ChatGPT ile Akıllı Destinasyon Planlaması

Öz

Bu araştırma, ChatGPT'nin önerileri doğrultusunda oluşturulan bir akıllı turizm destinasyon planı üzerine odaklanmaktadır. Sohbet Teorisi çerçevesinde ChatGPT ile akıllı turizm destinasyon planı oluşturmak için karşılıklı diyalog geliştirilmiştir. Bu diyalog kapsamında ChatGPT’ye 3 soru yöneltilerek akıllı turizm destinasyon planı, örnekleri ve seviyesi oluşturulmuştur. Nevşehir destinasyonu için ChatGPT’nin on boyuttan oluşan bir plan oluşturduğu görülmektedir. Bu planda ChatGPT dijital altyapının güçlendirilmesi, artırılmış gerçeklik (AR) ve sanal gerçeklik (VR) uygulamaları, çevrimiçi biletleme sistemleri ve e-ticaret entegrasyonu gibi alanları daha kapsamlı bir şekilde ön plana çıkarmaktadır. Bu boyutların yanı sıra ChatGPT akıllı turizm destinasyon planında kültürel mirasın korunması, topluluk katılımı, eğitim, dijital pazarlama ve güvenlik gibi konulara da önem verdiği görülmektedir. ChatGPT’nin bir destinasyonun turizm faaliyetleri açısından önemli olan birçok faktöre akıllı turizm kapsamında yer verdiği görülmektedir. Son olarak, ChatGPT akıllı turizm destinasyon planına sadık kalarak akıllı turizm destinasyon seviyesi de oluşturmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Yapay Zeka
• ChatGPT
• Akıllı Turizm
• Akıllı Destinasyonlar
• Turist

Smart Destination Planning with ChatGPT

Öz

This research focuses on a smart tourism destination plan created in line with the recommendations of ChatGPT. Within the framework of Conversation Theory, a mutual dialog was developed with ChatGPT to create a smart tourism destination plan. Within the scope of this dialog, 3 questions were asked to ChatGPT to create a smart tourism destination plan, examples and level. It is seen that ChatGPT has created a plan consisting of ten dimensions for Nevşehir destination. In this plan, ChatGPT emphasizes areas such as strengthening the digital infrastructure, augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) applications, online ticketing systems and e-commerce integration in a more comprehensive manner. In addition to these dimensions, the ChatGPT smart tourism destination plan also emphasizes issues such as cultural heritage protection, community engagement, education, digital marketing and security. It is seen that ChatGPT includes many factors that are important for a destination's tourism activities within the scope of smart tourism. Finally, ChatGPT also creates a smart tourism destination level by adhering to the smart tourism destination plan.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Artificial Intelligence
• ChatGPT
• Smart Tourism
• Smart Destinations
• Tourist

Kaynakça

1. Adamış, E., & Pınarbaşı, F. (2022). Unfolding visual characteristics of social media communication: reflections of smart tourism destinations. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology, 13(1), 34-61. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTT-09-2020-0246
2. Ali, F. (2023). Let the devil speak for itself: Should ChatGPT be allowed or banned in hospitality and tourism schools?. Journal of Global Hospitality and Tourism, 2(1), 1-6. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4528-3764
3. Ali, F., Yasar, B., Ali, L., & Dogan, S. (2023). Antecedents and consequences of travelers' trust towards personalized travel recommendations offered by ChatGPT. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 114, 103588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2023.103588
4. Altinay, Z., Altinay, F., Tlili, A., & Vatankhah, S. (2024). “Keep your friends close, but your enemies closer:” ChatGPT in tourism and hospitality. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology. Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTT-03-2024-0139
5. Ammirato, S., Felicetti, A. M., Della Gala, M., Raso, C., & Cozza, M. (2018). Smart tourism destinations: can the destination management organizations exploit benefits of the ICTs? Evidences from a multiple case study. In Collaborative Networks of Cognitive Systems: 19th IFIP WG 5.5 Working Conference on Virtual Enterprises, PRO-VE 2018, Cardiff, UK, September 17-19, 2018, Proceedings 19 (pp. 623-634). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99127-6_54
6. Angelidou, M., Karachaliou, E., Angelidou, T., & Stylianidis, E. (2017). Cultural heritage in smart city environments. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 42, 27-32. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W5-27-2017
7. Azgomi, H. F., & Jamshidi, M. (2018, November). A brief survey on smart community and smart transportation. In 2018 IEEE 30th international conference on tools with artificial intelligence (ICTAI) (pp. 932-939). IEEE. 10.1109/ICTAI.2018.00144
8. Boes, K., Buhalis, D., & Inversini, A. (2016). Smart tourism destinations: ecosystems for tourism destination competitiveness. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 2(2), 108-124. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-12-2015-0032

9. Boletsis, C., & Chasanidou, D. (2018, June). Smart tourism in cities: Exploring urban destinations with audio augmented reality. In Proceedings of the 11th PErvasive Technologies Related to Assistive Environments Conference (pp. 515-521). https://doi.org/10.1145/3197768.3201549
