SANAYİDE TEMİZ ÜRETİM VE DÖNGÜSEL EKONOMİYE GEÇİŞTE ENDÜSTRİYEL SİMBİYOZ YAKLAŞIMI: BİR DEĞERLENDİRME
Yıl 2018,
Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 84 - 97, 30.04.2018
Aysun Özkan
Zerrin Günkaya
,
Alp Özdemir
,
Müfide Banar
Öz
Günümüzde sanayi dünyası, tekil endüstri mantığından
uzaklaşarak birbiriyle daha çok iletişim halinde olan çoğul endüstri
yaklaşımına doğru hızla ilerlemektedir. Bu durum, işletmeler arasındaki
etkileşimin sadece hammadde veya ürün kullanımından ibaret olmadığını, aynı
zamanda yan ürün ve diğer birçok atık çeşidinin de birer hammadde olabileceğini
göstermektedir. Son yıllarda, hızlı
endüstrileşme ile birlikte meydana gelen bu yönelim, öncelikle boru sonu
yaklaşımın terkedilmesi ve kirlilik önleme mantığının geliştirilmesi
adımlarıyla güçlendirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, temiz üretim anlayışının son
zamanlarda artan bir gelişim gösteren araçlarından birisi olan endüstriyel simbiyoz
yaklaşımı irdelenmiş ve bu yaklaşımın temel prensipleri üzerinde durulmuş, Dünya
ve Türkiye’deki endüstrilerde gerçekleştirilmiş uygulamalar hakkında bir
değerlendirme yapılmıştır.
Kaynakça
- Sarup M. Post-Yapısalcılık ve Postmodernizm. Ankara: Bilim ve Sanat Yayınları, 1997.
- Uslu İ. Çevre Sorunları. İstanbul, İnsan Yayınları, 1995.
- Demirer G. N. Kirlilik Önleme Yaklaşımlarının Temel Prensipleri. Çevre & Müh- TMMOB 2003; 25: 13-20.
- Kjaerheim G. Cleaner production and sustainability. J Clean Prod 2005; 13: 329-339.
- Frondel M, Horbach J, Rennings K. End-of-Pipe or Cleaner Production? An Empirical Comparison of Environmental Innovation Decisions Across OECD Countries. In:Center for European Economic Research, Discussion Paper 2004; 04-82.
- Staniškis J, Varžinskas V. Life Cycle Based Design and Product Development: Application of LCA to Lithuanian Industry. Environ Res Eng & Manage 2010; 4: 43-53.
- Doğru B. 100 Maddede Sürdürülebilirlik Rehberi. İstanbul: İş Dünyası ve Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Derneği (SKD), 2016.
- Banar M. Sürdürülebilir Atık Yönetimi’nin Sağlanması ve Endüstriyel Simbiyozun Önemi. Recy Ind-Atık-Geri Dön End & Çev Der 2017; 104: 52-57.
- Cılız N, Daylan B, Baydar G. Sürdürülebilir Üretim ve Tüketim Yayınları-II, Temiz Üretim. Ankara: Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı, 2011.
- Adams WM. The Future of Sustainability: Re-thinking Environment and Development in the Twentyfirst Century. Report of the IUCN Renowned Thinkers Meeting, 2006.
- Frosch R, Gallopoulos N. Strategies for Manufacturing. Sci Am 1989; 261: 144–150.
- Ayres RU. Industrial Metabolism In Technology and Environment. Washington: National Academy Press, 1989.
- Ayres RU. Industrial metabolism: Theory and policy. Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 1994.
- Garner A, Keoleian GA. Industrial Ecology: An Introduction. In Pollution Prevention and Industrial Ecology. USA: National Pollution Prevention Center for Higher Education, 1995.
- Erhenfeld JR, Gertler N. The evolution of interdependence in Kalundborg. J Ind Ecol 1997;1(1): 67-80.
- TTGV, Industrial Symbiosis Project in Iskenderun Bay – Implementation Phase. 2010-2012 Period Project Activities. BTC Crude Oil Pipeline Company Regional Development Initiative, 2010.
- Moberg A. Environmental systems analysis tools for decision-making. MSc, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweeden, 2006.
- Chertow MR. Industrial Symbiosis: Literature and Taxonomy. Energy Environ 2000; 25: 313-337.
- Chertow MR. Uncovering industrial symbiosis. J Ind Ecol 2007; 11: 11-30.
- Heeres RR, Vermeulen WJV, Walle FB. Eco-industrial park initiatives in the USA and the Netherlands: first lessons J Clean Prod 2004; 12: 985-995.
