Araştırma Makalesi
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“Flow and Catch the Time!”: A Photovoice Study on Flow Theory During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 33 - 52, 03.03.2021
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4574582

Öz

The aim of this study is to examine the subjective well-being of people who perform leisure activities during the COVID-19 pandemic in terms of flow theory, which is one of the leisure time theories. For this purpose, data were collected from people who were subjected to restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic via photovoice method. We used the snowball sampling method, which is one of the purposeful sampling methods. We interviewed 48 people to obtain data within the scope of the research, and we were able to get feedback from 33 people. We created 6 main themes and 15 sub theme using the data obtained. These themes are; control, focused pleasure, discovery journey, time perception, quality time travel and awareness. Looking at the results obtained from the data, it turned out that leisure activities relax people, give peace and include them in the flow of time compared to intense and active time. However, in general, while the process should lead people to negative thoughts, individuals stated that they stayed away from anxiety by participating flow.

Kaynakça

  • Anderson, R. M., Heesterbeek, H., Klinkenberg, D., Hollingsworth, T. D. (2020). How will country-based mitigation measures influence the course of the COVID-19 epidemic? The Lancet, 395(10228), 931–934. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30567-5
  • Arnould, E.J. ve Price, L.L. (1993). River Magic: Extraordinary Experience and the Extended Service Encounter. Journal of Consumer Research, 20, 39-68.
  • Aubé, C., Brunelle, E. ve Rousseau, V. (2014). Flow Experience and Team Performance: The Role of Team Goal Commitment and İnformation Exchange. Motivation and Emotion, 38(1), 120-130.
  • Avrupa Hastalık Önleme ve Kontrol Merkezi. (2020). Considerations relating to social distancing measures in response to COVID-19 – second update. Stockholm: ECDC. (Erişim tarihi: 18.05.2020) Retrieved from https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/covid-19-social-distancingmeasuresg-guide-second-update.pdf
  • Bakker, A.B. (2008). The Work Related Flow Inventory: Construction and Initial Validation of the WOLF, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 72(3), 400-414.
  • Bauer, I. L., (2001). Tourism and the environment, the other side of the coin: environmental impact on tourists' health. Tourist Studies, 1(3), 297-314.
  • Bernard, R. ve Conservatory, B. (2009). Music Making, Transcendence, Flow, and Music Education, International Journal of Education & the Arts, 10(14), 8.
  • Bertherat, E., Renaut, A., Nabias, R., Dubreuil, G ve Georges-Courbot, M. C., (1999). Leptospirosis and Ebola virus infection in five gold-panning villages in Northeastern Gabon. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 60(4), 610 - 615.
  • Blom, A. G., Cornesse, C., Friedel, S., Krieger, U., Fikel, M., Rettig, T., Wenz, A., Juhl, S., Lehrer, R., Möhring, K., Naumann, E. ve Reifenscheid, M. (2020). High Frequency and High Quality Survey Data Collection. Survey Research Methods, 14(2), 171-178. https://doi.org/10.18148/srm/2020.v14i2.7735.
  • Booth, T. ve W. Booth. (2003). In the Frame: Photovoice and Mothers with Learning Difficulties. Disability & Society, 18, 431–442. doi:10.1080/0968759032000080986.
  • Caldwell, L. L. ve Smith, E. A. (1988). Leisure: An overlooked component of health promotion. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 79, 544-548.
  • Chang, C. ve Tang, C. S. (2004). The psychology behind the masks: Psychological responses to the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak in different regions. Asian Journal of Social Psychology. Special Issue On Psychology Of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). 7(1). 3-7.
  • Chen, Q., Liang, M., Li, Y., Guo, J., Fei, D., Wang, L., He, L., Sheng, C., Cai, Y., Li, X., Wang, J. ve Zhang, Z., (2020). Mental health care for medical staff in China during the COVID-19 outbreak. The Lancet Psychiatry. 7(4),15-16.
  • Corbin, J. ve Strauss, A. (2008). Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
  • Creswell, J. W. (2013). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, And Mixed Methods Approaches. New York: Sage.
  • Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1975). Beyond Boredom and Anxiety: Experiencing Flow in Wok and Play, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
  • Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow, The Psychology of Optimal Experience. HarperCollins e-books.
  • Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Happiness, Flow, and Economic Equality, American Psychologist, 55/10, 1163- 1164.
  • Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1998). Finding Flow: The Psychology of Engagement With Everyday Life, Psychology Today: Finding flow, erişim tarihi: 26.03.2020. erişim adresi: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/200026151_Finding_Flow_The_Psychology_of_Engagement_With_Everyday_Life
  • Deci, E. L. ve Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “What” and “Why” of Goal Pursuits: Human Needs and the Self Determination of Behavior, Psychological Inquiry, 11/4, 227-268.
