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The changes that observed in channel type of the Kızılırmak river between 1954 and 2009 years, Avanos

Yıl 2010, , 93 - 104, 01.04.2010
https://doi.org/10.1501/Cogbil_0000000106

Öz

The classification of river channels is very important for geomorphological studies. But for to analyse accurately the fluvial process in a region, the most suitable classification method must be selected. This study aims using the methods which based on sinuosity and braiding index of river channelss, to introduce the pattern changes of Kızılırmak channel in Avanos (Nevşehir) region between 1954-2009. In our stuty aerial photos (1954-1992 years), contemporary satellite images, topographic maps and field searches are assessed. Consequently, the Kızılırmak river channel, between Sarıhıdır-Çiftedam (Avanos) has % 10 braided index and 1.1 sinuosity rate in 1954. Between 1992 and 2009, braided index of it decreases to %3 and sinuosity rate is calculated as again 1.1. For those 55 years, the river has altered from low braiding pattern to transition type between low braided-low meandering pattern. The probable reasons of this change are supposed as the effects of Hirfanlı Dam on the river and climatic factors

Kaynakça

  • Ackers, P., Charlton, F.G. (1975) “Theoriesand relationships of river channel patterns- A discussion”, Journal of Hydrology, 26, 359-362.
  • Alabyan, A. M., Chalov, R.S. (1998) “Types of river channel patterns and their naturel controls”, Earth Surf. Process Landforms, 23, 467–474.
  • Allen, J.R.L. (1963) “The classification of cross-stratified units with notes their origin”, Sedimentology 16, 93-114.
  • Allen, J.R.L. (1964a) “Studies in fluviatile sedimentation; six cyclothems from the lower old sandstone, Anglowesh Basin”, Sedimentology, 3, 163-198.
  • Allen, J.R.L. (1964b) “A Review of the Origin And Charactristics of Recent Alluvial Sediments”, Geo-Science, 5,89-191.
  • Atalay, İ. (1998) Genel Fiziki Coğrafya, Ege Üniversitesi yay, İzmir.
  • Arık A. (1985) “Avanos (Nevşehir) yöresinin jeomorfolojisi”, MTA Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Avşin, N. (2005) Sarıhıdır-Çiftedam arasında (Avanos) Kızılırmak vadisinin jeomorfolojisi, Basılmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi,
  • Ankara Üniv. Sos. Bil. Enst., Ankara.
  • Best J.L., Bristol C.S. (1993) Braided Rivers, Geological Society Special Publication.75, London.
  • Bledsoe, B.P. ve Watson, C.C. (2001) “Logistic analysis os channel pattern thresholds: meandering, braiding and incising”, Geomophology, 38, 281-300.
  • Bridge, J. S., Smith, N. D., Trent, F., Gabel, S. L., Bernstein, P. (1986) “Sedimentology and morphology of e low-sinuosity river: Calamus River, Nebraska”, Sedimentology, 33, 851-870.
  • Bridge, J. S. (2005) Rivers and Floodplains, Forms, processes and sedimentary record”, Blackwell publising.
  • Brotherton, D.I. (1979) “On the origin and characteristics of river channel patterns”, Journal of Hydrology, 44, 211-230.
  • Burroughs, B. A., Hayes, D. B., Klomp, K. D., Hansen, J. F., Mistak, J. (2008) “Effects of Stronach Dam removal on fluvial geomorphology in the Pine River”, Geomorphology, 3, 12-19.
  • Carson, M. A. (1984) “The meandering-braided river threshold: a reappraisal”, Journal of Hydrology, 73, 315-334.
  • Chang, H., Asce, M. (1985) “River channel changes: Adjustment of equilibrium”, Journal of Hydrolic Engineering, 112, 202071.
