Araştırma Makalesi
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Yıl 2025, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 4, 1120 - 1139, 27.09.2025

Günay Umarova

https://doi.org/10.46868/atdd.2025.987
https://izlik.org/JA54YZ27BH

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Acer, Y. (2023). Russia’s attack on Ukraine: The Montreux Convention and Türkiye. International Law Studies, 100, 285–311.
  • Akgül, P. (2020). Karadeniz’in bölgesel güvenlik kompleksi olarak incelenmesi. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 6(2), 550–569.
  • Alaeddin, Y. (2017). Kuruluşundan günümüze Karadeniz Ekonomik İşbirliği Örgütü. Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi, 5, 1–16.
  • Alexandr, D. (2015). The Black Sea region in modern Russian-Turkish cooperation: Geo-strategic aspect. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 5(2), 81–85.
  • Alkan, A. (2006). 21. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğinde Karadeniz güvenliği. İstanbul: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım. Aronsson, L., & Mankoff, J. (2023). The inhospitable sea: Toward a new U.S. strategy for the Black Sea region. Washington: CSIS. https://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/202302/230202_Aronsson_Inhospitable_Sea.pdf?VersionId=yxrFjIN9HUGUztgvCUWGGmdOEy3.QZsI
  • Atlantic Council. (2023). A security strategy for the Black Sea. Washington. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/report/a-security-strategy-for-the-
  • Aydın, M. (2004). Europe’s next shore: The Black Sea region after EU enlargement. EU Institute for Security Studies Report, 53.
  • Aydın, M. (2009). Geographical blessing versus geopolitical curse: Great power security agendas for the Black Sea region and a Turkish alternative. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 9(3), 271–285.
  • Brzezinski, Z. (1999). Velikaya shakhmatnaya doska [The grand chessboard]. Moskva: Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya.
  • Canar, B. (2012). Soğuk Savaş sonrasında Amerika Birleşik Devletlerinin Karadeniz politikası. SBF Dergisi, 67(1), 49–80.
  • Canar, B. (2024). Soğuk Savaş sonrası Türkiye-ABD ilişkilerinde Karadeniz. The Turkish Yearbook of International Relations, 55, 65–90.
  • Çelikpala, M. (2010). Escalating rivalries and diverging interests: Prospects for stability and security in the Black Sea region. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 10(3), 287–302.
  • Clark, M. (2020). Russian hybrid warfare. ISW. https://www.understandingwar.org/sites/
  • Cornell, S., & Jonsson, A. (2006). The wider Black Sea region: An emerging hub in European security. Washington: Central Asia–Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program.
  • Cracıun, I. (2022). The Black Sea’s strategic importance and NATO’s role in countering the Kremlin’s military domination. Romanian Military Thinking, 4, 80–93.
  • Delanoe, I. (2014). After the Crimean crisis: Towards a greater Russian maritime power in the Black Sea. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 14(3), 367–382.
  • Delanoe, I. (2024). Russia’s Black Sea Fleet in the “special military operation” in Ukraine. FPRI. https://www.fpri.org/article/2024/
  • Demir, K. (2019). Karadeniz’in Türkiye için kıyısal jeopolitik açıdan önemi. Güvenlik Stratejileri, 15(32), 573–604.
  • Demir, S. (2012). Karadeniz’in güvenliğini yeniden düşünmek. Karadeniz Araştırmaları, 35, 19–50. Doğan, P. (2017). NATO ve Rusya Federasyonu’nun yeni mücadele alanı: Karadeniz. Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi, 5, 51–66.
  • Doğru, S. (2013). Türk Boğazları’nın hukuki statüsü: Sevr ve Lozan’dan Montrö’ye geçiş. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(2), 123–169.
  • Erbaş, G. (2012). Jeopolitik kavramında değişim: Karadeniz jeopolitiği örneği. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi Uluslararası Avrasya Strateji Dergisi, 1(1), 135–146.
  • Erol, M. S. (2012). Amerika’nın Karadeniz politikasını yeniden değerlendirmek. Akademik Bakış, 6(11), 17–33.
  • Gerasymchuk, S. (2019). Bucharest Nine: Looking for cooperation on NATO’s eastern flank? Friedrich Ebert Stiftung. https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/ukraine/15574.pdf
  • Gile, K., & Boulegue, M. (2019). Russia’s A2/AD capabilities: Real and imagined. Parameters, 49(1), 21–36. https://doi.org/10.55540/0031-1723.2860
  • Grishin, O. (2020). Energy security of the Black Sea region: Geostrategy and geoenergy measurement. Przegląd Strategiczny, 13, 440–451.
  • Güney, N. A. (2006). Batının yeni güvenlik stratejileri: AB-NATO-ABD. İstanbul: Bağlam Yayınevi.
  • Güney, N. A. (2022). Türkiye’nin yeni yüzyıl vizyonu, Batı ve liberal dünya düzeni tartışmaları. Türk Dış Politikası Yıllığı, 25–42.
  • Hedenskong, J. (2023). Strengthening resilience in Moldova following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. SCEEUS. https://www.ui.se/globalassets/ui.se-eng/publications/sceeus/strengthening-
  • Hess, M. (2022, April 25). Welcome to the Black Sea era of war. Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/04/25/black-sea-war-russia-ukraine-turkey/
