F., 1988. Synergistic İnteraction Between Potato Glycoalkaloid Α-Solanine An Α-Chaconine In Relation To Destabilization of Cell Membranes: Ecological İmplications. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 14(3), 889-902.
  • Rokka, V.M., Xu, Y.S., Kankila, J., Kuusela, A., Pulli, S., Pehu, E., 1994. Identification of Somatic Hybrids of Dihaploid Solanum Tuberosum Lines and S. Brevidens By Species Specific RAPD Patterns and Assessment of Disease Resistance of the Hybrids. Euphytica, 80, 207.
  • Ronning, C.M., Sanford, L.L., Kobayashi, R.S., Kowalski, S.P., 1998. Foliar Leptine Production In Segregating F1, İnter-F1, and Backcross Families of Solanum Chacoense Bitter. Am J Potato Res, 75, 137–143.
  • Rytel, E., Golubowska, G., Lisinska, G., Peksa, A., Aniolowski, K., 2005. Changes In Glycoalkaloid and Nitrate Contents In Potatoes During French Fries Pro-Cessing. Journal of the Science of Food And Agriculture, 85, 879–882.
  • Sanford, L., Deahl, K., Sinden, S., Ladd, T., 1990. Foliar Solanidine Glycoside Levels İnsolanum Tuberosum Populations Selected for Potato Leafhopper Resistance. American Potato Journal, 67(7), 461-466.
  • Sanford, L.L., Deahl, K.L., Sinden, S.L., Ladd, T.L., 1992. Glycoalkaloid Contents In Tubers From Solanum Tuberosum Populations Selected for Potato Leafhopper Resistance. Am Potato J, 69, 693–703.
  • Sanford, L.L., Kobayashi, R.S., Deahl, K.L., Sinden, S.L., 1997. Diploid and Tetraploid Solanum Chacoense Genotypes That Synthesize Leptine Glycoalkaloids and Deter Feeding By Colorado Potato Beetle. Am Potato J, 74, 15–21.
  • Sarquis, J.I., Coria, N.A., Aguilar, I., Rivera, A., 2000. Glycoalkaloid Content In Solanum Species and Hybrids From A Breeding Program for Resistance to Late Blight (Phytophthora İnfestans). Am J Potato Res, 77, 295–302.
  • Sharma, R.P., Salunkhe, D.K., 1989. Solanum Glycoalkaloids. In: Toxicants of Plant Origin, Vol. 1. Alkaloids. Cheeke P.R. (Ed). USA: CRC Press, P. 179–236.
  • Sinden, S.L., Sanford, L.L., Cantelo, W.W., Deahl, K.L., 1988. Bioassays of segregating plants. A strategy for studying chemical defences. J Chem Ecol 14:1941–1950.
  • Sinden, S.L., Sanford, L.L., Osman, S.F., 1980. Glycoalkaloids and resistance to the Colorado potato beetle in Solanum chacoense Bitter. Am Potato J 57:331–343.
  • Sinden, S.L., Deahl, K.L., Aulenbach, B.B., 1976. Effect Of Glycoalkaloids and Phenolics on Potato Flavor. Journal Of Food Science, 41(3), 520–523.
  • Sinden, S.L., Sanford, L.L., Webb, R.E., 1984. Genetic and Environmental Control of Potato Glycoalkaloids. Am Potato J, 61, 141-156.
  • Smith, D.B., Roddick, J.G., Jones, J.L., 1996. Potato Glycoalkaloids: Some Unanswered Questions. Trends InFood Science and Technology, 7, 126–131.
  • Sun, F., Li, S., He, D., Cao, G., Ni, X., Tai, G., Zhou, Y., Wang, D., 2010. Effects of Glycoalkaloids From Solanum Plants on Cucumber Root Growth. Phytochemistry, 71(13), 1534-1538.
  • Swain, A., Fitzpatrick, T., Talley, E., Herb, S., Osman, S., 1978. Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Α-Chaconine and Α-Solanine. Phytochemistry, 17.
  • Tingey, W.M., Sinden, S.L., 1982. Glandular Pubescence, Glycoalkaloid Composition, and Resistance to the Green Peach Aphid, Potato Leafhopper, and Potato Fleabeetle In Solanum Berthaultii. American Potato Journal, 59(3), 95-106.
  • Usman, A., 2013. Effect of wounding and light exposure on sterol, glycoalkaloid, and calystegine levels in potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L. Group Tuberosum). Faculty of Natural Resources and Agricultural Sciences Department of Plant Biology and Forest Genetics Uppsala, 45, 21.
  • Vaananen, T., 2007. Glycoalkaloid Content And Starch Structure In Solanum Species and Interspecific Somatic Potato Hybrids. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 1–79.
  • Valkonen, J.P., Keskitalo, M., Vasara, T., Pietilä, L., Raman, K., 1996. Potato Glycoalkaloids: A Burden or A Blessing?. Critical Reviews In Plant Sciences, 15(1), 1-20.
  • Wang H., Liu M., Hu X., Li M., Xiong X., 2013. Electrochemical determination of glycoalkaloids using a carbon nanotubes-phenylboronic acid modified glassy carbon electrode. Sensors, Vol. 13, p. 16234–16244.
  • Wszelaki, A.L., Delwiche, J.F., Walker, S.D., Liggett, R.E., Scheerens, J.C., Kleinhenz, M.D., 2005. Sensory Quality and Mineral and Glycoalkaloid Concentrations In Organically and Conventionally Grown Redskin Potatoes (Solanum Tuberosum). J Sci Food Agric, 85, 720–726.
  • Yang, S.A., Paek, S.H., Kozukue, N., Lee, K.R., Kim, J., 2006. Α- Chaconine, A Potato Glycoalkaloid, İnduces Apoptosis Of HT-29 Human Colon Cancer Cells Through Caspase-3 Activation and İnhibition of ERK 1/2 Phosphorylation. Food And Chemical Toxicology, 44(6), 839-846.
  • Zitnak, A., Filadelfi, M.A., 1985. Estimation of Taste Thresholds of Three Potato Glycoalkaloids. Canadian Institute of Food Science and Technology Journal, 18(4), 337–339.
Toplam 68 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm DERLEMELER
Yazarlar