10. Borges-Tiago, T., Veríssimo, J., & Tiago, F. (2022). Smart tourism: A scientometric review (2008-2020). European Journal of Tourism Research, 30, 3006-3006. https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v30i.2593
11. Brandão, M., Joia, L. A., & do Canto Cavalheiro, G. M. (2019). Towards a smart destination development model: Promoting environmental, economic, socio-cultural and political values. Setting foundations for the creation of public value in smart cities, 137-161. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98953-2_6
12. Buhalis, D., & Amaranggana, A. (2015). Smart tourism destinations enhancing tourism experience through personalisation of services. In Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2015: Proceedings of the International Conference in Lugano, Switzerland, February 3-6, 2015 (pp. 377-389). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14343-9_28
13. Bulchand-Gidumal, J. (2022). Impact of artificial intelligence in travel, tourism, and hospitality. In Handbook of e-Tourism (pp. 1943-1962). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48652-5_110
14. Carvalho, I., & Ivanov, S. (2023). ChatGPT for tourism: applications, benefits and risks. Tourism Review. Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-02-2023-0088
15. Chourabi, H., Nam, T., Walker, S., Gil-Garcia, J. R., Mellouli, S., Nahon, K., ... & Scholl, H. J. (2012, January). Understanding smart cities: An integrative framework. In 2012 45th Hawaii international conference on system sciences (pp. 2289-2297). IEEE. 10.1109/HICSS.2012.615
16. Cimbaljević, M., Stankov, U., & Pavluković, V. (2019). Going beyond the traditional destination competitiveness–reflections on a smart destination in the current research. Current Issues in Tourism, 22(20), 2472-2477. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2018.1529149
17. Çelen, O. (2020). Ilgaz, B. (Eds.), Akıllı Kent Akıllı Turizm, 120-126
18. da Costa Liberato, P. M., Alén-González, E., & de Azevedo Liberato, D. F. V. (2018). Digital technology in a smart tourist destination: the case of Porto. Journal of Urban Technology, 25(1), 75-97. https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2017.1413228
19. Dalgıç, A., Yaşar, E., & Demir, M. (2024). ChatGPT and learning outcomes in tourism education: The role of digital literacy and individualized learning. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education, 34, 100481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhlste.2024.100481
20. Del Vecchio, P., Mele, G., Ndou, V., & Secundo, G. (2018). Creating value from social big data: Implications for smart tourism destinations. Information Processing & Management, 54(5), 847-860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2017.10.006
21. Demir, Ş. Ş., & Demir, M. (2023a). Professionals' perspectives on ChatGPT in the tourism industry: Does it inspire awe or concern? Journal of Tourism Theory and Research, 9(2), 61-76. https://doi.org/10.24288/jttr.1313481
22. Demir, M., & Demir, Ş. Ş. (2023b). Is ChatGPT the right technology for service individualization and value co-creation? evidence from the travel industry. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 40(5), 383-398. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2023.2255884
23. Duong, C. D., Nguyen, T. H., Ngo, T. V. N., Pham, T. T. P., Vu, A. T., & Dang, N. S. (2024). Using generative artificial intelligence (ChatGPT) for travel purposes: parasocial interaction and tourists’ continuance intention. Tourism Review. Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-01-2024-0027
24. Dwivedi, Y. K., Pandey, N., Currie, W., & Micu, A. (2024). Leveraging ChatGPT and other generative artificial intelligence (AI)-based applications in the hospitality and tourism industry: practices, challenges and research agenda. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 36(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-05-2023-0686
25. Dwivedi, Y. K., Kshetri, N., Hughes, L., Slade, E. L., Jeyaraj, A., Kar, A. K., ... & Wright, R. (2023). “So what if ChatGPT wrote it?” Multidisciplinary perspectives on opportunities, challenges and implications of generative conversational AI for research, practice and policy. International Journal of Information Management, 71, 102642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2023.102642
26. Elmohandes, N., & Marghany, M. (2024). Effective or ineffective? Using ChatGPT for staffing in the hospitality industry. European Journal of Tourism Research, 36, 3617-3617. https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v36i.3286
27. Erdem, A. (2023). Akıllı Turizmin ChatGPT Tarafından Değerlendirilmesi (Evaluation of Smart Tourism by ChatGPT). Journal of Tourism & Gastronomy Studies, 11(4), 3298-3313. https://doi.org/10.21325/jotags.2023.1343
28. Erul, E., & Işin, A. (2023). ChatGPT ile Sohbetler: Turizmde ChatGPT’nin Önemi (Chats with ChatGPT. Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies, 11(1), 780-793.
