Rekreasyonel Balıkçıların Motivasyonunun Belirlenmesi: Boş Zaman Motivasyon Ölçeğinin Geçerlik ve Güvenirliği

Öz

Bu çalışmanın ilk amacı, İzmir ilindeki rekreasyonel balıkçıların motivasyonlarını belirlemektir. Daha önce, Kırova ve Yılmaz (2022) tarafından Türkçeye ve Türk kültürüne uyarlaması yapılan Boş Zaman Motivasyon Ölçeğinin (BZMÖ) (Beard & Ragheb 1983), bir ciddi boş zaman etkinliği olan balık tutma motivasyonunu ölçmede de güvenilir bir araç olup olmadığını test etmek, çalışmanın bir diğer amacıdır. Bu amaçlarla, İzmir ilindeki olta balıkçılarından yüz yüze gerçekleştirilen görüşmelerle 290 anket toplanmıştır. Faktör analizi öncesi normallik, örneklem uygunluk ve küresellik testleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Veri setinin faktör analizine uygunluğunun tespitiyle doğrulayıcı faktör analizine (DFA) geçilmiştir. Gerçekleştirilen DFA’da; ki kare değeri 1,137, GFI 0,906, NFI 0,954, CFI 0,995, RMSEA 0,022, IFI 0,996 ve RFI 0,954 olarak tespit edilmiş ve bu sonuçlar, daha önce Türk kültürü ve dilinde geçerlik ve güvenirliği kanıtlanmış altı boyutlu BZMÖ’nün, balıkçıların motivasyonunu ölçmek için de uygun bir araç olduğunu göstermiştir. Yapılan analizler, balıkçıların sırasıyla uyaran-çekme, uyaran-itme, yeterlik-ustalık, entelektüel, sosyal-arkadaşlık ve sosyal-statü güdüleriyle hareket ettiğini göstermiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Rekreasyonel Balıkçılık
• Olta Balıkçılığı
• Boş Zaman Motivasyon Ölçeği (BZMÖ)
• Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi
• Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik

Determining the Motivation of Recreational Fishers: Validity and Reliability of the Leisure Motivation Scale

Öz

The purpose of this study is to determine the motivations of recreational fishers in Izmir province. Another purpose of the study has been to test whether the Leisure Motivation Scale (LMS) (Beard & Ragheb, 1983), previously adapted to Turkish language and culture by Kirova and Yilmaz (2022), is also a reliable tool for measuring the motivation for angling, which is a serious leisure activity. Within this purpose, a total of 290 questionnaires have been gathered from fishers in Izmir Province. Upon determining that the data set is suitable for factor analysis, the study has proceeded with the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The chi-square value has been concluded to be 1.137, GFI 0.906, NFI 0.954, CFI 0.995, RMSEA 0.022, IFI 0.996, and RFI 0.954 in the CFA, and these results have demonstrated that the six-dimensional LMS, previously proven to be valid and reliable in the Turkish language and culture, is also a reliable tool for measuring the motivation of anglers. Analyses carried out suggest that anglers act based on stimulus-pull, stimulus-push, competence-mastery, intellectual, social-friendship, and social-status motivations.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Recreational Fishing
• Anglers
• Leisure Motivation Scale (LMS)
• Confirmatory Factor Analysis
• Validity and Reliability

Kaynakça

1. Ardahan, F. & Turgut, T. (2013). Motivational Factors for Recreational Fishing, the Profile and Life Satisfaction Level of Recreational Fishers and Nonparticipants of Fishing in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 15(1), 58-72.
2. Arlingahus, R., Cooke, S. J., Lyman, J., Policansky, D., Schwab, A., Suski, C.,… & Thorstad, E. B. (2007). Understanding the Complexity of Catch-and-Release in Recreational Fishing: An Integrative Synthesis of Global Knowledge from Historical, Ethical, Social, and Biological Perspectives. Reviews in Fisheries Science, 15(1), 75–167.
3. Bacon, D. R., Sauer, P. L. & Young, M. (1995). Composite Reliability in Structural Equations Modeling. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 55(3), 394-406.
4. Beard, J. G. & Ragheb, M. G. (1983). Measuring Leisure Motivation. Journal of Leisure Research, 15(3), 219-228.
5. Beardmore, B., Haider, W., Hunt, L. M. & Arlinghaus, R. (2011). The Importance of Trip Context for Determining Primary Angler Motivations: Are more Specialized Anglers more Catch-Oriented than Previously Believed?. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 31(5), 861-879.
6. Beggs, B. A. & Elkins, D. J. (2010). The Influence of Leisure Motivation on Leisure Satisfaction. LARNet: Journal of Applied Leisure and Recreation Research. 10 Ekim 2024 tarihinde, larnet.org/2010-02.html adresinden erişildi.
7. Beggs, B. A., Kleparski, T., Elkins, D. J. & Hurd, A. (2014). Leisure Motivation of Older Adults in Relation to Other Adult Life Stages. Activities, Adaptation & Aging, 38(3), 175-187.
8. Beggs, B. A., Stitt, J. E. & Elkins, D. J. (2004). Leisure Motivation of Participants and Nonparticipants in Campus Recreational Sports Programs. Recreational Sports Journal, 28(1), 65-77.

