Afganistan’ın Siyasi Tarihinde Savaş ve İstikrarsızlık (1900–2001)

Öz

Makalede Afganistan’ın 1900 yılı sonrasındaki siyasi tarihine ilişkin kapsamlı bir literatür taraması yapılmış, nitel veriler tarihsel yöntemle toplanmış ve sırasıyla Afganistan’ın SSCB tarafından işgali ile SSCB işgalinin sona ermesinin ardından Taliban’ın iktidara geldiği ilk dönem incelenmiştir. Afganistan’da 27 Nisan 1978’de muhalif solcular tarafından demokratik cumhuriyet ilan edilmiştir. Yönetim ve ordu, Sovyetlerle yakın temas içindeydi. Afganistan’da Sovyet yanlısı siyasilerin iktidara gelmesi ve halk karşıtı gelişmelerin yaşanması sorunlara neden olmuştur. Halkın kendini ifade etmeye çalışması iktidarı elinde bulunduran güçleri rahatsız etmiş ve olası bir halk hareketinin önüne geçmek için SSCB’den yardım istenmiştir. Durumdan rahatsız olan SSCB 24 Aralık 1979’da Afganistan’ı işgal etmiş ve 10 yıl süren bu işgalde ağır sivil kayıplara yol açmıştır. Bir milyonun üzerinde Afganlının hayatını kaybettiği tahmin edilen işgal sebebiyle 6 milyon Afganlı da göç etmek zorunda kalmıştır. Makale, 1900 yılı sonrasındaki dönemin Afganistan’ın ilerleyen yıllarda yaşayacağı savaşların, iç karışıklıkların ve günümüzde Taliban tarafından dine dayandırılan sert güçle idare edilmesinin başlangıcı olduğunu öne sürmektedir. Çalışmanın ana maksadı, Afganistan’ın 1900–2001 yılları arasında yaşadığı savaş ve siyasi istikrarsızlığın, Taliban gibi uluslararası toplumun büyük bölümünce tanınmayan ve uluslararası iş birliğine girilmeyen bir iktidarın çıkışına neden olduğunu bilimsel siyasi tarih kaynaklarını kullanarak değerlendirmektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Afganistan
• Taliban
• 1900 sonrası
• SSCB
• savaş

War and Instability in the Political History of Afghanistan (1900–2001)

Öz

This article examines the political history of Afghanistan after 1900 through a literature review and the historical method, focusing on the Soviet occupation and the first period of Taliban rule that followed. On April 27, 1978, opposition leftists declared a democratic republic in Afghanistan, and the new government and army maintained close ties with the Soviets. The rise of pro-Soviet politicians and unpopular policies generated unrest, and the ruling powers sought Soviet help to prevent a popular uprising. The Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan on December 24, 1979. The ten-year occupation caused heavy civilian casualties; more than one million Afghans are estimated to have died, and six million were forced to migrate. The article argues that the post-1900 period marked the beginning of the wars and internal conflicts Afghanistan experienced in later years, as well as of today’s Taliban rule based on religiously justified hard power. The main aim of the study is to assess, using scholarly sources, how the wars and political instability of 1900–2001 led to the rise of the Taliban, a regime not recognized by most of the international community and excluded from international cooperation.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Afghanistan
• Taliban
• post-1900
• USSR
• war

Kaynakça

1. Adamec, L. W. (2003). Historical dictionary of Afghanistan. The Scarecrow Press.
2. Ansary, T. (2012). Games without rules: The often interrupted history of Afghanistan. PublicAffairs.
3. Barfield, T. (2010). Afghanistan: A cultural and political history. Princeton University Press.
4. Berinsky, A. J. (2009). In time of war. University of Chicago Press.
5. Bird, T., & Marshall, A. (2011). Afghanistan: How the West lost its way. Yale University Press.
6. Brodsky, A. (2003). With all our strength. Routledge.
7. Caldwell, D. (2011). Vortex of conflict: U.S. policy toward Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iraq. Stanford University Press.
8. Carlisle, R. P. (2010). Afghanistan war. Chelsea House.