  • Hodges, B., Wojcik, R., & Schmiedl, C. (2020, May). One flank, one threat, one presence: A strategy for NATO’s eastern flank. Center for European Policy Analysis (CEPA). https://cepa.org/comprehensive-reports/one-flank-one-threat-one-presence/
  • Hodges, B., Horrell, S., & Kuz, I. (2022, September 22). Russia’s militarization of the Black Sea: Implications for the United States and NATO. Center for European Policy Analysis (CEPA). https://cepa.org/comprehensive-re
  • Isachenko, D. (2023). Turkey in the Black Sea region: Ankara's reactions to the war in Ukraine against the background of regional dynamics and global confrontation. SWP Research Paper. https://www.swp berlin.org/publications/
  • Isachenko, D., & Swistek, G. (2023). The Black Sea as mare clausum: Turkey’s special role in the regional security architecture. SWP Comment. https://www.swp-berlin.org/publications/products/
  • Karadeniz, B. (2007). Security and stability architecture in the Black Sea. Perceptions, 12(2), 95–117.
  • Kasım, K. (2017). Türkiye’nin Karadeniz politikası: Temel parametreler ve stratejiler. OAKA Tartışma Platformu.
  • Koçer, G. (2007). Karadeniz’in güvenliği: Uluslararası yapılanmalar ve Türkiye. Gazi Akademik Bakış, 1(1), 195–217.
  • Koray, M. (2025, August 2). Genişletilmiş Karadeniz bölgesi kavramının Türkiye’nin jeopolitiğine etkileri. Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi. https://strasam.org/analiz-ve-raporlar/analiz/genisletilmis-
  • Kurt, S. (2015). NATO ve AB’nin Karadeniz bölgesine yönelik politikaları. International Journal of Social Science, 31, 403–419.
  • Kurt, S. (2017). Karadeniz güvenlik mimarisinin oluşumu ve Türkiye'nin rolü [Doktora tezi, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü].
  • Lagrone, S. (2014, April 23). USS Taylor returns to Black Sea, 3 NATO ships now in region. USNI News. https://news.usni.org/2014/04/23/uss-taylor-returns-black-sea-3-nato-ships-now-region
  • Lord, M. (2023, October 7). Troubled waters – How Russia’s war in Ukraine changes Black Sea security. NATO Parliamentary Assembly. https://www.nato-pa.int/download-
  • Madrid Summit Declaration. (2022, June 29). North Atlantic Treaty Organization. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_196951.htm
  • Mazere, A. (2022). Anti-access and area denial military structures, destabilisation factors in the Black Sea extended region: The EU and NATO approaches to the Black Sea region. Proceedings, 515–525.
  • Mercan, E. (2022). Modern deniz harbinde yeni bir paradigma: A2/AD yaklaşımı. Karadeniz Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 14(27), 555–576.
  • Mıhaılescu, D. (2017, March 6). NATO and Russia in the Black Sea: A new confrontation? Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). https://www.csis.org/analysis/nato-and-russia-black-sea-new-confrontation
  • Minchev, O. (2006). Major interests and strategies for the Black Sea region. Institute for Regional and International Studies. https://www.iris-bg.org/fls/Black_Sea_Framework_Analytical_Review.pdf
  • NATO Allies and Partners Ready for Exercise Sea Breeze 21. (2021, June 25). NATO. https://shape.nato.int/news-archive/2021/nato-allies-and-partners-ready-for-exercise-sea-breeze-21 NATO Secretary General press conference – NATO Summit in Warsaw. (2016, July 8). NATO Multimedia Library. https://www.natomultimedia.tv/app/asset/373392
  • NATO ships support Ukraine mine countermeasures training off Scottish coast during Exercise Sea Breeze 24. (2024, July 9). NATO Maritime Command. https://mc.nato.int/media-
  • NATO. (2023, July 11). Vilnius Summit communique. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_217320.htm
  • NATO. (2025, June 6). NATO’s military presence in the east of the Alliance. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_136388.htm
  • Nuclear Power in Turkey. (2024, December 17). World Nuclear Association. https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-t-z/turkey
  • Oktay, E. (2006). Türkiye’nin Avrasya’daki çok taraflı girişimlerine bir örnek: Karadeniz Ekonomik İşbirliği Örgütü. Uluslararası İlişkiler, 3(10), 149–179.
  • Orttung, R. (2015, February 13). Putin’s frozen conflicts. Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/02/13/putins-frozen-conflicts/
  • Parmeter, I. (2023). Strategic ambiguity: Turkey, Russia and the war in Ukraine. Australian and New Zealand Journal of European Studies, 15(2), 18–32.
  • Russian Air and Missile Defense. (2021, August 3). Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). https://missilethreat.csis.org/system/russian-air-defense/
  • TürkAkım’ın sağladığı yararlar. (n.d.). TurkStream. https://turkstream.info/tr/project/benefits/
  • U.S. Navy participates in NATO’s Sea Shield 2024 in Constanța, Romania. (2024, April 20). U.S. Navy. https://www.navy.mil/Pr
  • Voo, J., & Singh, V. V. (2025). Russia’s information confrontation doctrine in practice (2014–present): Intent, evolution and implications. International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS).
  • Weaver, C. (2011). Black Sea regional security: Present multipolarity and future possibilities. European Security, 20(1), 1–19.