- Sun L, Li H, Dong L, Fang, K, Ren J, Geng Y, Liu Z. Eco-benefits assessment on urban industrial symbiosis based on material flows analysis and emergy evaluation approach: A case of Liuzhou city, China. Resour Conserv & Recyc 2017; 119: 78-88.
- Ohnishi S, Dong H, Geng Y, Fujii M, Fujita T. A comprehensive evaluation on industrial & urban symbiosis by combining MFA, carbon footprint and emergy methods—Case of Kawasaki, Japan. Ecol Indicat 2017; 73: 513-524.
- Sharib S, Halog A. Enhancing value chains by applying industrial symbiosis concept to the Rubber City in Kedah, Malaysia. J Clean Prod 2017; 141: 1095-1108.
- Guo B, Geng Y, Sterr T, Dong L, Liu Y. Evaluation of promoting industrial symbiosis in a chemical industrial park: A case of Midong. J Clean Prod 2016, 135: 995-1008.
- Martin M, Svensson N, Eklund M. Who gets the benefits? An approach for assessing the environmental performance of industrial symbiosis. J Clean Prod 2015; 98: 263-271.
- Sokka L, Pakarinen S, Melanen M. Industrial symbiosis contributing to more sustainable energy use – an example from the forest industry in Kymenlaakso, Finland. J Clean Prod 2011; 19: 285-293.
- Felicio M, Amaral D, Esposto K, Durany XG. Industrial symbiosis indicators to manage eco-industrial parks as dynamic systems. J Clean Prod 2016; 118: 54-64.
- Mohammed F, Biswas WK, Yao H, Tadé M. Identification of an environmentally friendly symbiotic process for the reuse of industrial byproduct–an LCA perspective. J Clean Prod 2016; 112: 3376-3387.
- Zhang Y, Duan S, Li J, Shao S, Wang W, Zhang S. Life cycle assessment of industrial symbiosis in Songmudao chemical industrial park, Dalian, China. J Clean Prod 2017; 158: 192-199.
- Daddi T, Nucci B, Iraldo F. Using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to measure the environmental benefits of industrial symbiosis in an industrial cluster of SMEs. J Clean Prod 2017; 147: 157-164.
- Husgafvel R, Karjalainen E, Linkosalmi L, Dahl O. Recycling industrial residue streams into a potential new symbiosis product–The case of soil amelioration granules. J Clean Prod 2016; 135: 90-96.
- Dong L, FujitaT, Dai M, Geng Y, Ren J, Fujii M, Ohnishi S. Towards preventative eco-industrial development: an industrial and urban symbiosis case in one typical industrial city in China. J Clean Prod 2016; 114: 387-400.
- Özkan A. Kentsel Katı Atık Yönetim Sistemlerinin Oluşturulmasında Farklı Tekniklerin Kullanımı. Phd, Anadolu Üniversitesi, Eskişehir, Türkiye, 2008.
- Hokkanen J, Salminen P. Choosing a solid waste management system using multicriteria decision analysis. Eur J Oper Res 1997; 98: 19-36.
- Özkan A, Banar M, Acar I, Sipahioğlu A. Application of the ELECTRE III Method for a Solid Waste Management System. Anadolu Unıv J Sci & Tech –A App Sci & Eng 2011; 12 (1): 11-23.
- Banar M, Özkan A, Kulaç A. Choosing a Recycling System Using ANP and Electre III Techniques. Turk J Eng & Environ Sci 2010; 24 (3): 145-154.
- Banar M, Acar I, Özkan A, Köse BM. Analitik Hiyerarşi Prosesi (AHP) Kullanılarak Katı Atık Düzenli Depolama Sahası Yer Seçimi. Katı Atık & Çev 2010; 80: 20-28.
- Haastrup P, Maniezzo V, Mattarelli M, Mazzeo Rinaldi F, Mendes I, Parruccini M. A decision support system for urban waste management. Eur J Oper Res 1998; 109: 330-341.
- Hacıoğlu İ, Arı A, Özkan A, Yay OD, Elbir T, Tuncel G, Gaga E. A New Approach for Site Selection of Air Quality Monitoring Stations: Multi-Criteria Decision-Making. Aero & Air Qual Res 2016; 16: 1390-1402.
- Özkan A. Evaluation of healthcare waste treatment/disposal alternatives by using multi criteria decision making techniques. Waste Manage & Res 2013; 31 (2): 141-149.
- Banar M, Köse BM, Özkan A, Poyraz Acar I. Choosing a municipal landfill site by analytic network process. Environ. Geol 2007; 52: 747-751.