  • Charlton, F. G. (1969) “Meandering channels in alluvium”, Br. Hyrom. Res. Assoc. 2, 304-306.
  • Chitale, S.V. (1973) “Theoriesand relationships of river channel patterns”, Journal of Hydrology, 19, 285-308.
  • Collinson, J.D. (edited by H.G. Reading). (1996) Sedimentary Enviroments: Processes, Facies and Stratigraphy, Blackwell Science Ltd, Austria.
  • Doeglas, D. J. (1962) “The structure of sedimentary deposits of braided rivers”, Sedimentology 1, 167-190
  • Doğan, U. (2005) “Holocene fluvial development of the Upper Tigris Valley (Southeastern Turkey) as documented by archaelogical data”, Quaternary International, 129, 75-86.
  • Doğan, U. (2007) Flüvyal Jeomorfoloji, Basılmamış ders notları.
  • Doğan, U. (2009) “Fluvial response to climate change during and after Last Glacial Maximum in Central Anatolia, Turkey”, Quaternary International,1-9.
  • Doğan, U., Koçyiğit, A., Wijbrans, J. (2009) “Kızılırmak nehrinin evrimsel tarihi, Kapadokya kesimi: İç Anadolu Bölgesi’nde neotektonik rejimin başlangıcı için bir çıkarsama”, Türkiye 62. Jeoloji Kurultayı,Bildiri Özetleri Kitabı, 806-807.
  • EİE. (2000) Türkiye Akarsularında Süspanse Sediment Gözlemleri ve Sediment Taşınım Miktarları, Ankara.
  • Ercan, T. (1987) “Orta Anadolu’daki senozoik volkanizması”, MTA Dergisi 107, 119-140.
  • Erol, O. (1985) Jeomorfoloji, Basılmamış ders notları.
  • Erinç S. ( 2000) Jeomorfoloji I, Der Yay.284, 374-394, İstanbul.
  • Ferguson, R.I.( 1973) “Channel pattern and sediment type”, Area 5, 38–41.
  • Güney, E. (1999) Jeomorfoloji Uygulaması, Bilgili Yayın ve Yapım, İstanbul.
  • İzbırak, R. (1955) Sistematik Jeomorfoloji, Harita Umum Müdürlüğü. Ankara.
  • İzbırak, R. (1986) Coğrafya Terimleri Sözlüğü, Milli Eğitim Basımevi, İstanbul.
  • Innocenti, F., Mazzuoli, R., Pasquare, G., Radicatidi Brozolo, F., Villari, L. (1975) “The Neogene calcalcaline volcanism of Central Anatolia: Geochronological data on Kayseri-Niğde”, Area. Geol. Mag., 112, 349-360.
  • Karluk, R. (1999) Türkiye Ekonomisi; Tarihsel Gelişim, Yapısal ve Sosyal Değişim, Beta Yay, İstanbul.
  • Kellerhals, M. Church and D.I. Bray, A. (1976) “Classification and analysis of river processes”, Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE 102, 813–829.
  • Kloehn, K., Beechie, T. J., Morley, S. A., Coe, H. J. (2008) “Influence of Dams on river-floodplain dynamics in the Elwha River, Washington”, Northwest Science, 82.
  • Knighton, D. (1998) Fluvial Forms and Processes, Oxford University Press, Newyork.
  • Leopold, B., Wolman, M.G. (1957) “River channel patterns: braided, meandering and straight”, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 282B, 39–85.
  • Leopold L.B., Wolman M.G., Miller J.P. (1964) Fluvial process ın geomorphology, Dover Publications, Newyork.
  • Leopold L.B. (1972) “River channel change with time: an example”, Geological Society of America Bulletin, 84, 1845-1860.
  • Li, L., Lu, X., Chen, Z. (2007) “River channel change during the last 50 years in the middle Yangtze River, the Jianli reach”, Geomorphology, 85, 185–196.
  • Lunt, I. A., Bridge, J. S. (2004) “Evolution and deposition of a gravelly braid bar, Sagavanirktok River, Alaska”, Sedimentology, 51, 415-532.
  • Makaske, B. (2001) “Anastomosing rivers: A review of their classification, origin andsedimentary products”, Earth-Science Reviews, 53, 149-196.