9. CIA. (1987). The costs of Soviet involvement in Afghanistan (SOV 87-10007). Directorate of Intelligence. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp08s01350r000300950001-0
10. Clements, F. A. (2003). Conflict in Afghanistan. ABC-CLIO.
11. Coburn, N. (2016). Losing Afghanistan: An obituary for the intervention. Stanford University Press.
12. Cooley, J. K. (1999). Unholy wars: Afghanistan, America and international terrorism. Pluto Press.
13. Dorronsoro, G. (2005). Revolution unending: Afghanistan, 1979 to the present (J. King, Trans.). Hurst & Company.
14. Ewans, M. (2005). Conflict in Afghanistan. Routledge.
15. Goodson, L. P. (2001). Afghanistan’s endless war. University of Washington Press.
16. Grau, L. W., & Jalali, A. A. (2002). The Soviet-Afghan war: Breaking the hammer & sickle. VFW Magazine, 89(7).
17. Gregory, D. (2004). The colonial present: Afghanistan, Palestine, Iraq. Blackwell.
18. Greven, R. Y. (2014). An analysis of state building: The relationship between Pashtun ‘para-state’ institutions and political instability in Afghanistan [Doctoral dissertation, University of South Florida]. USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations. https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/etd/5158
19. Haleem, I. (2008). Creating Frankensteins: The Taliban movement of Pakistan. Perspectives on Terrorism, 2(5), 15–17.
20. Horton, S. (2017). Fool’s errand. The Libertarian Institute.
21. Kaelin, D. (2013). No regrets: An American adventure in Afghanistan. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
22. Karimianpour, H. (2011). Nation building, or, democracy by other means. Algora Publishing.
23. Knuth, R. (2006). Burning books and leveling libraries: Extremist violence and cultural destruction. Praeger.
24. Larson, A., & Ramsbotham, A. (2018). Incremental peace in Afghanistan. Conciliation Resources.
25. Lowther, A. B. (2007). Americans and asymmetric conflict. Praeger Security International.
26. Macdonald, D. (2007). Drugs in Afghanistan. Pluto Press.
27. Maley, W. (2002). The Afghanistan wars. Palgrave Macmillan.
28. Maley, W. (2015). The Afghan situation in summer 1987. In M. Centlivres-Demont (Ed.), Afghanistan: Identity, society and politics since 1980. I.B. Tauris.
29. Margolis, E. (2001). War at the top of the world: The struggle for Afghanistan, Kashmir and Tibet. Routledge.
30. McAdams, A. J. (1985). East Germany and detente: Building authority after the Wall. Cambridge University Press.
31. McCauley, M. (2002). Afghanistan and Central Asia: A modern history. Pearson.
32. Mondloch, C. (2013, October 28). Bacha bazi: An Afghan tragedy. Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2013/10/28/bacha-bazi-an-afghan-tragedy/
33. Najibullah, H. (2017). Reconciliation and social healing in Afghanistan: A transrational and elicitive analysis towards transformation. Springer.
34. Nojumi, N. (2009). The rise and fall of the Taliban. In R. D. Crews & A. Tarzi (Eds.), The Taliban and the crisis of Afghanistan (pp. 90–117). Harvard University Press.
35. Otfinoski, S. (2004). Afghanistan. Facts On File.
36. Rais, R. B. (2008). Recovering the frontier state: War, ethnicity, and the state in Afghanistan. Lexington Books.
37. Rasanayagam, A. (2003). Afghanistan: A modern history. I.B. Tauris.
38. Rubin, B. R. (2013). Afghanistan from the Cold War through the war on terror. Oxford University Press.
39. Runion, M. L. (2007). The history of Afghanistan. Greenwood Press.
40. Saikal, A. (2004). Modern Afghanistan: A history of struggle and survival. I.B. Tauris.
41. Scott, P. D. (2003). Drugs, oil and war. Rowman & Littlefield.
42. Siddique, A. (2014). The Pashtun question: The unresolved key to the future of Pakistan and Afghanistan. Hurst.
43. Stenersen, A. (2017). Al-Qaida in Afghanistan. Cambridge University Press.
44. Uesugi, Y. (2009). Toward bringing stability in Afghanistan: A review of the peacebuilding strategy (IPSHU English Research Report Series No. 24). Institute for Peace Science, Hiroshima University.
45. Underhill, N. (2014). Countering global terrorism and insurgency: Calculating the risk of state failure in Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iraq. Palgrave Macmillan.
46. Wahab, S., & Youngerman, B. (2007). A brief history of Afghanistan. Facts On File.
47. Wahab, S., & Youngerman, B. (2010). A brief history of Afghanistan (2nd ed.). Facts On File.