9. Byrne, B. M. (2016). Structural Equation Modeling with Mplus: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming. New York: Routledge.
10. Chen, M. & Pang, X. (2012). Leisure Motivation: An İntegrative Review. Social Behavior and Personality: An İnternational Journal, 40(7), 1075-1081.
11. Crandall, R. (1980). Motivations for Leisure. Journal of Leisure Research, 12(1), 45-54.
12. Cifci, I., Atsiz, O., Kahraman, O. C. & Istanbullu Dincer, F. (2021). Recreational Fishers’ Motivations at Wetland Destinations: The Push and Pull Theory Approach. Leisure Sciences, 46(5), 595–617.
13. Deci, E. L. & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior. New York: Springer.
14. Donald, M. N. & Havighurst, R. J. (1959). The Meanings of Leisure. Social Forces, 37(4), 355–360.
15. Faulks, P., Ritchie, B. & Dodd, J. (2008). Bicycle Tourism as an Opportunity for Re-Creation and Restoration? Investigating the Motivations of Bike Ride Participants. New Zealand Tourism & Hospitality Research Conference, 3-5 Aralık 2008, Yeni Zelanda, s. 1-27.
16. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
17. Frijlink, S. D. & Lyle, J. M. (2010). An Evaluation of Motivations, Attitudes and Awareness of Tasmanian Recreational Fishers. Tasmania: Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries Institute Press.
18. Gökgöz, Ç., & Demirtaş, H. (2019). Türkiye’de Rekreasyonel Balıkçılığın Toplumsal Boyutları. Sosyoloji Dergisi, 32(2), 87-105.
19. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J. & Anderson, R. E. (2010) Multivariate Data Analysis. New Jersey: Pearson Educational International.
20. Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M. & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). California: Sage.
21. Hemmi, J. (1995). Environmental and Nature Tourism. Virolahti: Leisure Consultants Ltd..
22. Holland, S. M. & Ditton, R. B. (1992). Fishing Trip Satisfaction: A Typology of Anglers. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 12(1), 28-33.
23. Huang, C. E., Tsai, C. Y. & Lee, S. C. (2014). A Study of the Influence of College Students’ Exercise and Leisure Motivations on the Leisure Benefits–Using Leisure Involvement as a Moderator. International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 8(8), 2427-2431.
24. Hudgins, M. D. (1984). Structure of the Angling Experience. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 113(6), 350-359.
25. Hunt, L. M., Sutton, S. & Arlinghaus, R. (2013). Illustrating the Critical Role of Human Dimensions Research for Understanding and Managing Recreational Fisheries within a Social-Ecological System Framework. Fisheries Management and Ecology, 20(2–3), 111–124.
26. Kırova, S. (2022). İş Yaşamı ile Boş Zaman ve Tatil Tercihleri İlişkisi (Doktora tezi). Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İzmir. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Akademik Veri Yönetim Sistemi Veri Tabanından Erişildi. Erişim Adresi (14.09.2024): https://avesis.deu.edu.tr/yonetilen-tez/0c027910-1813-479d-b0b0-262210d0e60e/is-yasami-ile-bos-zaman-ve-tatil-tercihleri-iliskisi
27. Kırova, S. & Yılmaz, B. S. (2022). Boş Zaman Motivasyon Ölçeğinin Türkçe Uyarlaması: Turistik Tercihler Üzerinden Bir Değerlendirme. GSI Journals Serie A: Advancements in Tourism Recreation and Sports Sciences, 5(2), 107-123.
28. Kleiven, J. (2005). Measuring Leisure and Travel Motives in Norway: Replicating and Supplementing the Leisure Motivation Scales. Tourism Analysis, 10(2), 109-122.
29. Lloyd, C., King, R., McCarthy, M. & Scanlan, M. (2007). The Association between Leisure Motivation and Recovery: A Pilot Study. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 54(1), 33-41.
30. London, M., Crandall, R. & Fitzgibbons, D. (1977). The Psychological Structure of Leisure: Activities, Needs, People. Journal of Leisure Research, 9(4), 252-263.
31. Lounsbury, J. W. & Franz, C. P. (1990). Vacation Discrepancy: A Leisure Motivation Approach. Psychological Reports, 66(2), 699-702.
32. Lyach, R. & Cech, M. (2018). A New Trend in Central European Recreational Fishing: More Fishing Visits but Lower Yield and Catch. Fisheries Research, 201, 131–137.
33. Maslow, A. H. (1981). Motivation and Personality. Delhi: Prabhat Prakashan.
34. McDougall, W. (1932). The Energies of Men: A Study of the Fundamentals of Dynamic Psychology. London: Methurn.