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 4, 1120 - 1139, 27.09.2025

Günay Umarova

https://doi.org/10.46868/atdd.2025.987
https://izlik.org/JA54YZ27BH

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Acer, Y. (2023). Russia’s attack on Ukraine: The Montreux Convention and Türkiye. International Law Studies, 100, 285–311.
  • Akgül, P. (2020). Karadeniz’in bölgesel güvenlik kompleksi olarak incelenmesi. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 6(2), 550–569.
  • Alaeddin, Y. (2017). Kuruluşundan günümüze Karadeniz Ekonomik İşbirliği Örgütü. Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi, 5, 1–16.
  • Alexandr, D. (2015). The Black Sea region in modern Russian-Turkish cooperation: Geo-strategic aspect. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 5(2), 81–85.
  • Alkan, A. (2006). 21. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğinde Karadeniz güvenliği. İstanbul: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım. Aronsson, L., & Mankoff, J. (2023). The inhospitable sea: Toward a new U.S. strategy for the Black Sea region. Washington: CSIS. https://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/202302/230202_Aronsson_Inhospitable_Sea.pdf?VersionId=yxrFjIN9HUGUztgvCUWGGmdOEy3.QZsI
  • Atlantic Council. (2023). A security strategy for the Black Sea. Washington. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/report/a-security-strategy-for-the-
  • Aydın, M. (2004). Europe’s next shore: The Black Sea region after EU enlargement. EU Institute for Security Studies Report, 53.
  • Aydın, M. (2009). Geographical blessing versus geopolitical curse: Great power security agendas for the Black Sea region and a Turkish alternative. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 9(3), 271–285.
  • Brzezinski, Z. (1999). Velikaya shakhmatnaya doska [The grand chessboard]. Moskva: Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya.
  • Canar, B. (2012). Soğuk Savaş sonrasında Amerika Birleşik Devletlerinin Karadeniz politikası. SBF Dergisi, 67(1), 49–80.
  • Canar, B. (2024). Soğuk Savaş sonrası Türkiye-ABD ilişkilerinde Karadeniz. The Turkish Yearbook of International Relations, 55, 65–90.
  • Çelikpala, M. (2010). Escalating rivalries and diverging interests: Prospects for stability and security in the Black Sea region. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 10(3), 287–302.
  • Clark, M. (2020). Russian hybrid warfare. ISW. https://www.understandingwar.org/sites/
  • Cornell, S., & Jonsson, A. (2006). The wider Black Sea region: An emerging hub in European security. Washington: Central Asia–Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program.
  • Cracıun, I. (2022). The Black Sea’s strategic importance and NATO’s role in countering the Kremlin’s military domination. Romanian Military Thinking, 4, 80–93.
  • Delanoe, I. (2014). After the Crimean crisis: Towards a greater Russian maritime power in the Black Sea. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 14(3), 367–382.
  • Delanoe, I. (2024). Russia’s Black Sea Fleet in the “special military operation” in Ukraine. FPRI. https://www.fpri.org/article/2024/
  • Demir, K. (2019). Karadeniz’in Türkiye için kıyısal jeopolitik açıdan önemi. Güvenlik Stratejileri, 15(32), 573–604.
  • Demir, S. (2012). Karadeniz’in güvenliğini yeniden düşünmek. Karadeniz Araştırmaları, 35, 19–50. Doğan, P. (2017). NATO ve Rusya Federasyonu’nun yeni mücadele alanı: Karadeniz. Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi, 5, 51–66.
  • Doğru, S. (2013). Türk Boğazları’nın hukuki statüsü: Sevr ve Lozan’dan Montrö’ye geçiş. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(2), 123–169.
  • Erbaş, G. (2012). Jeopolitik kavramında değişim: Karadeniz jeopolitiği örneği. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi Uluslararası Avrasya Strateji Dergisi, 1(1), 135–146.
  • Erol, M. S. (2012). Amerika’nın Karadeniz politikasını yeniden değerlendirmek. Akademik Bakış, 6(11), 17–33.
  • Gerasymchuk, S. (2019). Bucharest Nine: Looking for cooperation on NATO’s eastern flank? Friedrich Ebert Stiftung. https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/ukraine/15574.pdf
  • Gile, K., & Boulegue, M. (2019). Russia’s A2/AD capabilities: Real and imagined. Parameters, 49(1), 21–36. https://doi.org/10.55540/0031-1723.2860
  • Grishin, O. (2020). Energy security of the Black Sea region: Geostrategy and geoenergy measurement. Przegląd Strategiczny, 13, 440–451.
  • Güney, N. A. (2006). Batının yeni güvenlik stratejileri: AB-NATO-ABD. İstanbul: Bağlam Yayınevi.
  • Güney, N. A. (2022). Türkiye’nin yeni yüzyıl vizyonu, Batı ve liberal dünya düzeni tartışmaları. Türk Dış Politikası Yıllığı, 25–42.
  • Hedenskong, J. (2023). Strengthening resilience in Moldova following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. SCEEUS. https://www.ui.se/globalassets/ui.se-eng/publications/sceeus/strengthening-
  • Hess, M. (2022, April 25). Welcome to the Black Sea era of war. Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/04/25/black-sea-war-russia-ukraine-turkey/
  • Hodges, B., Wojcik, R., & Schmiedl, C. (2020, May). One flank, one threat, one presence: A strategy for NATO’s eastern flank. Center for European Policy Analysis (CEPA). https://cepa.org/comprehensive-reports/one-flank-one-threat-one-presence/
  • Hodges, B., Horrell, S., & Kuz, I. (2022, September 22). Russia’s militarization of the Black Sea: Implications for the United States and NATO. Center for European Policy Analysis (CEPA). https://cepa.org/comprehensive-re
  • Isachenko, D. (2023). Turkey in the Black Sea region: Ankara's reactions to the war in Ukraine against the background of regional dynamics and global confrontation. SWP Research Paper. https://www.swp berlin.org/publications/
  • Isachenko, D., & Swistek, G. (2023). The Black Sea as mare clausum: Turkey’s special role in the regional security architecture. SWP Comment. https://www.swp-berlin.org/publications/products/
  • Karadeniz, B. (2007). Security and stability architecture in the Black Sea. Perceptions, 12(2), 95–117.
  • Kasım, K. (2017). Türkiye’nin Karadeniz politikası: Temel parametreler ve stratejiler. OAKA Tartışma Platformu.
  • Koçer, G. (2007). Karadeniz’in güvenliği: Uluslararası yapılanmalar ve Türkiye. Gazi Akademik Bakış, 1(1), 195–217.
  • Koray, M. (2025, August 2). Genişletilmiş Karadeniz bölgesi kavramının Türkiye’nin jeopolitiğine etkileri. Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi. https://strasam.org/analiz-ve-raporlar/analiz/genisletilmis-
  • Kurt, S. (2015). NATO ve AB’nin Karadeniz bölgesine yönelik politikaları. International Journal of Social Science, 31, 403–419.
  • Kurt, S. (2017). Karadeniz güvenlik mimarisinin oluşumu ve Türkiye'nin rolü [Doktora tezi, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü].
  • Lagrone, S. (2014, April 23). USS Taylor returns to Black Sea, 3 NATO ships now in region. USNI News. https://news.usni.org/2014/04/23/uss-taylor-returns-black-sea-3-nato-ships-now-region
  • Lord, M. (2023, October 7). Troubled waters – How Russia’s war in Ukraine changes Black Sea security. NATO Parliamentary Assembly. https://www.nato-pa.int/download-
  • Madrid Summit Declaration. (2022, June 29). North Atlantic Treaty Organization. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_196951.htm
  • Mazere, A. (2022). Anti-access and area denial military structures, destabilisation factors in the Black Sea extended region: The EU and NATO approaches to the Black Sea region. Proceedings, 515–525.
  • Mercan, E. (2022). Modern deniz harbinde yeni bir paradigma: A2/AD yaklaşımı. Karadeniz Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 14(27), 555–576.
  • Mıhaılescu, D. (2017, March 6). NATO and Russia in the Black Sea: A new confrontation? Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). https://www.csis.org/analysis/nato-and-russia-black-sea-new-confrontation
  • Minchev, O. (2006). Major interests and strategies for the Black Sea region. Institute for Regional and International Studies. https://www.iris-bg.org/fls/Black_Sea_Framework_Analytical_Review.pdf
  • NATO Allies and Partners Ready for Exercise Sea Breeze 21. (2021, June 25). NATO. https://shape.nato.int/news-archive/2021/nato-allies-and-partners-ready-for-exercise-sea-breeze-21 NATO Secretary General press conference – NATO Summit in Warsaw. (2016, July 8). NATO Multimedia Library. https://www.natomultimedia.tv/app/asset/373392
  • NATO ships support Ukraine mine countermeasures training off Scottish coast during Exercise Sea Breeze 24. (2024, July 9). NATO Maritime Command. https://mc.nato.int/media-
  • NATO. (2023, July 11). Vilnius Summit communique. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_217320.htm
  • NATO. (2025, June 6). NATO’s military presence in the east of the Alliance. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_136388.htm
  • Nuclear Power in Turkey. (2024, December 17). World Nuclear Association. https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-t-z/turkey
  • Oktay, E. (2006). Türkiye’nin Avrasya’daki çok taraflı girişimlerine bir örnek: Karadeniz Ekonomik İşbirliği Örgütü. Uluslararası İlişkiler, 3(10), 149–179.
  • Orttung, R. (2015, February 13). Putin’s frozen conflicts. Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/02/13/putins-frozen-conflicts/
  • Parmeter, I. (2023). Strategic ambiguity: Turkey, Russia and the war in Ukraine. Australian and New Zealand Journal of European Studies, 15(2), 18–32.
  • Russian Air and Missile Defense. (2021, August 3). Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). https://missilethreat.csis.org/system/russian-air-defense/
  • TürkAkım’ın sağladığı yararlar. (n.d.). TurkStream. https://turkstream.info/tr/project/benefits/
  • U.S. Navy participates in NATO’s Sea Shield 2024 in Constanța, Romania. (2024, April 20). U.S. Navy. https://www.navy.mil/Pr
  • Voo, J., & Singh, V. V. (2025). Russia’s information confrontation doctrine in practice (2014–present): Intent, evolution and implications. International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS).
  • Weaver, C. (2011). Black Sea regional security: Present multipolarity and future possibilities. European Security, 20(1), 1–19.