- Özkan A, Banar M. Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) Utilization in Cement Industry by Using Analytic Network Process (ANP). Chem Eng Trans 2010; 21: 769-774.
- Banar M, Tulger G, Özkan A. Plant Site Selection for Recycling Plants of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment in Turkey By Using Multicriteria Decision Making Methods. Environ Eng & Manage J, 2014; 13 (1): 163-172.
- Queiruga D, Walther G, Gonzalez-Benito J, Spengler T. Evaluation of sites for the location of WEEE recycling plants in Spain. Waste Manage 2008; 28 (1): 181-190.
- Vego G, Kucar-Dragicevic S, Koprivanac N. Application of multi-criteria decision-making on strategic municipal solid waste management in Dalmatia, Croatia. Waste Manage 2008; 28 (11): 2192-2201.
- Montastruc L, Boix M, Pibouleau L, Azzaro-Patenl C, Domenech S, On the flexibility of an eco-industrial park (EIP) for managing industrial water. J Clean Prod 2013; 43: 1-11.
- Zhao H, Zhao H, Guo S. Evaluating the comprehensive benefit of eco-industrial parks by employing multi-criteria decision making approach for circular economy. J Clean Prod 2017; 142 (4): 2262-2276.
- http1, http://www.symbiosis.dk/en (erişim tarihi: 15.07.2017).
- Mirata M, Emtairah T. Industrial symbiosis networks and the contribution to environmental innovation: The case of the Landskrona industrial symbiosis programme. J Clean Prod 2005; 13: 993-1002.
- Park JM, Park JY, Park HS. A review of the National Eco-Industrial Park Development Program in Korea: progress and achievements in the first phase, 2005–2010. J Clean Prod 2016; 114: 33-44.
- Mirata M. Experiences from early stages of a national industrial symbiosis programme in the UK: determinants and coordination challenges. J Clean Prod 2004; 12: 967-983.
- Jensen PD, Basson L, Hellawell EE, Bailey MR, Leach M. Quantifying geographic proximity: experiences from the United Kingdom's National Industrial Symbiosis Programme. Resour Conserv Recycl 2011; 55: 703-712.
- Costa I, Massard G, Agarwal A. Waste management policies for industrial symbiosis development: case studies in European countries. J Clean Prod 2010; 18: 815-822.
- Shi H, Chertow M, Song Y. Developing country experience with eco-industrial parks: a case study of the Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area in China. J Clean Prod 2010; 18: 191-199.
- TTGV İskenderun Körfezi'nde Endüstriyel Simbiyoz Projesi Uygulama Aşaması, Sonuçlar ve Kazanımlar 2015, Ankara, http://www.endustriyelsimbiyoz.org
- TTGV İzmir’de Eko-verimlilik (Temiz Üretim) Uygulamalarının Yaygınlaştırılması Projesi 2016, http://www.ttgv.org.tr/content/docs/izmir-ekoverimlilik-brosur.pdf
Yıl 2018,
Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 84 - 97, 30.04.2018
Aysun Özkan
Zerrin Günkaya
,
Alp Özdemir
,
Müfide Banar
Kaynakça
- Sarup M. Post-Yapısalcılık ve Postmodernizm. Ankara: Bilim ve Sanat Yayınları, 1997.
- Uslu İ. Çevre Sorunları. İstanbul, İnsan Yayınları, 1995.
- Demirer G. N. Kirlilik Önleme Yaklaşımlarının Temel Prensipleri. Çevre & Müh- TMMOB 2003; 25: 13-20.
- Kjaerheim G. Cleaner production and sustainability. J Clean Prod 2005; 13: 329-339.
- Frondel M, Horbach J, Rennings K. End-of-Pipe or Cleaner Production? An Empirical Comparison of Environmental Innovation Decisions Across OECD Countries. In:Center for European Economic Research, Discussion Paper 2004; 04-82.
- Staniškis J, Varžinskas V. Life Cycle Based Design and Product Development: Application of LCA to Lithuanian Industry. Environ Res Eng & Manage 2010; 4: 43-53.
- Doğru B. 100 Maddede Sürdürülebilirlik Rehberi. İstanbul: İş Dünyası ve Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Derneği (SKD), 2016.
- Banar M. Sürdürülebilir Atık Yönetimi’nin Sağlanması ve Endüstriyel Simbiyozun Önemi. Recy Ind-Atık-Geri Dön End & Çev Der 2017; 104: 52-57.