Fatma Zehra Ok 0000-0002-0199-572X

Arif Şanlı 0000-0002-5443-2082

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ocak 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 53 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Ok, F. Z., & Şanlı, A. (2022). Patates Glykoalkaloidleri: Özellikleri ve Biyolojik Aktiviteleri. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 53(1), 88-96. https://doi.org/10.17097/ataunizfd.972400
AMA Ok FZ, Şanlı A. Patates Glykoalkaloidleri: Özellikleri ve Biyolojik Aktiviteleri. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi. Ocak 2022;53(1):88-96. doi:10.17097/ataunizfd.972400
Chicago Ok, Fatma Zehra, ve Arif Şanlı. “Patates Glykoalkaloidleri: Özellikleri Ve Biyolojik Aktiviteleri”. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 53, sy. 1 (Ocak 2022): 88-96. https://doi.org/10.17097/ataunizfd.972400.
EndNote Ok FZ, Şanlı A (01 Ocak 2022) Patates Glykoalkaloidleri: Özellikleri ve Biyolojik Aktiviteleri. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 53 1 88–96.
IEEE F. Z. Ok ve A. Şanlı, “Patates Glykoalkaloidleri: Özellikleri ve Biyolojik Aktiviteleri”, Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 53, sy. 1, ss. 88–96, 2022, doi: 10.17097/ataunizfd.972400.
ISNAD Ok, Fatma Zehra - Şanlı, Arif. “Patates Glykoalkaloidleri: Özellikleri Ve Biyolojik Aktiviteleri”. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 53/1 (Ocak 2022), 88-96. https://doi.org/10.17097/ataunizfd.972400.
JAMA Ok FZ, Şanlı A. Patates Glykoalkaloidleri: Özellikleri ve Biyolojik Aktiviteleri. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi. 2022;53:88–96.
MLA Ok, Fatma Zehra ve Arif Şanlı. “Patates Glykoalkaloidleri: Özellikleri Ve Biyolojik Aktiviteleri”. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 53, sy. 1, 2022, ss. 88-96, doi:10.17097/ataunizfd.972400.
Vancouver Ok FZ, Şanlı A. Patates Glykoalkaloidleri: Özellikleri ve Biyolojik Aktiviteleri. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi. 2022;53(1):88-96.

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