  • Duan, L., & Zhu, G. (2020). Psychological interventions for people affected by the COVID-19 epidemic. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(4), 300-302.
  • Engeser, S. ve Rheinberg, F. (2008). Flow, Performance and Moderators of Challenge-Skill Balance, Motivation and Emotion, 32/3, 158-172.
  • Ghani, J.A. ve Deshpande, S.P. (1994). Task Characteristics and The Experience of Optimal Flow in Human Computer Interaction, The Journal of Psychology-Interdisciplinary and Applied, 128/4, 382-391.
  • Harari, Y. N. (2008). Combat Flow: Military, Political, and Ethical Dimensions of Subjective Well-Being in War, Review of General Psychology, 12(3), 253–264. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.12.3.253
  • Holshue, M.L., DeBolt, C., Lindquist, S., Lofy, K.H., Wiesman, J., Bruce, H., Spitters, C., Ericson, K., Wilkerson, S., Tural, A., Diaz, G., Cohn, A., Fox, L., Patel, A., Gerber, S.I., Kim, L., Tong, S., Lu, X., Lindstrom, S., Pallansch, M.A., Weldon, W.C., Biggs, H.M., Uyeki, T.M., Pillai, S.K., 2020. First case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States. N. Engl. J. Med. 382, 929–936. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001191
  • Hull, R. B. (1990). Mood as a product of leisure: Causes and consequences. Journal of Leisure Research. 22, 99 - 111.
  • Hutchinson, S. L., Loy, D. P D., Kleiber, A. ve Dattilo, J., (2003). Leisure as a Coping Resource: Variations in Coping With Traumatic Injury and IIIness. Leisure Sciences, 25, 143 – 161.
  • Iso-Ahola, S. E., ve Weissinger. E., (1984). Leisure and Well-being: Is there a connection?, Parks and Recreation, 19(6), 40-44.
  • Iwasoki, Y., ve Schneider, I. E., (2003). Leisure, Stress, and Coping: An Evolving Area of Inquiry. Leisure Sciences, 25, 107 - 113.
  • Jackson, S. A. ve Eklund, R. C. (2004). The Flow Scales Manual. Morgantown. WV: Fitness Information Technology.
  • Jackson, S. A. ve Marsh, H. W. (1996). Development And Validation of aScale to Measure Optimal Experience: The Flow State Scale, Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 18, 17-35.
  • Jackson, S. A., ve Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1999). Flow in sports: The keys to optimal experiences and performances. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
  • Kleiber, D. A,, Hutchinson, S. L., ve Williams, R., (2002). Leisure as a Response in Transcending Negative Life Events: Self-Protection, Self-Restoration, and Personal Transformation, Leisure Sciences, 24(2), 219 - 235.
  • Kraus, R. (1998). Recreation and Leisure in Modern Society. 5th Edition. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Sudbury, Massachusetts.
  • Lee, A. M., Wong, J. G., McAlonan, G. M., Cheung, V., Cheung, C. Sham, P. C., Chu, C. M., Wong, P. C., Tsang, K. W., Chua, S. E. (2007). Stress and psychological distress among SARS survivors 1 year after the outbreak, The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 52(4), 233-240.
  • Li, S.W., Wang, Y., Yang, Y.Y., Lei, X.M. ve Yang, Y.F. (2020). Analysis of influencing factors of anxiety and emotional disorders in children and adolescents during home isolation during the epidemic of novel coronavirus pneumonia. Chinese Journal of Child Health. 1–9.
  • Maeran, R. ve Cangiano, F. (2013). Flow Experience and Job Characteristics: Analyzing The Role of Flow in Job Satisfaction, TPM- Testing, Psychometrics, Methodology in Applied Psychology, 20/1, 13-26.
  • Manzano, O., Theorell, T. Harmat, L. ve Ullén, F. (2010). The Psychophysiology of Flow During Piano Playing. Emotion, American Psychological Association, 10/3, 301-311.
  • Marafa, L. M. ve Tung, F. (2004). Changes in participation in leisure and outdoor recreation activities among Hong Kong people during the SARS outbreak. World Leisure Journal, 46(2), 38-47.
  • Merriam, S. (2013). Nitel Araştırma Desen ve Uygulama İçin Bir Rehber, (Çev.:S. Turan). Nobel Akademi Yayıncılık.
  • Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative Research. (Çeviren: M. Bütün, Ş. B. Demir) Pegem Akademi: Ankara.
  • Povee, K., Bishop, B.J. ve Roberts, L.D. (2014). The use of photovoice with people with intellectual disabilities: reflections, challenges and opportunities, Disability & Society, 29(6), 893-907, doi: 10.1080/09687599.2013.874331.
  • Procci, K., Singer, A.R., Levy, K.R. ve Bowers, C. (2012). Measuring the Flow Experience of Gamers: An Evaluation of The DFS-2, Computers in Human Behavior, 28, 2306-2312.
  • Rieger, M.O. (2020). What do young people think about social distancing during the Corona crisis in Germany? (erişim tarihi: 18.05.2020). Retrieved from https://www.unitrier.de/fileadmin/fb4/prof/BWL/FIN/Files/Corona-Rieger.pdf
  • Sidorová, D. (2015). Well-Being, Flow Experience and Personal Characteristics of Individuals Who Do Extreme Sports as Serious Leisure. (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Masaryk University. Brno, Czech Republic. Czechia.
  • Sim, K. ve Chua, H.C. (2004). The psychological impact of SARS: A matter of heart and mind. CMAJ, 170(5), 811–812.
  • Stephenson, I., Roper, J., Fraser, M., Nicholson, K. ve Wiselka, M., (2003). Dengue fever in febrile returning travelers to a UK regional infectious diseases unit. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease. 1(2), 89 - 93.
  • Tinsley, H. E. A. ve Tinsley, D. J., (1 986). A theory of the ottributes, benefits, and causes of leisure experience. Leisure Sciences, 8, 1-45.