29. Fantin Irudaya Raj, E., & Appadurai, M. (2022). Internet of things-based smart transportation system for smart cities. In Intelligent Systems for Social Good: Theory and Practice (pp. 39-50). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0770-8_4
30. Fusté-Forné, F., & Orea-Giner, A. (2023). Gastronomy in tourism management and marketing: an interview with ChatGPT. ROBONOMICS: The Journal of the Automated Economy, 4, 42-42.
31. Gajdošík, T. (2019). Big data analytics in smart tourism destinations. A new tool for destination management organizations?. In Smart Tourism as a Driver for Culture and Sustainability: Fifth International Conference IACuDiT, Athens 2018 (pp. 15-33). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03910-3_2
32. Gajdošík, T., & Marciš, M. (2019). Artificial intelligence tools for smart tourism development. In Artificial Intelligence Methods in Intelligent Algorithms: Proceedings of 8th Computer Science On-line Conference 2019, Vol. 2 8 (pp. 392-402). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19810-7_39 Gomez-Oliva, A., Alvarado-Uribe, J., Parra-Meroño, M. C., & Jara, A. J. (2019). Transforming communication channels to the co-creation and diffusion of intangible heritage in smart tourism destination: Creation and testing in ceutí (spain). Sustainability, 11(14), 3848. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11143848
33. Gök, H. S., & Şalvarci, S. (2022). Smart Destination Applications according to Cohen'sSmart City Wheel:: The example of İzmír, Turkey. Revista Rosa dos Ventos-Turismo e Hospitalidade, 14(3). 780-807.
34. Gretzel, U., Werthner, H., Koo, C., & Lamsfus, C. (2015). Conceptual foundations for understanding smart tourism ecosystems. Computers in Human Behavior, 50, 558-563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.03.043
35. Gretzel, U., & Jamal, T. (2020). Guiding principles for good gov-ernance of the smart destination. In C. M. Paris & S.Benjamin (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2020 TTRA international conference June 16–18, 2020, Victoria, BC, Canada. Traveland Tourism Research Association
36. Gretzel, U. (2022). The Smart DMO: A new step in the digital transformation of destination management organizations. European Journal of Tourism Research, 30, 3002-3002. https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v30i.2589 Grundner, L., & Neuhofer, B. (2021). The bright and dark sides of artificial intelligence: A futures perspective on tourist destination experiences. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 19, 100511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2020.100511
37. Gursoy, D., Li, Y., & Song, H. (2023). ChatGPT and the hospitality and tourism industry: an overview of current trends and future research directions. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 32(5), 579-592. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2023.2211993
38. Ismagilova, E., Hughes, L., Rana, N. P., & Dwivedi, Y. K. (2020). Security, privacy and risks within smart cities: Literature review and development of a smart city interaction framework. Information Systems Frontiers, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-020-10044-1
39. Jovicic, D. Z. (2019). From the traditional understanding of tourism destination to the smart tourism destination. Current Issues in Tourism, 22(3), 276-282. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2017.1313203
40. Kaji, S., Kolivand, H., Madani, R., Salehinia, M., & Shafaie, M. (2018). Augmented reality in smart cities: a multimedia approach. Journal of Engineering Technology, 6(1), 28-45.
