American Foreign Policy and the Maritime Declaration of Paris (1856)

Öz

The Maritime Declaration of Paris which was signed at the end of the Crimean war aimed at solving problems regarding rights of neutrals, privateering and blockades. These problems which were sources of conflicts and even wars for a number of centuries were solved in an innovative manner with regards to the development of the rules of international law. The United States of America, which was the defender of neutral rights almost immediately after its independence did not adhere to the Declaration. This preference stemmed from a number of domestic and foreign policy factors that were closely interconnected. The studies of international law often neglect the historical background of the emergence of these rules. However, it is often impossible to comprehend the logic of those rules without analyzing the power politics between states, that is, the political and economic dynamics within which these rules emerged. What is more neglected is US policy and its contributions to the emergence of these rules. Within this framework this study aims to analyze Maritime Declaration of Paris with a view to American foreign policy priorities. As such, the study aims to contribute to the fields of history of international law and history of American foreign policy.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• History of American Foreign Policy
• History of International Law
• Maritime Declaration of Paris
• Neutrality
• Privateering

Kaynakça

1. Abbenhuis, M. (2014). An Age of Neutrals: Great Power Politics, 1815-1914. Cambridge University Press.
2. Ahonen, K. (2005). From Sugar Triangle to Cotton Triangle: Trade and Shipping between America and Baltic Russia, 1783-1860. University of Jyväskylä Press.
3. Anderson, G. M. and Adam Jr., G. (1991). Privateering and the Private Production of Naval Power. Cato Journal, 11 (1), 99-122.
4. Anderson, O. (1960). Some Further Light On the Inner History of the Declaration of Paris, Law Quarterly Review, 76, 379-385.
5. Arias, Harmadio (1915). The Doctrine of Continuous Voyages in the Eighteenth Century. The American Journal of International Law, 5 (9), 583-593.
6. Bayıllıoğlu, U. (2011). Somali Sahilleri ve Açıklarında İşlenen Deniz Haydutluğu Fiillerine Karşı Yürütülen Mücadelenin Hukuki Dayanakları ve Türkiye’nin Durumu. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(1), 125-162.
7. Beyoğlu, M. (2013). Somali’de Yaşanan Deniz Haydutluğu ve Deniz Haydutluğuna Karşı Geliştirilen İnisiyatifler. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 4 (2), 29-42.
8. Bickham, T. (2012). The Weight of Vengeance: The United States, the British Empire, and the War of 1812. Oxford University Press.