- Cılız N, Daylan B, Baydar G. Sürdürülebilir Üretim ve Tüketim Yayınları-II, Temiz Üretim. Ankara: Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı, 2011.
- Adams WM. The Future of Sustainability: Re-thinking Environment and Development in the Twentyfirst Century. Report of the IUCN Renowned Thinkers Meeting, 2006.
- Frosch R, Gallopoulos N. Strategies for Manufacturing. Sci Am 1989; 261: 144–150.
- Ayres RU. Industrial Metabolism In Technology and Environment. Washington: National Academy Press, 1989.
- Ayres RU. Industrial metabolism: Theory and policy. Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 1994.
- Garner A, Keoleian GA. Industrial Ecology: An Introduction. In Pollution Prevention and Industrial Ecology. USA: National Pollution Prevention Center for Higher Education, 1995.
- Erhenfeld JR, Gertler N. The evolution of interdependence in Kalundborg. J Ind Ecol 1997;1(1): 67-80.
- TTGV, Industrial Symbiosis Project in Iskenderun Bay – Implementation Phase. 2010-2012 Period Project Activities. BTC Crude Oil Pipeline Company Regional Development Initiative, 2010.
- Moberg A. Environmental systems analysis tools for decision-making. MSc, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweeden, 2006.
- Chertow MR. Industrial Symbiosis: Literature and Taxonomy. Energy Environ 2000; 25: 313-337.
- Chertow MR. Uncovering industrial symbiosis. J Ind Ecol 2007; 11: 11-30.
- Heeres RR, Vermeulen WJV, Walle FB. Eco-industrial park initiatives in the USA and the Netherlands: first lessons J Clean Prod 2004; 12: 985-995.
- Sun L, Li H, Dong L, Fang, K, Ren J, Geng Y, Liu Z. Eco-benefits assessment on urban industrial symbiosis based on material flows analysis and emergy evaluation approach: A case of Liuzhou city, China. Resour Conserv & Recyc 2017; 119: 78-88.
- Ohnishi S, Dong H, Geng Y, Fujii M, Fujita T. A comprehensive evaluation on industrial & urban symbiosis by combining MFA, carbon footprint and emergy methods—Case of Kawasaki, Japan. Ecol Indicat 2017; 73: 513-524.
- Sharib S, Halog A. Enhancing value chains by applying industrial symbiosis concept to the Rubber City in Kedah, Malaysia. J Clean Prod 2017; 141: 1095-1108.
- Guo B, Geng Y, Sterr T, Dong L, Liu Y. Evaluation of promoting industrial symbiosis in a chemical industrial park: A case of Midong. J Clean Prod 2016, 135: 995-1008.
- Martin M, Svensson N, Eklund M. Who gets the benefits? An approach for assessing the environmental performance of industrial symbiosis. J Clean Prod 2015; 98: 263-271.
- Sokka L, Pakarinen S, Melanen M. Industrial symbiosis contributing to more sustainable energy use – an example from the forest industry in Kymenlaakso, Finland. J Clean Prod 2011; 19: 285-293.
- Felicio M, Amaral D, Esposto K, Durany XG. Industrial symbiosis indicators to manage eco-industrial parks as dynamic systems. J Clean Prod 2016; 118: 54-64.
- Mohammed F, Biswas WK, Yao H, Tadé M. Identification of an environmentally friendly symbiotic process for the reuse of industrial byproduct–an LCA perspective. J Clean Prod 2016; 112: 3376-3387.
- Zhang Y, Duan S, Li J, Shao S, Wang W, Zhang S. Life cycle assessment of industrial symbiosis in Songmudao chemical industrial park, Dalian, China. J Clean Prod 2017; 158: 192-199.
- Daddi T, Nucci B, Iraldo F. Using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to measure the environmental benefits of industrial symbiosis in an industrial cluster of SMEs. J Clean Prod 2017; 147: 157-164.
- Husgafvel R, Karjalainen E, Linkosalmi L, Dahl O. Recycling industrial residue streams into a potential new symbiosis product–The case of soil amelioration granules. J Clean Prod 2016; 135: 90-96.
- Dong L, FujitaT, Dai M, Geng Y, Ren J, Fujii M, Ohnishi S. Towards preventative eco-industrial development: an industrial and urban symbiosis case in one typical industrial city in China. J Clean Prod 2016; 114: 387-400.
- Özkan A. Kentsel Katı Atık Yönetim Sistemlerinin Oluşturulmasında Farklı Tekniklerin Kullanımı. Phd, Anadolu Üniversitesi, Eskişehir, Türkiye, 2008.