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 4, 1120 - 1139, 27.09.2025

Günay Umarova

https://doi.org/10.46868/atdd.2025.987
https://izlik.org/JA54YZ27BH

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Acer, Y. (2023). Russia’s attack on Ukraine: The Montreux Convention and Türkiye. International Law Studies, 100, 285–311.
  • Akgül, P. (2020). Karadeniz’in bölgesel güvenlik kompleksi olarak incelenmesi. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 6(2), 550–569.
  • Alaeddin, Y. (2017). Kuruluşundan günümüze Karadeniz Ekonomik İşbirliği Örgütü. Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi, 5, 1–16.
  • Alexandr, D. (2015). The Black Sea region in modern Russian-Turkish cooperation: Geo-strategic aspect. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 5(2), 81–85.
  • Alkan, A. (2006). 21. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğinde Karadeniz güvenliği. İstanbul: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım. Aronsson, L., & Mankoff, J. (2023). The inhospitable sea: Toward a new U.S. strategy for the Black Sea region. Washington: CSIS. https://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/202302/230202_Aronsson_Inhospitable_Sea.pdf?VersionId=yxrFjIN9HUGUztgvCUWGGmdOEy3.QZsI
  • Atlantic Council. (2023). A security strategy for the Black Sea. Washington. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/report/a-security-strategy-for-the-
  • Aydın, M. (2004). Europe’s next shore: The Black Sea region after EU enlargement. EU Institute for Security Studies Report, 53.
  • Aydın, M. (2009). Geographical blessing versus geopolitical curse: Great power security agendas for the Black Sea region and a Turkish alternative. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 9(3), 271–285.
  • Brzezinski, Z. (1999). Velikaya shakhmatnaya doska [The grand chessboard]. Moskva: Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya.
  • Canar, B. (2012). Soğuk Savaş sonrasında Amerika Birleşik Devletlerinin Karadeniz politikası. SBF Dergisi, 67(1), 49–80.
  • Canar, B. (2024). Soğuk Savaş sonrası Türkiye-ABD ilişkilerinde Karadeniz. The Turkish Yearbook of International Relations, 55, 65–90.
  • Çelikpala, M. (2010). Escalating rivalries and diverging interests: Prospects for stability and security in the Black Sea region. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 10(3), 287–302.
  • Clark, M. (2020). Russian hybrid warfare. ISW. https://www.understandingwar.org/sites/
  • Cornell, S., & Jonsson, A. (2006). The wider Black Sea region: An emerging hub in European security. Washington: Central Asia–Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program.
  • Cracıun, I. (2022). The Black Sea’s strategic importance and NATO’s role in countering the Kremlin’s military domination. Romanian Military Thinking, 4, 80–93.
  • Delanoe, I. (2014). After the Crimean crisis: Towards a greater Russian maritime power in the Black Sea. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 14(3), 367–382.
  • Delanoe, I. (2024). Russia’s Black Sea Fleet in the “special military operation” in Ukraine. FPRI. https://www.fpri.org/article/2024/
  • Demir, K. (2019). Karadeniz’in Türkiye için kıyısal jeopolitik açıdan önemi. Güvenlik Stratejileri, 15(32), 573–604.
  • Demir, S. (2012). Karadeniz’in güvenliğini yeniden düşünmek. Karadeniz Araştırmaları, 35, 19–50. Doğan, P. (2017). NATO ve Rusya Federasyonu’nun yeni mücadele alanı: Karadeniz. Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi, 5, 51–66.
  • Doğru, S. (2013). Türk Boğazları’nın hukuki statüsü: Sevr ve Lozan’dan Montrö’ye geçiş. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(2), 123–169.
  • Erbaş, G. (2012). Jeopolitik kavramında değişim: Karadeniz jeopolitiği örneği. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi Uluslararası Avrasya Strateji Dergisi, 1(1), 135–146.
  • Erol, M. S. (2012). Amerika’nın Karadeniz politikasını yeniden değerlendirmek. Akademik Bakış, 6(11), 17–33.
  • Gerasymchuk, S. (2019). Bucharest Nine: Looking for cooperation on NATO’s eastern flank? Friedrich Ebert Stiftung. https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/ukraine/15574.pdf
  • Gile, K., & Boulegue, M. (2019). Russia’s A2/AD capabilities: Real and imagined. Parameters, 49(1), 21–36. https://doi.org/10.55540/0031-1723.2860
  • Grishin, O. (2020). Energy security of the Black Sea region: Geostrategy and geoenergy measurement. Przegląd Strategiczny, 13, 440–451.
  • Güney, N. A. (2006). Batının yeni güvenlik stratejileri: AB-NATO-ABD. İstanbul: Bağlam Yayınevi.
  • Güney, N. A. (2022). Türkiye’nin yeni yüzyıl vizyonu, Batı ve liberal dünya düzeni tartışmaları. Türk Dış Politikası Yıllığı, 25–42.
  • Hedenskong, J. (2023). Strengthening resilience in Moldova following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. SCEEUS. https://www.ui.se/globalassets/ui.se-eng/publications/sceeus/strengthening-
  • Hess, M. (2022, April 25). Welcome to the Black Sea era of war. Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/04/25/black-sea-war-russia-ukraine-turkey/
  • Hodges, B., Wojcik, R., & Schmiedl, C. (2020, May). One flank, one threat, one presence: A strategy for NATO’s eastern flank. Center for European Policy Analysis (CEPA). https://cepa.org/comprehensive-reports/one-flank-one-threat-one-presence/
  • Hodges, B., Horrell, S., & Kuz, I. (2022, September 22). Russia’s militarization of the Black Sea: Implications for the United States and NATO. Center for European Policy Analysis (CEPA). https://cepa.org/comprehensive-re
  • Isachenko, D. (2023). Turkey in the Black Sea region: Ankara's reactions to the war in Ukraine against the background of regional dynamics and global confrontation. SWP Research Paper. https://www.swp berlin.org/publications/
  • Isachenko, D., & Swistek, G. (2023). The Black Sea as mare clausum: Turkey’s special role in the regional security architecture. SWP Comment. https://www.swp-berlin.org/publications/products/
  • Karadeniz, B. (2007). Security and stability architecture in the Black Sea. Perceptions, 12(2), 95–117.
  • Kasım, K. (2017). Türkiye’nin Karadeniz politikası: Temel parametreler ve stratejiler. OAKA Tartışma Platformu.
  • Koçer, G. (2007). Karadeniz’in güvenliği: Uluslararası yapılanmalar ve Türkiye. Gazi Akademik Bakış, 1(1), 195–217.
  • Koray, M. (2025, August 2). Genişletilmiş Karadeniz bölgesi kavramının Türkiye’nin jeopolitiğine etkileri. Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi. https://strasam.org/analiz-ve-raporlar/analiz/genisletilmis-
  • Kurt, S. (2015). NATO ve AB’nin Karadeniz bölgesine yönelik politikaları. International Journal of Social Science, 31, 403–419.
  • Kurt, S. (2017). Karadeniz güvenlik mimarisinin oluşumu ve Türkiye'nin rolü [Doktora tezi, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü].
  • Lagrone, S. (2014, April 23). USS Taylor returns to Black Sea, 3 NATO ships now in region. USNI News. https://news.usni.org/2014/04/23/uss-taylor-returns-black-sea-3-nato-ships-now-region
  • Lord, M. (2023, October 7). Troubled waters – How Russia’s war in Ukraine changes Black Sea security. NATO Parliamentary Assembly. https://www.nato-pa.int/download-
  • Madrid Summit Declaration. (2022, June 29). North Atlantic Treaty Organization. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_196951.htm
  • Mazere, A. (2022). Anti-access and area denial military structures, destabilisation factors in the Black Sea extended region: The EU and NATO approaches to the Black Sea region. Proceedings, 515–525.
  • Mercan, E. (2022). Modern deniz harbinde yeni bir paradigma: A2/AD yaklaşımı. Karadeniz Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 14(27), 555–576.
  • Mıhaılescu, D. (2017, March 6). NATO and Russia in the Black Sea: A new confrontation? Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). https://www.csis.org/analysis/nato-and-russia-black-sea-new-confrontation
  • Minchev, O. (2006). Major interests and strategies for the Black Sea region. Institute for Regional and International Studies. https://www.iris-bg.org/fls/Black_Sea_Framework_Analytical_Review.pdf
  • NATO Allies and Partners Ready for Exercise Sea Breeze 21. (2021, June 25). NATO. https://shape.nato.int/news-archive/2021/nato-allies-and-partners-ready-for-exercise-sea-breeze-21 NATO Secretary General press conference – NATO Summit in Warsaw. (2016, July 8). NATO Multimedia Library. https://www.natomultimedia.tv/app/asset/373392
  • NATO ships support Ukraine mine countermeasures training off Scottish coast during Exercise Sea Breeze 24. (2024, July 9). NATO Maritime Command. https://mc.nato.int/media-
  • NATO. (2023, July 11). Vilnius Summit communique. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_217320.htm
  • NATO. (2025, June 6). NATO’s military presence in the east of the Alliance. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_136388.htm
  • Nuclear Power in Turkey. (2024, December 17). World Nuclear Association. https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-t-z/turkey
  • Oktay, E. (2006). Türkiye’nin Avrasya’daki çok taraflı girişimlerine bir örnek: Karadeniz Ekonomik İşbirliği Örgütü. Uluslararası İlişkiler, 3(10), 149–179.
  • Orttung, R. (2015, February 13). Putin’s frozen conflicts. Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/02/13/putins-frozen-conflicts/
  • Parmeter, I. (2023). Strategic ambiguity: Turkey, Russia and the war in Ukraine. Australian and New Zealand Journal of European Studies, 15(2), 18–32.
  • Russian Air and Missile Defense. (2021, August 3). Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). https://missilethreat.csis.org/system/russian-air-defense/
  • TürkAkım’ın sağladığı yararlar. (n.d.). TurkStream. https://turkstream.info/tr/project/benefits/
  • U.S. Navy participates in NATO’s Sea Shield 2024 in Constanța, Romania. (2024, April 20). U.S. Navy. https://www.navy.mil/Pr
  • Voo, J., & Singh, V. V. (2025). Russia’s information confrontation doctrine in practice (2014–present): Intent, evolution and implications. International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS).
  • Weaver, C. (2011). Black Sea regional security: Present multipolarity and future possibilities. European Security, 20(1), 1–19.