35. Mcllgorm, A., Voyer, M. A., Magee, C., Pepperell, J., O’toole, E. & Li, O. (2016). Improving Our Understanding of the Motivations and Attitudes of Recreational Fishers in NSW. New South Wales Department of Primary Industry Recreational Fishing Trusts. https://documents. uow. edu. au/content/groups/public/@ web/@ law/@ ancors/documents/doc/uow224967. pdf. Adresinden erişildi.
36. Mohsin, A. & Ryan, C. (2007). Exploring Attitudes of Indian Students Toward Holidaying in New Zealand Using the Leisure Motivation Scale. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 12(1), 1-18.
37. Morgan, M. (2006). The Social Hierarchy of Fishing: Myth or Reality?. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 11(5), 317-327.
38. Murray, C. & Nakajima, I. (1999). The Leisure Motivation of Japanese Managers: A Research Note on Scale Development. Leisure Studies, 18(1), 57-65.
39. Murray, H.A. (1938). Explorations in Personality. New York: Oxford University Press.
40. National Academy of Sciences. (1969). A Program for Outdoor Recreation Research. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.
41. Neulinger, J. (1981). The Psychology of Leisure: Research Approaches to the Study of Leisure. Thomas.
42. Nunnally, J.C. (1967). Psychometric Theory. New York: McGraw Hill.
43. Nurosis, M. (1994), Statistical Data Analysis. Chicago: SPSS Inc.
44. Ormsby, J. (2004). A Review of the Social, Motivational and Experiential Characteristics of Recreational Anglers from Queensland and the Great Barrier Reef Region. Townsville: Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority Publication.
45. Pawson, M. G., Glenn, H. & Padda, G. (2008). The Definition of Marine Recreational Fishing in Europe. Marine Policy, 32(3), 339-350.
46. Pelletier, L. G., Vallerand, R. J., Brière, N. M. & Blais, M. R. (1989). Construction et Validation de l'Échelle de Motivation Vis-À-Vis les Loisirs (EML). Communication présentée au congrès annuel de la SQRP, 28 Mayıs, Ottawa, s. 146.
47. Policansky, D. (2002). Catch-and-Release Recreational Fishing, a Historical Perspective. T. J. Pitcher & C. E. Hollingworth (Ed.), “in” Recreational Fisheries: Ecological, Economic and Social Evaluation (pp. 74-94). Oxford: Blackwell Science.
48. Ryan, C. & Glendon, I. (1998). Application of Leisure Motivation Scale to Tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 25(1), 169-184.
49. Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H. & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the Fit of Structural Equation Models: Tests of Significance and Descriptive Goodness-of-Fit Measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23-74.
50. Sharma, S., Abraham, A. & Masih, P. (2014). Leisure Motivation amongst Tourists. Indian Journal of Positive Psychology, 5(4), 481-493.
51. Starzyk, K. B., Reddon, J. R. & Friel, J. P. (2000). Need Structure, Leisure Motivation, and Psychosocial Adjustment among Young Offenders and High School Students. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 31(1-2), 163-174.
52. Stebbins, R. A., & Sachsman, D. B. (2017). Serious Leisure: A Perspective for Our Time. Routledge.
53. Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using Multivariate Statistics. Boston: Pearson Education.
54. Tarım Tv (2014). Türkiye'de 2 milyon olta balıkçısı var. Erişilen Adres (18.08.2024): https://www.tarimtv.gov.tr/tr/video-detay/trkiyede-2-milyon-olta-ba-3894.
55. Tinsley, H.E.A. & Kass, R.A. (1978). Leisure Activities and Need Satisfaction: A Replication and Extension. Journal of Leisure Research, 10, 191-202.
56. Toth, J. F. Jr. & Brown, R. B. (1997). Racial and Gender Meanings of Why People Participate in Recreational Fishing. Leisure Sciences, 19, 129–146.
57. Turunen, L. (2019). Fishing as a Tourist Experience Case: Finnish Recreational Fishermen (Yüksek lisans tezi). University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio. UEF eRepo Veri Tabanından erişildi. Erişim Adresi (10.10.2024): https://erepo.uef.fi/server/api/core/bitstreams/4c380622-9437-4250-80e3-fb178ce08e78/content
58. Tweedley, J. R., Obregón, C., Beukes, S. J., Loneragan, N. R. & Hughes, M. (2023). Differences in Recreational Fishers’ Motivations for Utilising Two Estuarine Fisheries. Fishes, 8(6), 292.
59. Weissinger, E. & Bandalos, D. L. (1995). Development, Reliability and Validity of a Scale to Measure Intrinsic Motivation in Leisure. Journal of Leisure Research, 27(4), 379-400.
60. Yusof, A. & Shah, P. M. (2008). Application of Leisure Motivation Scale to Sport Tourism. International Journal of the Humanities, 6(1), 105-114.