- Hokkanen J, Salminen P. Choosing a solid waste management system using multicriteria decision analysis. Eur J Oper Res 1997; 98: 19-36.
- Özkan A, Banar M, Acar I, Sipahioğlu A. Application of the ELECTRE III Method for a Solid Waste Management System. Anadolu Unıv J Sci & Tech –A App Sci & Eng 2011; 12 (1): 11-23.
- Banar M, Özkan A, Kulaç A. Choosing a Recycling System Using ANP and Electre III Techniques. Turk J Eng & Environ Sci 2010; 24 (3): 145-154.
- Banar M, Acar I, Özkan A, Köse BM. Analitik Hiyerarşi Prosesi (AHP) Kullanılarak Katı Atık Düzenli Depolama Sahası Yer Seçimi. Katı Atık & Çev 2010; 80: 20-28.
- Haastrup P, Maniezzo V, Mattarelli M, Mazzeo Rinaldi F, Mendes I, Parruccini M. A decision support system for urban waste management. Eur J Oper Res 1998; 109: 330-341.
- Hacıoğlu İ, Arı A, Özkan A, Yay OD, Elbir T, Tuncel G, Gaga E. A New Approach for Site Selection of Air Quality Monitoring Stations: Multi-Criteria Decision-Making. Aero & Air Qual Res 2016; 16: 1390-1402.
- Özkan A. Evaluation of healthcare waste treatment/disposal alternatives by using multi criteria decision making techniques. Waste Manage & Res 2013; 31 (2): 141-149.
- Banar M, Köse BM, Özkan A, Poyraz Acar I. Choosing a municipal landfill site by analytic network process. Environ. Geol 2007; 52: 747-751.
- Özkan A, Banar M. Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) Utilization in Cement Industry by Using Analytic Network Process (ANP). Chem Eng Trans 2010; 21: 769-774.
- Banar M, Tulger G, Özkan A. Plant Site Selection for Recycling Plants of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment in Turkey By Using Multicriteria Decision Making Methods. Environ Eng & Manage J, 2014; 13 (1): 163-172.
- Queiruga D, Walther G, Gonzalez-Benito J, Spengler T. Evaluation of sites for the location of WEEE recycling plants in Spain. Waste Manage 2008; 28 (1): 181-190.
- Vego G, Kucar-Dragicevic S, Koprivanac N. Application of multi-criteria decision-making on strategic municipal solid waste management in Dalmatia, Croatia. Waste Manage 2008; 28 (11): 2192-2201.
- Montastruc L, Boix M, Pibouleau L, Azzaro-Patenl C, Domenech S, On the flexibility of an eco-industrial park (EIP) for managing industrial water. J Clean Prod 2013; 43: 1-11.
- Zhao H, Zhao H, Guo S. Evaluating the comprehensive benefit of eco-industrial parks by employing multi-criteria decision making approach for circular economy. J Clean Prod 2017; 142 (4): 2262-2276.
- http1, http://www.symbiosis.dk/en (erişim tarihi: 15.07.2017).
- Mirata M, Emtairah T. Industrial symbiosis networks and the contribution to environmental innovation: The case of the Landskrona industrial symbiosis programme. J Clean Prod 2005; 13: 993-1002.
- Park JM, Park JY, Park HS. A review of the National Eco-Industrial Park Development Program in Korea: progress and achievements in the first phase, 2005–2010. J Clean Prod 2016; 114: 33-44.
- Mirata M. Experiences from early stages of a national industrial symbiosis programme in the UK: determinants and coordination challenges. J Clean Prod 2004; 12: 967-983.
- Jensen PD, Basson L, Hellawell EE, Bailey MR, Leach M. Quantifying geographic proximity: experiences from the United Kingdom's National Industrial Symbiosis Programme. Resour Conserv Recycl 2011; 55: 703-712.
- Costa I, Massard G, Agarwal A. Waste management policies for industrial symbiosis development: case studies in European countries. J Clean Prod 2010; 18: 815-822.
- Shi H, Chertow M, Song Y. Developing country experience with eco-industrial parks: a case study of the Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area in China. J Clean Prod 2010; 18: 191-199.
- TTGV İskenderun Körfezi'nde Endüstriyel Simbiyoz Projesi Uygulama Aşaması, Sonuçlar ve Kazanımlar 2015, Ankara, http://www.endustriyelsimbiyoz.org
- TTGV İzmir’de Eko-verimlilik (Temiz Üretim) Uygulamalarının Yaygınlaştırılması Projesi 2016, http://www.ttgv.org.tr/content/docs/izmir-ekoverimlilik-brosur.pdf