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 4, 1120 - 1139, 27.09.2025

Günay Umarova

https://doi.org/10.46868/atdd.2025.987
https://izlik.org/JA54YZ27BH

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Acer, Y. (2023). Russia’s attack on Ukraine: The Montreux Convention and Türkiye. International Law Studies, 100, 285–311.
  • Akgül, P. (2020). Karadeniz’in bölgesel güvenlik kompleksi olarak incelenmesi. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 6(2), 550–569.
  • Alaeddin, Y. (2017). Kuruluşundan günümüze Karadeniz Ekonomik İşbirliği Örgütü. Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi, 5, 1–16.
  • Alexandr, D. (2015). The Black Sea region in modern Russian-Turkish cooperation: Geo-strategic aspect. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 5(2), 81–85.
  • Alkan, A. (2006). 21. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğinde Karadeniz güvenliği. İstanbul: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım. Aronsson, L., & Mankoff, J. (2023). The inhospitable sea: Toward a new U.S. strategy for the Black Sea region. Washington: CSIS. https://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/202302/230202_Aronsson_Inhospitable_Sea.pdf?VersionId=yxrFjIN9HUGUztgvCUWGGmdOEy3.QZsI
  • Atlantic Council. (2023). A security strategy for the Black Sea. Washington. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/report/a-security-strategy-for-the-
  • Aydın, M. (2004). Europe’s next shore: The Black Sea region after EU enlargement. EU Institute for Security Studies Report, 53.
  • Aydın, M. (2009). Geographical blessing versus geopolitical curse: Great power security agendas for the Black Sea region and a Turkish alternative. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 9(3), 271–285.
  • Brzezinski, Z. (1999). Velikaya shakhmatnaya doska [The grand chessboard]. Moskva: Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya.
  • Canar, B. (2012). Soğuk Savaş sonrasında Amerika Birleşik Devletlerinin Karadeniz politikası. SBF Dergisi, 67(1), 49–80.
  • Canar, B. (2024). Soğuk Savaş sonrası Türkiye-ABD ilişkilerinde Karadeniz. The Turkish Yearbook of International Relations, 55, 65–90.
  • Çelikpala, M. (2010). Escalating rivalries and diverging interests: Prospects for stability and security in the Black Sea region. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 10(3), 287–302.
  • Clark, M. (2020). Russian hybrid warfare. ISW. https://www.understandingwar.org/sites/
  • Cornell, S., & Jonsson, A. (2006). The wider Black Sea region: An emerging hub in European security. Washington: Central Asia–Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program.
  • Cracıun, I. (2022). The Black Sea’s strategic importance and NATO’s role in countering the Kremlin’s military domination. Romanian Military Thinking, 4, 80–93.
  • Delanoe, I. (2014). After the Crimean crisis: Towards a greater Russian maritime power in the Black Sea. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 14(3), 367–382.
  • Delanoe, I. (2024). Russia’s Black Sea Fleet in the “special military operation” in Ukraine. FPRI. https://www.fpri.org/article/2024/
  • Demir, K. (2019). Karadeniz’in Türkiye için kıyısal jeopolitik açıdan önemi. Güvenlik Stratejileri, 15(32), 573–604.
  • Demir, S. (2012). Karadeniz’in güvenliğini yeniden düşünmek. Karadeniz Araştırmaları, 35, 19–50. Doğan, P. (2017). NATO ve Rusya Federasyonu’nun yeni mücadele alanı: Karadeniz. Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi, 5, 51–66.
  • Doğru, S. (2013). Türk Boğazları’nın hukuki statüsü: Sevr ve Lozan’dan Montrö’ye geçiş. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(2), 123–169.
  • Erbaş, G. (2012). Jeopolitik kavramında değişim: Karadeniz jeopolitiği örneği. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi Uluslararası Avrasya Strateji Dergisi, 1(1), 135–146.
  • Erol, M. S. (2012). Amerika’nın Karadeniz politikasını yeniden değerlendirmek. Akademik Bakış, 6(11), 17–33.
  • Gerasymchuk, S. (2019). Bucharest Nine: Looking for cooperation on NATO’s eastern flank? Friedrich Ebert Stiftung. https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/ukraine/15574.pdf
  • Gile, K., & Boulegue, M. (2019). Russia’s A2/AD capabilities: Real and imagined. Parameters, 49(1), 21–36. https://doi.org/10.55540/0031-1723.2860
  • Grishin, O. (2020). Energy security of the Black Sea region: Geostrategy and geoenergy measurement. Przegląd Strategiczny, 13, 440–451.
  • Güney, N. A. (2006). Batının yeni güvenlik stratejileri: AB-NATO-ABD. İstanbul: Bağlam Yayınevi.
  • Güney, N. A. (2022). Türkiye’nin yeni yüzyıl vizyonu, Batı ve liberal dünya düzeni tartışmaları. Türk Dış Politikası Yıllığı, 25–42.
  • Hedenskong, J. (2023). Strengthening resilience in Moldova following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. SCEEUS. https://www.ui.se/globalassets/ui.se-eng/publications/sceeus/strengthening-
  • Hess, M. (2022, April 25). Welcome to the Black Sea era of war. Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/04/25/black-sea-war-russia-ukraine-turkey/
  • Hodges, B., Wojcik, R., & Schmiedl, C. (2020, May). One flank, one threat, one presence: A strategy for NATO’s eastern flank. Center for European Policy Analysis (CEPA). https://cepa.org/comprehensive-reports/one-flank-one-threat-one-presence/
  • Hodges, B., Horrell, S., & Kuz, I. (2022, September 22). Russia’s militarization of the Black Sea: Implications for the United States and NATO. Center for European Policy Analysis (CEPA). https://cepa.org/comprehensive-re
  • Isachenko, D. (2023). Turkey in the Black Sea region: Ankara's reactions to the war in Ukraine against the background of regional dynamics and global confrontation. SWP Research Paper. https://www.swp berlin.org/publications/
  • Isachenko, D., & Swistek, G. (2023). The Black Sea as mare clausum: Turkey’s special role in the regional security architecture. SWP Comment. https://www.swp-berlin.org/publications/products/
  • Karadeniz, B. (2007). Security and stability architecture in the Black Sea. Perceptions, 12(2), 95–117.
  • Kasım, K. (2017). Türkiye’nin Karadeniz politikası: Temel parametreler ve stratejiler. OAKA Tartışma Platformu.
  • Koçer, G. (2007). Karadeniz’in güvenliği: Uluslararası yapılanmalar ve Türkiye. Gazi Akademik Bakış, 1(1), 195–217.
  • Koray, M. (2025, August 2). Genişletilmiş Karadeniz bölgesi kavramının Türkiye’nin jeopolitiğine etkileri. Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi. https://strasam.org/analiz-ve-raporlar/analiz/genisletilmis-
  • Kurt, S. (2015). NATO ve AB’nin Karadeniz bölgesine yönelik politikaları. International Journal of Social Science, 31, 403–419.
  • Kurt, S. (2017). Karadeniz güvenlik mimarisinin oluşumu ve Türkiye'nin rolü [Doktora tezi, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü].
  • Lagrone, S. (2014, April 23). USS Taylor returns to Black Sea, 3 NATO ships now in region. USNI News. https://news.usni.org/2014/04/23/uss-taylor-returns-black-sea-3-nato-ships-now-region
  • Lord, M. (2023, October 7). Troubled waters – How Russia’s war in Ukraine changes Black Sea security. NATO Parliamentary Assembly. https://www.nato-pa.int/download-
  • Madrid Summit Declaration. (2022, June 29). North Atlantic Treaty Organization. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_196951.htm
  • Mazere, A. (2022). Anti-access and area denial military structures, destabilisation factors in the Black Sea extended region: The EU and NATO approaches to the Black Sea region. Proceedings, 515–525.
  • Mercan, E. (2022). Modern deniz harbinde yeni bir paradigma: A2/AD yaklaşımı. Karadeniz Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 14(27), 555–576.
  • Mıhaılescu, D. (2017, March 6). NATO and Russia in the Black Sea: A new confrontation? Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). https://www.csis.org/analysis/nato-and-russia-black-sea-new-confrontation
  • Minchev, O. (2006). Major interests and strategies for the Black Sea region. Institute for Regional and International Studies. https://www.iris-bg.org/fls/Black_Sea_Framework_Analytical_Review.pdf
  • NATO Allies and Partners Ready for Exercise Sea Breeze 21. (2021, June 25). NATO. https://shape.nato.int/news-archive/2021/nato-allies-and-partners-ready-for-exercise-sea-breeze-21 NATO Secretary General press conference – NATO Summit in Warsaw. (2016, July 8). NATO Multimedia Library. https://www.natomultimedia.tv/app/asset/373392
  • NATO ships support Ukraine mine countermeasures training off Scottish coast during Exercise Sea Breeze 24. (2024, July 9). NATO Maritime Command. https://mc.nato.int/media-
  • NATO. (2023, July 11). Vilnius Summit communique. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_217320.htm
  • NATO. (2025, June 6). NATO’s military presence in the east of the Alliance. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_136388.htm
  • Nuclear Power in Turkey. (2024, December 17). World Nuclear Association. https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-t-z/turkey
  • Oktay, E. (2006). Türkiye’nin Avrasya’daki çok taraflı girişimlerine bir örnek: Karadeniz Ekonomik İşbirliği Örgütü. Uluslararası İlişkiler, 3(10), 149–179.
  • Orttung, R. (2015, February 13). Putin’s frozen conflicts. Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/02/13/putins-frozen-conflicts/
  • Parmeter, I. (2023). Strategic ambiguity: Turkey, Russia and the war in Ukraine. Australian and New Zealand Journal of European Studies, 15(2), 18–32.
  • Russian Air and Missile Defense. (2021, August 3). Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). https://missilethreat.csis.org/system/russian-air-defense/
  • TürkAkım’ın sağladığı yararlar. (n.d.). TurkStream. https://turkstream.info/tr/project/benefits/
  • U.S. Navy participates in NATO’s Sea Shield 2024 in Constanța, Romania. (2024, April 20). U.S. Navy. https://www.navy.mil/Pr
  • Voo, J., & Singh, V. V. (2025). Russia’s information confrontation doctrine in practice (2014–present): Intent, evolution and implications. International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS).
  • Weaver, C. (2011). Black Sea regional security: Present multipolarity and future possibilities. European Security, 20(1), 1–19.