“Akıp Giden Zamanları Bir Yerlerde Bulsam!”: COVID-19 Pandemisi Esnasında Akış Kuramı Üzerine Bir Fotoses İncelemesi

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 33 - 52, 03.03.2021
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4574582

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı COVID-19 pandemisi esnasında boş zaman aktiviteleri gerçekleştiren kişilerin öznel iyi oluş durumlarını boş zaman kuramlarından biri olan akış kuramı açısından incelemektir. Bu amaçla COVID-19 pandemisi esnasında kısıtlamalara maruz kalan kişilerden fotoses yöntemi aracılığıyla veri toplanmıştır. Araştırmada amaçlı örnekleme yöntemlerinden biri olan kartopu örnekleme yönteminden yararlanılmıştır. Araştırma kapsamında veri elde etmek adına 48 kişi ile görüşülmüş, 33 kişiden geri dönüş alınabilmiştir. Elde edilen veriler aracılığıyla 6 ana tema ve 15 alt tema oluşturulmuştur. Bu temalar; denetim, odaklı haz, keşif yolculuğu, zaman algısı, kaliteli zaman yolculuğu ve farkına varmadır. Verilerden elde edilen sonuçlara bakıldığında, boş zaman aktivitelerinin yoğun ve hareketli zamana kıyasla insanları rahatlattığı, huzur verdiği ve zamanın akışına dahil ettiği ortaya çıkmıştır. Oysa ki genel olarak bakıldığında sürecin insanlara olumsuz ve negatif düşüncelere sevk etmesi gerekirken, bireyler bu süreçte akışa dahil olarak kaygılardan uzak kaldıklarını belirtmişlerdir.