9. Bradford, J. (2022). America, Sea Power and the World. Wiley-Blackwell Publishing.
10. Cecil, V. and Forster V. A. (1929) The Freedom of the Seas, Journal of the Royal Institute of International Affairs, 8 (2), 89-116. Çalık, T. (2017). Uluslararası Hukukta Deniz Haydutluğu ve Somali Açıklarındaki Deniz Haydutluğu ile Mücadele. Hacettepe Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 7 (1), 1-38.
11. Çalışkan Uyanık, S. (2022). Denizde Yasadışı Eylemlerin Önlenmesine Dair Sözleşme ve Protokolün Deniz Haydutluğu, Seyir Güvenliği ve Deniz Terörü ile İlişkisi. Denizcilik Araştırmaları Dergisi: Amfora, 1 (1), 80-88.
12. Demirtaş, C. (2012). Somali Sahillerindeki Deniz Haydutluğu Eylemleri ve Haydutların Yargılanması. Journal of Istanbul University Law Faculty, 70 (1), 39-67.
13. Doğru, S. (Eylül 2017). Uluslararası Hukukta Deniz Haydutluğu: Uluslararası Toplumun Mücadelesi Ve Türkiye’nin Katkıları. Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 66 (3), 551-80. https://doi.org/10.1501/Hukfak_0000001900.
14. Dolin, E. J. (2022). Rebels At Sea. Privateering in the American Revolution. Liveright Publishing.
15. Dowty, A. (1971). The Limits of American Isolation: The United States and the Crimean War. New York University Press.
16. Evin, B. (2016). Uluslararası Hukukta Deniz Haydutluğu Kavramı ve Şiddet Faktörü. Güvenlik Bilimleri Dergisi, 1 (1), 119-152. https://doi.org/10.28956/gbd.239713
17. Grewe, W. G. (2000). The Epochs of International Law. (Revised and Translated by Michael Byers. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co.
18. Hagan, K. J. (1991). This People's Navy: The Making of American Sea Power. The Free Press.
19. Hamilton, C. (1982). Anglo-French Seapower and the Declaration of Paris. International History Review, 4 (2), 166-190. http://tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07075332.1982.9640273
20. Kennedy, P. M. (1976). The Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery. Penguin Books.
21. LaFeber, W. (2012). US Foreign Policy. Cox M. Stokes, D. (Eds.), The US Rise to World Power, 1776-1945 (p. 43-58). Oxford University Press
22. Lemnitzer, J. M. (2013). That Moral League of Nations against the United States. The International History Review, 35 (5), 1068-1088. DOI: 10.1080/07075332.2013.844194
23. Lemnitzer, J. M. (2014). Power, Law and the End of Privateering. Palgrave MacMillan.
24. Lint, G. L. (1977). The American Revolution and the Law of Nations, 1776-1789. Diplomatic History, 1 (1), 20-34.
25. Mahan, A. T. (1918). Mahan on Naval Warfare: Selections from the Writing of Rear Admiral Alfred T. Mahan. Harvard University Press.
26. Malkin, H. W. (1927). The Inner History of the Declaration of Paris. The British Year Book of International Law, VIII, 1-44.
27. Meray, S. L. (1963). Bazı Türk Anlaşmalarına Göre Korsanlık ve Deniz Haydutluğunun Yasaklanması. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 18 (03). https://doi.org/10.1501/SBFder_000000070
28. Moore, J. B. (ed.) (1909). The Works of James Buchanan, Comprising his Speeches, State Papers, and Private Correspondence, Volume IX (1853-1855). J. B. Lippincott Company.
29. Moore, J. B. (1905). American Diplomacy, Its Spirit and Achievements. Harper & Brothers Publishers (Reprinted in 1918 as “The Principles of American Diplomacy).
30. Morgan, W. J. (1976). American privateering in America's war for independence, 1775-1783. American Neptune, 36 (2), 79-87.
31. Mukherjee, R. (2022). The United States and the Atlantic System in the Nineteenth Century. Cambridge University Press.
32. Nadelmann, E. A. (1990). Global Prohibition Regimes: Evolution of Norms In International Society. International Organization, 44 (4), 479-526.
33. Olivier, D. H. (2001). Staatskaperei : the German navy and commerce warfare, 1856-1888 (Unpublished PhD Thesis). University of Saskatchewan. O'Malley, P. (1988). The Discipline of Violence: State, Capital and the Regulation of Naval Warfare Sociology, 22 (2), 253-270.
34. Paterson, P. (2018). Origins of U.S. Foreign Policy, Perry Center Occasional Paper. William J. Perry Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies, National Defense University.
35. Peifer, D. C. (2013). Maritime Commerce Warfare: The Coercive Response of the Weak? Naval War College Review, 66 (2), 83-109.
36. Piggot, S. F. (1919). The Declaration of Paris 1856, A Study-Documented- Law of the Sea Series--Vol. IV. London: University of London Press Ltd.
37. Renehan, E. J. (2007). The Monroe Doctrine: The Cornerstone of American Foreign Policy. Infobase Publishing.
38. Savage, C. (1934). Policy of the US toward Maritime Commerce in War, vol. 1 Washington Government Printing Office.
39. Spencer, W. F. (1971). The Mason Memorandum and the Diplomatic Origins of the Declaration of Paris. N. N. Jr. Diplomacy in an Age of Nationalism, Essays in Honor of Lynn Marshall Case (p. 44-66). Martinus Nijhoof. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-010-3002-1_6
40. Sprout, H. and Sprout, M. (1946). The Rise of American Naval Power. Princeton University Press.
41. Stark, F. R. (1897). The Abolition of Privateering, Studies in History, Economics and Public Law. Columbia University Press.
42. Swanson, C. E. (1985). American Privateering and Imperial Warfare, 1739-1748. The William and Mary Quarterly, 42 (3) 357-382.
43. The New Maritime Law: Review of Mr. Marcy's Letter to M. de Sartiges. (1856). JSTOR Primary Sources, Foreign and Commonwealth Office Collection, part of 19th Century British Pamphlet Collections. https://www.jstor.org/stable/60233818
44. Topal, A. H. (2010). Uluslararası Hukukta Deniz Haydutluğu ve Mücadele Yöntemleri. Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 59 (1), 99-130.
45. U.S. Naval War College (1906). International Law Topics and Discussions. Washington Government Printing Office.
46. Washington’s Farewell Address To the People of the United States (1796). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CDOC-106sdoc21/pdf/GPO-CDOC-106sdoc21.pdf, p. 26.
47. Woolsey, T. S. (1898). America's Foreign Policy: Essays and Addresses. The Century Co.
48. Woolsey, T. S. (1879). The United States and the Declaration of Paris. Journal of Social Science, Containing the Proceedings of the American Association, 124-136.