Karadeniz’de Güç Mücadelesi: Nato-Rusya Rekabeti ve Türkiye’nin Stratejik Dengeleyici Rolü

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 4, 1120 - 1139, 27.09.2025

Günay Umarova

https://doi.org/10.46868/atdd.2025.987
https://izlik.org/JA54YZ27BH

Öz

Karadeniz Bölgesi, tarih boyunca Avrasya jeopolitiğinde önemli bir konuma sahip olmuş ve farklı güç merkezlerinin etki mücadelesine sahne olmuştur. Sovyetler Birliği’nin dağılmasının ardından bölge, yeni güvenlik sorunları ve değişen güç dengeleriyle yeniden şekillenmiştir. Bu çalışma, Karadeniz’in tarihsel arka planını ve günümüzdeki jeopolitik önemini ele almakta; NATO’nun bölgedeki güvenlik politikaları ile Rusya’nın dış politika yaklaşımları arasındaki rekabeti incelemektedir. Ayrıca Türkiye’nin bu rekabet içerisindeki konumu ve oynadığı dengeleyici rol değerlendirilmektedir. Türkiye’nin Montrö Sözleşmesi çerçevesindeki sorumlulukları, çok boyutlu dış politika tercihleri ve NATO ile Rusya arasındaki ilişkilerde üstlendiği arabuluculuk işlevi, bölgesel istikrar açısından dikkate değer unsurlar arasında yer almaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Karadeniz NATO Rusya Türkiye Jeopolitik Rekabet Caydırıcılık Stratejisi