41. Kim, J. H., Kim, J., Kim, S., & Hailu, T. B. (2023). Effects of AI ChatGPT on travelers’ travel decision-making. Tourism Review. Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-07-2023-0489
42. Karpova, G. A., Kuchumov, A. V., Testina, Y. S., & Voloshinova, M. V. (2019, October). Digitalization of a tourist destination. In Proceedings of the 2019 International SPBPU Scientific Conference on Innovations in Digital Economy (pp. 1-6).
43. Lacinák, M., & Ristvej, J. (2017). Smart city, safety and security. Procedia engineering, 192, 522-527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.06.090
44. Lalicic, L., & Önder, I. (2018). Residents’ involvement in urban tourism planning: Opportunities from a smart city perspective. Sustainability, 10(6), 1852. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10061852
45. Laufs, J., Borrion, H., & Bradford, B. (2020). Security and the smart city: A systematic review. Sustainable cities and society, 55, 102023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102023
46. Lopez de Avila, A. (2015, February). Smart destinations: XXI century tourism. In ENTER2015 conference on information and communication technologies in tourism, Lugano, Switzerland (pp. 4-6).
47. Lukita, C., Pangilinan, G. A., Chakim, M. H. R., & Saputra, D. B. (2023). Examining the impact of artificial intelligence and internet of things on smart tourism destinations: A comprehensive study. Aptisi Transactions on Technopreneurship (ATT), 5(2sp), 135-145. https://doi.org/10.34306/att.v5i2sp.332
48. Mandić, A., & Garbin Praničević, D. (2019). Progress on the role of ICTs in establishing destination appeal: Implications for smart tourism destination development. Journal of hospitality and tourism technology, 10(4), 791-813. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTT-06-2018-0047
49. Marzouk, A., Maher, A., & Mahrous, T. (2019). The influence of augmented reality and virtual reality combinations on tourist experience. Journal of the Faculty of Tourism and Hotels-University of Sadat City, 3(2), 1-19.
50. Mrsic, L., Surla, G., & Balkovic, M. (2020, February). Technology-driven smart support system for tourist destination management organizations. In International Conference on Innovative Computing and Communications: Proceedings of ICICC 2019, Volume 1 (pp. 65-76). Singapore: Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1286-5_7
51. Pellicer, S., Santa, G., Bleda, A. L., Maestre, R., Jara, A. J., & Skarmeta, A. G. (2013, July). A global perspective of smart cities: A survey. In 2013 Seventh International Conference on Innovative Mobile and Internet Services in Ubiquitous Computing (pp. 439-444). IEEE.
52. Pham, H. C., Duong, C. D., & Nguyen, G. K. H. (2024). What drives tourists’ continuance intention to use ChatGPT for travel services? A stimulus-organism-response perspective. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 78, 103758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2024.103758
53. Prakash, M., Mishra, S., Tiwari, P., & Chowdhary, N. (2024). Smart destination marketing in the digital age. In Tourism Planning and Destination Marketing, 2nd Edition (pp. 283-306). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80455-888-120241014
54. Rather, R. A. (2024). AI-powered ChatGPT in the hospitality and tourism industry: benefits, challenges, theoretical framework, propositions and future research directions. Tourism Recreation Research, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2023.2287799
55. Rospigliosi, P. A. (2023). Artificial intelligence in teaching and learning: what questions should we ask of ChatGPT?. Interactive Learning Environments, 31(1), 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2023.2180191
56. Rudolph, J., Tan, S., & Tan, S. (2023). ChatGPT: Bullshit spewer or the end of traditional assessments in higher education?. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching, 6(1). 1-22.
57. Salvagno, M., Taccone, F. S., & Gerli, A. G. (2023). Can artificial intelligence help for scientific writing?. Critical care, 27(1), 1-5.
58. Shafiee, S., Ghatari, A. R., Hasanzadeh, A., & Jahanyan, S. (2019). Developing a model for sustainable smart tourism destinations: A systematic review. Tourism Management Perspectives, 31, 287-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2019.06.002
59. Singh, D. (2023). ChatGPT: A new approach to revolutionise organisations. ugc approved research journals in india| UGC Newly Added Journals|(IJNMS), 10(1), 57-63.