Kaynakça

  • Anderson, R. M., Heesterbeek, H., Klinkenberg, D., Hollingsworth, T. D. (2020). How will country-based mitigation measures influence the course of the COVID-19 epidemic? The Lancet, 395(10228), 931–934. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30567-5
  • Arnould, E.J. ve Price, L.L. (1993). River Magic: Extraordinary Experience and the Extended Service Encounter. Journal of Consumer Research, 20, 39-68.
  • Aubé, C., Brunelle, E. ve Rousseau, V. (2014). Flow Experience and Team Performance: The Role of Team Goal Commitment and İnformation Exchange. Motivation and Emotion, 38(1), 120-130.
  • Avrupa Hastalık Önleme ve Kontrol Merkezi. (2020). Considerations relating to social distancing measures in response to COVID-19 – second update. Stockholm: ECDC. (Erişim tarihi: 18.05.2020) Retrieved from https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/covid-19-social-distancingmeasuresg-guide-second-update.pdf
  • Bakker, A.B. (2008). The Work Related Flow Inventory: Construction and Initial Validation of the WOLF, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 72(3), 400-414.
  • Bauer, I. L., (2001). Tourism and the environment, the other side of the coin: environmental impact on tourists' health. Tourist Studies, 1(3), 297-314.
  • Bernard, R. ve Conservatory, B. (2009). Music Making, Transcendence, Flow, and Music Education, International Journal of Education & the Arts, 10(14), 8.
  • Bertherat, E., Renaut, A., Nabias, R., Dubreuil, G ve Georges-Courbot, M. C., (1999). Leptospirosis and Ebola virus infection in five gold-panning villages in Northeastern Gabon. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 60(4), 610 - 615.
  • Blom, A. G., Cornesse, C., Friedel, S., Krieger, U., Fikel, M., Rettig, T., Wenz, A., Juhl, S., Lehrer, R., Möhring, K., Naumann, E. ve Reifenscheid, M. (2020). High Frequency and High Quality Survey Data Collection. Survey Research Methods, 14(2), 171-178. https://doi.org/10.18148/srm/2020.v14i2.7735.
  • Booth, T. ve W. Booth. (2003). In the Frame: Photovoice and Mothers with Learning Difficulties. Disability & Society, 18, 431–442. doi:10.1080/0968759032000080986.
  • Caldwell, L. L. ve Smith, E. A. (1988). Leisure: An overlooked component of health promotion. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 79, 544-548.
  • Chang, C. ve Tang, C. S. (2004). The psychology behind the masks: Psychological responses to the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak in different regions. Asian Journal of Social Psychology. Special Issue On Psychology Of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). 7(1). 3-7.
  • Chen, Q., Liang, M., Li, Y., Guo, J., Fei, D., Wang, L., He, L., Sheng, C., Cai, Y., Li, X., Wang, J. ve Zhang, Z., (2020). Mental health care for medical staff in China during the COVID-19 outbreak. The Lancet Psychiatry. 7(4),15-16.
  • Corbin, J. ve Strauss, A. (2008). Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
  • Creswell, J. W. (2013). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, And Mixed Methods Approaches. New York: Sage.
  • Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1975). Beyond Boredom and Anxiety: Experiencing Flow in Wok and Play, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
  • Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow, The Psychology of Optimal Experience. HarperCollins e-books.
  • Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Happiness, Flow, and Economic Equality, American Psychologist, 55/10, 1163- 1164.
  • Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1998). Finding Flow: The Psychology of Engagement With Everyday Life, Psychology Today: Finding flow, erişim tarihi: 26.03.2020. erişim adresi: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/200026151_Finding_Flow_The_Psychology_of_Engagement_With_Everyday_Life
  • Deci, E. L. ve Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “What” and “Why” of Goal Pursuits: Human Needs and the Self Determination of Behavior, Psychological Inquiry, 11/4, 227-268.
  • Duan, L., & Zhu, G. (2020). Psychological interventions for people affected by the COVID-19 epidemic. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(4), 300-302.
  • Engeser, S. ve Rheinberg, F. (2008). Flow, Performance and Moderators of Challenge-Skill Balance, Motivation and Emotion, 32/3, 158-172.
  • Ghani, J.A. ve Deshpande, S.P. (1994). Task Characteristics and The Experience of Optimal Flow in Human Computer Interaction, The Journal of Psychology-Interdisciplinary and Applied, 128/4, 382-391.
  • Harari, Y. N. (2008). Combat Flow: Military, Political, and Ethical Dimensions of Subjective Well-Being in War, Review of General Psychology, 12(3), 253–264. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.12.3.253
  • Holshue, M.L., DeBolt, C., Lindquist, S., Lofy, K.H., Wiesman, J., Bruce, H., Spitters, C., Ericson, K., Wilkerson, S., Tural, A., Diaz, G., Cohn, A., Fox, L., Patel, A., Gerber, S.I., Kim, L., Tong, S., Lu, X., Lindstrom, S., Pallansch, M.A., Weldon, W.C., Biggs, H.M., Uyeki, T.M., Pillai, S.K., 2020. First case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States. N. Engl. J. Med. 382, 929–936. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001191