Kaynakça

  • Acer, Y. (2023). Russia’s attack on Ukraine: The Montreux Convention and Türkiye. International Law Studies, 100, 285–311.
  • Akgül, P. (2020). Karadeniz’in bölgesel güvenlik kompleksi olarak incelenmesi. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 6(2), 550–569.
  • Alaeddin, Y. (2017). Kuruluşundan günümüze Karadeniz Ekonomik İşbirliği Örgütü. Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi, 5, 1–16.
  • Alexandr, D. (2015). The Black Sea region in modern Russian-Turkish cooperation: Geo-strategic aspect. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 5(2), 81–85.
  • Alkan, A. (2006). 21. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğinde Karadeniz güvenliği. İstanbul: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım. Aronsson, L., & Mankoff, J. (2023). The inhospitable sea: Toward a new U.S. strategy for the Black Sea region. Washington: CSIS. https://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/202302/230202_Aronsson_Inhospitable_Sea.pdf?VersionId=yxrFjIN9HUGUztgvCUWGGmdOEy3.QZsI
  • Atlantic Council. (2023). A security strategy for the Black Sea. Washington. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/report/a-security-strategy-for-the-
  • Aydın, M. (2004). Europe’s next shore: The Black Sea region after EU enlargement. EU Institute for Security Studies Report, 53.
  • Aydın, M. (2009). Geographical blessing versus geopolitical curse: Great power security agendas for the Black Sea region and a Turkish alternative. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 9(3), 271–285.
  • Brzezinski, Z. (1999). Velikaya shakhmatnaya doska [The grand chessboard]. Moskva: Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya.
  • Canar, B. (2012). Soğuk Savaş sonrasında Amerika Birleşik Devletlerinin Karadeniz politikası. SBF Dergisi, 67(1), 49–80.
  • Canar, B. (2024). Soğuk Savaş sonrası Türkiye-ABD ilişkilerinde Karadeniz. The Turkish Yearbook of International Relations, 55, 65–90.
  • Çelikpala, M. (2010). Escalating rivalries and diverging interests: Prospects for stability and security in the Black Sea region. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 10(3), 287–302.
  • Clark, M. (2020). Russian hybrid warfare. ISW. https://www.understandingwar.org/sites/
  • Cornell, S., & Jonsson, A. (2006). The wider Black Sea region: An emerging hub in European security. Washington: Central Asia–Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program.
  • Cracıun, I. (2022). The Black Sea’s strategic importance and NATO’s role in countering the Kremlin’s military domination. Romanian Military Thinking, 4, 80–93.
  • Delanoe, I. (2014). After the Crimean crisis: Towards a greater Russian maritime power in the Black Sea. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 14(3), 367–382.
  • Delanoe, I. (2024). Russia’s Black Sea Fleet in the “special military operation” in Ukraine. FPRI. https://www.fpri.org/article/2024/
  • Demir, K. (2019). Karadeniz’in Türkiye için kıyısal jeopolitik açıdan önemi. Güvenlik Stratejileri, 15(32), 573–604.
  • Demir, S. (2012). Karadeniz’in güvenliğini yeniden düşünmek. Karadeniz Araştırmaları, 35, 19–50. Doğan, P. (2017). NATO ve Rusya Federasyonu’nun yeni mücadele alanı: Karadeniz. Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi, 5, 51–66.
  • Doğru, S. (2013). Türk Boğazları’nın hukuki statüsü: Sevr ve Lozan’dan Montrö’ye geçiş. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(2), 123–169.
  • Erbaş, G. (2012). Jeopolitik kavramında değişim: Karadeniz jeopolitiği örneği. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi Uluslararası Avrasya Strateji Dergisi, 1(1), 135–146.
  • Erol, M. S. (2012). Amerika’nın Karadeniz politikasını yeniden değerlendirmek. Akademik Bakış, 6(11), 17–33.
  • Gerasymchuk, S. (2019). Bucharest Nine: Looking for cooperation on NATO’s eastern flank? Friedrich Ebert Stiftung. https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/ukraine/15574.pdf
  • Gile, K., & Boulegue, M. (2019). Russia’s A2/AD capabilities: Real and imagined. Parameters, 49(1), 21–36. https://doi.org/10.55540/0031-1723.2860
  • Grishin, O. (2020). Energy security of the Black Sea region: Geostrategy and geoenergy measurement. Przegląd Strategiczny, 13, 440–451.
  • Güney, N. A. (2006). Batının yeni güvenlik stratejileri: AB-NATO-ABD. İstanbul: Bağlam Yayınevi.
  • Güney, N. A. (2022). Türkiye’nin yeni yüzyıl vizyonu, Batı ve liberal dünya düzeni tartışmaları. Türk Dış Politikası Yıllığı, 25–42.
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  • Hess, M. (2022, April 25). Welcome to the Black Sea era of war. Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/04/25/black-sea-war-russia-ukraine-turkey/
  • Hodges, B., Wojcik, R., & Schmiedl, C. (2020, May). One flank, one threat, one presence: A strategy for NATO’s eastern flank. Center for European Policy Analysis (CEPA). https://cepa.org/comprehensive-reports/one-flank-one-threat-one-presence/
  • Hodges, B., Horrell, S., & Kuz, I. (2022, September 22). Russia’s militarization of the Black Sea: Implications for the United States and NATO. Center for European Policy Analysis (CEPA). https://cepa.org/comprehensive-re
  • Isachenko, D. (2023). Turkey in the Black Sea region: Ankara's reactions to the war in Ukraine against the background of regional dynamics and global confrontation. SWP Research Paper. https://www.swp berlin.org/publications/
  • Isachenko, D., & Swistek, G. (2023). The Black Sea as mare clausum: Turkey’s special role in the regional security architecture. SWP Comment. https://www.swp-berlin.org/publications/products/
  • Karadeniz, B. (2007). Security and stability architecture in the Black Sea. Perceptions, 12(2), 95–117.
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  • Koçer, G. (2007). Karadeniz’in güvenliği: Uluslararası yapılanmalar ve Türkiye. Gazi Akademik Bakış, 1(1), 195–217.
  • Koray, M. (2025, August 2). Genişletilmiş Karadeniz bölgesi kavramının Türkiye’nin jeopolitiğine etkileri. Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi. https://strasam.org/analiz-ve-raporlar/analiz/genisletilmis-
  • Kurt, S. (2015). NATO ve AB’nin Karadeniz bölgesine yönelik politikaları. International Journal of Social Science, 31, 403–419.
  • Kurt, S. (2017). Karadeniz güvenlik mimarisinin oluşumu ve Türkiye'nin rolü [Doktora tezi, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü].
  • Lagrone, S. (2014, April 23). USS Taylor returns to Black Sea, 3 NATO ships now in region. USNI News. https://news.usni.org/2014/04/23/uss-taylor-returns-black-sea-3-nato-ships-now-region
  • Lord, M. (2023, October 7). Troubled waters – How Russia’s war in Ukraine changes Black Sea security. NATO Parliamentary Assembly. https://www.nato-pa.int/download-
  • Madrid Summit Declaration. (2022, June 29). North Atlantic Treaty Organization. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_196951.htm
  • Mazere, A. (2022). Anti-access and area denial military structures, destabilisation factors in the Black Sea extended region: The EU and NATO approaches to the Black Sea region. Proceedings, 515–525.
  • Mercan, E. (2022). Modern deniz harbinde yeni bir paradigma: A2/AD yaklaşımı. Karadeniz Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 14(27), 555–576.
  • Mıhaılescu, D. (2017, March 6). NATO and Russia in the Black Sea: A new confrontation? Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). https://www.csis.org/analysis/nato-and-russia-black-sea-new-confrontation
  • Minchev, O. (2006). Major interests and strategies for the Black Sea region. Institute for Regional and International Studies. https://www.iris-bg.org/fls/Black_Sea_Framework_Analytical_Review.pdf
  • NATO Allies and Partners Ready for Exercise Sea Breeze 21. (2021, June 25). NATO. https://shape.nato.int/news-archive/2021/nato-allies-and-partners-ready-for-exercise-sea-breeze-21 NATO Secretary General press conference – NATO Summit in Warsaw. (2016, July 8). NATO Multimedia Library. https://www.natomultimedia.tv/app/asset/373392
  • NATO ships support Ukraine mine countermeasures training off Scottish coast during Exercise Sea Breeze 24. (2024, July 9). NATO Maritime Command. https://mc.nato.int/media-
  • NATO. (2023, July 11). Vilnius Summit communique. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_217320.htm
  • NATO. (2025, June 6). NATO’s military presence in the east of the Alliance. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_136388.htm
  • Nuclear Power in Turkey. (2024, December 17). World Nuclear Association. https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-t-z/turkey
  • Oktay, E. (2006). Türkiye’nin Avrasya’daki çok taraflı girişimlerine bir örnek: Karadeniz Ekonomik İşbirliği Örgütü. Uluslararası İlişkiler, 3(10), 149–179.
  • Orttung, R. (2015, February 13). Putin’s frozen conflicts. Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/02/13/putins-frozen-conflicts/
  • Parmeter, I. (2023). Strategic ambiguity: Turkey, Russia and the war in Ukraine. Australian and New Zealand Journal of European Studies, 15(2), 18–32.
  • Russian Air and Missile Defense. (2021, August 3). Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). https://missilethreat.csis.org/system/russian-air-defense/
  • TürkAkım’ın sağladığı yararlar. (n.d.). TurkStream. https://turkstream.info/tr/project/benefits/
  • U.S. Navy participates in NATO’s Sea Shield 2024 in Constanța, Romania. (2024, April 20). U.S. Navy. https://www.navy.mil/Pr
  • Voo, J., & Singh, V. V. (2025). Russia’s information confrontation doctrine in practice (2014–present): Intent, evolution and implications. International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS).
  • Weaver, C. (2011). Black Sea regional security: Present multipolarity and future possibilities. European Security, 20(1), 1–19.