60. Skavronskaya, L., Hadinejad, A., & Cotterell, D. (2023). Reversing the threat of artificial intelligence to opportunity: a discussion of ChatGPT in tourism education. Journal of Teaching in Travel & Tourism, 23(2), 253-258. https://doi.org/10.1080/15313220.2023.2196658
61. Snis, U. L., Olsson, A. K., & Bernhard, I. (2021). Becoming a smart old town–How to manage stakeholder collaboration and cultural heritage. Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development, 11(4), 627-641. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCHMSD-10-2020-0148
62. Soliman, M., & Al Balushi, M. K. (2023). Unveiling destination evangelism through generative AI tools. ROBONOMICS: The Journal of the Automated Economy, 4(54), 1.
63. Solomovich, L., & Abraham, V. (2024). Exploring the influence of ChatGPT on tourism behavior using the technology acceptance model. Tourism Review. Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-10-2023-0697
64. Sonuç, N., & Süer, S. (2023). Smart Tourism Destinations and Digitalization of Cultural Heritage for Sustainability. In Smart Cities for Sustainability: Approaches and Solutions (pp. 151-168). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1877-636120230000033010
65. Sorokina, E., Wang, Y., Fyall, A., Lugosi, P., Torres, E., & Jung, T. (2022). Constructing a smart destination framework: A destination marketing organization perspective. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 23, 100688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2021.100688
66. Sudirjo, F., Diawati, P., Riady, Y., Ausat, A. M. A., & Suherlan, S. (2023). The Role of ChatGPT in Enhancing the Information Search and Decision-Making Process of Travellers. Jurnal Minfo Polgan, 12(2), 500-507.
67. Xiang, Z., Tussyadiah, I., & Buhalis, D. (2015). Smart destinations: Foundations, analytics, and applications. Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 4(3), 143-144.
68. Xiang, Z., & Fesenmaier, D. R. (2017). Big data analytics, tourism design and smart tourism. Analytics in smart tourism design: concepts and methods, 299-307. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44263-1_17
69. Xu, H., Law, R., Lovett, J., Luo, J. M., & Liu, L. (2024). Tourist acceptance of ChatGPT in travel services: the mediating role of parasocial interaction. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 41(7), 955-972. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2024.2364336
70. Yağcı, Ş. Ç., & Yıldız, T. A. (2023). ChatGPT, yabancı dil öğrencisinin güvenilir yapay zekâ sohbet arkadaşı mıdır? RumeliDE Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, (37), 1315-1333.
71. Yaşar, E., Alkan, B. N., & Gündoğan, H. R. (2024a). Examining the Potential for Use of ChatGPT in Recruitment for Hotel Businesses. In Cases on Innovation and Sustainability in Tourism (pp. 245-266). IGI Global.
72. Yaşar, E. (2024). Can the Potential Contributions of ChatGPT in Tourism Education Be Realized?. In Enhancing Higher Education and Research With OpenAI Models (pp. 206-228). IGI Global.
73. Yaşar, E., Öztürk, İ., Yayla, E., & Tür, E. (2024b). The Use and Effects of ChatGPT in Tourism Education. In Social Reflections of Human-Computer Interaction in Education, Management, and Economics (pp. 125-149). IGI Global.
74. Yayla, E. & Belber, G.B (2023) Özer Düz, S., Alaeddinoğlu, F., Arslan Kalay, H & Şahin, S (Ed.), Turizm Çalışmaları (s. 191-208) içinde. Paradigma Akademi.
75. Zadel, Z., Ivančić, I., & Badurina, A. (2020). Smart Destination Concept: Example of the City of Zagreb. In MIC 2020: The 20th Management International Conference (pp. 47-62). University of Primorska Press.
76. Zhu, J. J., Jiang, J., Yang, M., & Ren, Z. J. (2023). ChatGPT and environmental research. Environmental Science & Technology, (57), 17667-17670.
77. Zygiaris, S. (2013). Smart city reference model: Assisting planners to conceptualize the building of smart city innovation ecosystems. Journal of the knowledge economy, 4, 217-231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-012-0089-4