  • Hull, R. B. (1990). Mood as a product of leisure: Causes and consequences. Journal of Leisure Research. 22, 99 - 111.
  • Hutchinson, S. L., Loy, D. P D., Kleiber, A. ve Dattilo, J., (2003). Leisure as a Coping Resource: Variations in Coping With Traumatic Injury and IIIness. Leisure Sciences, 25, 143 – 161.
  • Iso-Ahola, S. E., ve Weissinger. E., (1984). Leisure and Well-being: Is there a connection?, Parks and Recreation, 19(6), 40-44.
  • Iwasoki, Y., ve Schneider, I. E., (2003). Leisure, Stress, and Coping: An Evolving Area of Inquiry. Leisure Sciences, 25, 107 - 113.
  • Jackson, S. A. ve Eklund, R. C. (2004). The Flow Scales Manual. Morgantown. WV: Fitness Information Technology.
  • Jackson, S. A. ve Marsh, H. W. (1996). Development And Validation of aScale to Measure Optimal Experience: The Flow State Scale, Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 18, 17-35.
  • Jackson, S. A., ve Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1999). Flow in sports: The keys to optimal experiences and performances. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
  • Kleiber, D. A,, Hutchinson, S. L., ve Williams, R., (2002). Leisure as a Response in Transcending Negative Life Events: Self-Protection, Self-Restoration, and Personal Transformation, Leisure Sciences, 24(2), 219 - 235.
  • Kraus, R. (1998). Recreation and Leisure in Modern Society. 5th Edition. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Sudbury, Massachusetts.
  • Lee, A. M., Wong, J. G., McAlonan, G. M., Cheung, V., Cheung, C. Sham, P. C., Chu, C. M., Wong, P. C., Tsang, K. W., Chua, S. E. (2007). Stress and psychological distress among SARS survivors 1 year after the outbreak, The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 52(4), 233-240.
  • Li, S.W., Wang, Y., Yang, Y.Y., Lei, X.M. ve Yang, Y.F. (2020). Analysis of influencing factors of anxiety and emotional disorders in children and adolescents during home isolation during the epidemic of novel coronavirus pneumonia. Chinese Journal of Child Health. 1–9.
  • Maeran, R. ve Cangiano, F. (2013). Flow Experience and Job Characteristics: Analyzing The Role of Flow in Job Satisfaction, TPM- Testing, Psychometrics, Methodology in Applied Psychology, 20/1, 13-26.
  • Manzano, O., Theorell, T. Harmat, L. ve Ullén, F. (2010). The Psychophysiology of Flow During Piano Playing. Emotion, American Psychological Association, 10/3, 301-311.
  • Marafa, L. M. ve Tung, F. (2004). Changes in participation in leisure and outdoor recreation activities among Hong Kong people during the SARS outbreak. World Leisure Journal, 46(2), 38-47.
  • Merriam, S. (2013). Nitel Araştırma Desen ve Uygulama İçin Bir Rehber, (Çev.:S. Turan). Nobel Akademi Yayıncılık.
  • Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative Research. (Çeviren: M. Bütün, Ş. B. Demir) Pegem Akademi: Ankara.
  • Povee, K., Bishop, B.J. ve Roberts, L.D. (2014). The use of photovoice with people with intellectual disabilities: reflections, challenges and opportunities, Disability & Society, 29(6), 893-907, doi: 10.1080/09687599.2013.874331.
  • Procci, K., Singer, A.R., Levy, K.R. ve Bowers, C. (2012). Measuring the Flow Experience of Gamers: An Evaluation of The DFS-2, Computers in Human Behavior, 28, 2306-2312.
  • Rieger, M.O. (2020). What do young people think about social distancing during the Corona crisis in Germany? (erişim tarihi: 18.05.2020). Retrieved from https://www.unitrier.de/fileadmin/fb4/prof/BWL/FIN/Files/Corona-Rieger.pdf
  • Sidorová, D. (2015). Well-Being, Flow Experience and Personal Characteristics of Individuals Who Do Extreme Sports as Serious Leisure. (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Masaryk University. Brno, Czech Republic. Czechia.
  • Sim, K. ve Chua, H.C. (2004). The psychological impact of SARS: A matter of heart and mind. CMAJ, 170(5), 811–812.
  • Stephenson, I., Roper, J., Fraser, M., Nicholson, K. ve Wiselka, M., (2003). Dengue fever in febrile returning travelers to a UK regional infectious diseases unit. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease. 1(2), 89 - 93.
  • Tinsley, H. E. A. ve Tinsley, D. J., (1 986). A theory of the ottributes, benefits, and causes of leisure experience. Leisure Sciences, 8, 1-45.
Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Turizm (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Esra Çetin 0000-0003-1528-570X

Okan Ünver 0000-0002-9271-3395

Halime Dinç 0000-0002-2391-5508

Metin Argan 0000-0002-9570-0469

Yayımlanma Tarihi 3 Mart 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 28 Ekim 2020
Kabul Tarihi 17 Şubat 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Çetin, E., Ünver, O., Dinç, H., Argan, M. (2021). “Akıp Giden Zamanları Bir Yerlerde Bulsam!”: COVID-19 Pandemisi Esnasında Akış Kuramı Üzerine Bir Fotoses İncelemesi. GSI Journals Serie A: Advancements in Tourism Recreation and Sports Sciences, 4(1), 33-52. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4574582
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