Power Struggle in the Black Sea: NATO–Russia Rivalry and Turkey’s Strategic Balancing Role

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 4, 1120 - 1139, 27.09.2025

Günay Umarova

https://doi.org/10.46868/atdd.2025.987
https://izlik.org/JA54YZ27BH

Öz

Historically, the Black Sea region has occupied a pivotal place in Eurasian geopolitics and has long served as a stage for competition among major power centers. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the region has been reshaped by new security challenges and shifting power balances. This study examines the historical background and current geopolitical significance of the Black Sea, analyzing the rivalry between NATO’s security policies and Russia’s foreign policy approaches in the region. Furthermore, it evaluates Turkey’s position and its balancing role within this rivalry. Turkey’s responsibilities under the Montreux Convention, its multi-dimensional foreign policy choices, and its mediating function between NATO and Russia are recognized as critical elements for regional stability.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Black Sea NATO Russia Turkey Geopolitical Rivalry Deterrence Strategy

Kaynakça

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  • Grishin, O. (2020). Energy security of the Black Sea region: Geostrategy and geoenergy measurement. Przegląd Strategiczny, 13, 440–451.
  • Güney, N. A. (2006). Batının yeni güvenlik stratejileri: AB-NATO-ABD. İstanbul: Bağlam Yayınevi.
  • Güney, N. A. (2022). Türkiye’nin yeni yüzyıl vizyonu, Batı ve liberal dünya düzeni tartışmaları. Türk Dış Politikası Yıllığı, 25–42.
  • Hedenskong, J. (2023). Strengthening resilience in Moldova following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. SCEEUS. https://www.ui.se/globalassets/ui.se-eng/publications/sceeus/strengthening-
  • Hess, M. (2022, April 25). Welcome to the Black Sea era of war. Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/04/25/black-sea-war-russia-ukraine-turkey/
  • Hodges, B., Wojcik, R., & Schmiedl, C. (2020, May). One flank, one threat, one presence: A strategy for NATO’s eastern flank. Center for European Policy Analysis (CEPA). https://cepa.org/comprehensive-reports/one-flank-one-threat-one-presence/
  • Hodges, B., Horrell, S., & Kuz, I. (2022, September 22). Russia’s militarization of the Black Sea: Implications for the United States and NATO. Center for European Policy Analysis (CEPA). https://cepa.org/comprehensive-re
  • Isachenko, D. (2023). Turkey in the Black Sea region: Ankara's reactions to the war in Ukraine against the background of regional dynamics and global confrontation. SWP Research Paper. https://www.swp berlin.org/publications/
  • Isachenko, D., & Swistek, G. (2023). The Black Sea as mare clausum: Turkey’s special role in the regional security architecture. SWP Comment. https://www.swp-berlin.org/publications/products/
  • Karadeniz, B. (2007). Security and stability architecture in the Black Sea. Perceptions, 12(2), 95–117.
  • Kasım, K. (2017). Türkiye’nin Karadeniz politikası: Temel parametreler ve stratejiler. OAKA Tartışma Platformu.
  • Koçer, G. (2007). Karadeniz’in güvenliği: Uluslararası yapılanmalar ve Türkiye. Gazi Akademik Bakış, 1(1), 195–217.
  • Koray, M. (2025, August 2). Genişletilmiş Karadeniz bölgesi kavramının Türkiye’nin jeopolitiğine etkileri. Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi. https://strasam.org/analiz-ve-raporlar/analiz/genisletilmis-
  • Kurt, S. (2015). NATO ve AB’nin Karadeniz bölgesine yönelik politikaları. International Journal of Social Science, 31, 403–419.
  • Kurt, S. (2017). Karadeniz güvenlik mimarisinin oluşumu ve Türkiye'nin rolü [Doktora tezi, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü].
  • Lagrone, S. (2014, April 23). USS Taylor returns to Black Sea, 3 NATO ships now in region. USNI News. https://news.usni.org/2014/04/23/uss-taylor-returns-black-sea-3-nato-ships-now-region
  • Lord, M. (2023, October 7). Troubled waters – How Russia’s war in Ukraine changes Black Sea security. NATO Parliamentary Assembly. https://www.nato-pa.int/download-
  • Madrid Summit Declaration. (2022, June 29). North Atlantic Treaty Organization. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_196951.htm
  • Mazere, A. (2022). Anti-access and area denial military structures, destabilisation factors in the Black Sea extended region: The EU and NATO approaches to the Black Sea region. Proceedings, 515–525.
  • Mercan, E. (2022). Modern deniz harbinde yeni bir paradigma: A2/AD yaklaşımı. Karadeniz Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 14(27), 555–576.
  • Mıhaılescu, D. (2017, March 6). NATO and Russia in the Black Sea: A new confrontation? Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). https://www.csis.org/analysis/nato-and-russia-black-sea-new-confrontation
  • Minchev, O. (2006). Major interests and strategies for the Black Sea region. Institute for Regional and International Studies. https://www.iris-bg.org/fls/Black_Sea_Framework_Analytical_Review.pdf
  • NATO Allies and Partners Ready for Exercise Sea Breeze 21. (2021, June 25). NATO. https://shape.nato.int/news-archive/2021/nato-allies-and-partners-ready-for-exercise-sea-breeze-21 NATO Secretary General press conference – NATO Summit in Warsaw. (2016, July 8). NATO Multimedia Library. https://www.natomultimedia.tv/app/asset/373392
  • NATO ships support Ukraine mine countermeasures training off Scottish coast during Exercise Sea Breeze 24. (2024, July 9). NATO Maritime Command. https://mc.nato.int/media-
  • NATO. (2023, July 11). Vilnius Summit communique. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_217320.htm
  • NATO. (2025, June 6). NATO’s military presence in the east of the Alliance. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_136388.htm
  • Nuclear Power in Turkey. (2024, December 17). World Nuclear Association. https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-t-z/turkey
  • Oktay, E. (2006). Türkiye’nin Avrasya’daki çok taraflı girişimlerine bir örnek: Karadeniz Ekonomik İşbirliği Örgütü. Uluslararası İlişkiler, 3(10), 149–179.
  • Orttung, R. (2015, February 13). Putin’s frozen conflicts. Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/02/13/putins-frozen-conflicts/
  • Parmeter, I. (2023). Strategic ambiguity: Turkey, Russia and the war in Ukraine. Australian and New Zealand Journal of European Studies, 15(2), 18–32.
  • Russian Air and Missile Defense. (2021, August 3). Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). https://missilethreat.csis.org/system/russian-air-defense/
  • TürkAkım’ın sağladığı yararlar. (n.d.). TurkStream. https://turkstream.info/tr/project/benefits/
  • U.S. Navy participates in NATO’s Sea Shield 2024 in Constanța, Romania. (2024, April 20). U.S. Navy. https://www.navy.mil/Pr
  • Voo, J., & Singh, V. V. (2025). Russia’s information confrontation doctrine in practice (2014–present): Intent, evolution and implications. International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS).
  • Weaver, C. (2011). Black Sea regional security: Present multipolarity and future possibilities. European Security, 20(1), 1–19.
Toplam 59 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Siyaset Bilimi (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Günay Umarova 0000-0002-7402-7981

Gönderilme Tarihi 26 Temmuz 2025
Kabul Tarihi 22 Eylül 2025
Erken Görünüm Tarihi 22 Eylül 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Eylül 2025
DOI https://doi.org/10.46868/atdd.2025.987
IZ https://izlik.org/JA54YZ27BH
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Umarova, G. (2025). Karadeniz’de Güç Mücadelesi: Nato-Rusya Rekabeti ve Türkiye’nin Stratejik Dengeleyici Rolü. Akademik Tarih ve Düşünce Dergisi, 12(4), 1120-1139. https://doi.org/10.46868/atdd.2025.987

 

 

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