  • Malik, A. U., Richardson, J.S.D. (2009) “Riparian vegetation change in upstream and downstream reaches of three temparate rivers dammed for hydroelectric generation in British Columbia, Canada”, Ecological Engineering, 35, 810–819.
  • McGoven, J. H., Garner L. E. (1970) “Physiographic features and stratification types of coarse- grained point bars: modern and ancient examples”, Sedimentology,14, 77-111.
  • Miall A. D. (1977) “A Review of the braided river depositional environment”, Earth Science Reviews 13,1-62.
  • Miall A. (1996) The Geology of Fluvial Deposits, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, Newyork.
  • Newson, M. D., Clark, M. J., Sera, D. A., Brookes, A. (1998) “The geomorpgological basis for classifying rivers”, Aquatic Conser 6: Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. 8, 415–430.
  • Nichols, G. (1999) Sedimentology and Statigrapgy; Rivers: the fluvial environment, Blackwell,
  • Orfeo, O. ve Stevaux, J. (2002) “Hydraulic and morphological characteristics of middle and upper Parana River (Argentina nad Brasil)”, Geomorphology, 44, 309-322.
  • Pasquare, G. (1968) “Geology of the cenozoic volcanic area of Central Anatolia”, Memorie, IX, Sezione 11 a.
  • Rosgen, D.L. (1994) “A classification of natural rivers”, Catena, 22, 169-199.
  • Rosgen, D.L. (1996) Applied River Morpholohy, Wildland Hydrology, Pagosa Springs
  • Schumm, S.A. (1963) “A tentative classification of alluvial river channels”, U.S. Geological Survey Circular, 447.
  • Schumm, S.A. (1977) The Fluvial System, The Blackburn Press, New Jersey.
  • Schumm, S.A. (1981) “Evolution and response of the fluvial system: sedimentologic implications”, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Spec. Publ,.31,19-29.
  • Schumm, S.A., Dumont J.F., Holbrook, J. M. (2000) Active Tectonics and Alluvial Rivers, Canbridge University Press.
  • Steel,R.J., Thampson, D. B. (1983) “Structures and textures in Triassic braided stream conglomerates in the Sherwood Sandstone Group, North Staffordshire, England”, Sedimentology, 30, 341-367.
  • Sür, Ö. (1994) Strüktüral Jeomorfoloji, Ankara Üniversitesi, DTCF yay. Ankara.
  • Thorne, C.R. (2002) “Geomorphic analysis of large alluvial rivers”, Geomorphology, 44, 203-219.
  • Thornbury, W. D. (1969) Principles of Geomorphology, Wiley, New York.
  • Tiegs, S. D., Pohl, M. (2005) “Planform channel dynamics of the lower Colorado River: 1976–2000”, Geomorphology, 69, 14– 27.
  • Tokgöz, E. (1999) Türkiye’nin İktisadi Gelişme Tarihi, İmaj yay., Ankara.
  • Toprak, V. (1994) “Central Kızılırmak fault zone, northen margin of Central Anatolian volcanics”, Turkish Journal of Earth Science, 3, no: 1.
  • Xu, J. (2002) “River sedimentation and channel adjustment of the lower Yellow river as influenced by low discharges and seasonal channel dry-ups”, Geomorphology, 43, 151-164.
  • Xu, J. (2004) “Comparison of hydraulic geometry between sand and gravel bed rivers in relation to channel pattern discrimination”, Earth Surf. Process. Landforms 29, 645–657.

1954 ve 2009 Yılları Arasında Kızılırmak’ın Yatak Tipinde Gözlenen Değişimler, Avanos

Yıl 2010, , 93 - 104, 01.04.2010
https://doi.org/10.1501/Cogbil_0000000106

Öz

Akarsu yataklarının sınıflandırılması, jeomorfolojik çalışmalar açısından oldukça önemlidir. Ancak bir bölgedeki flüvyal süreci doğru analiz etmek, o bölge için en uygun sınıflama yönteminin seçilmesiyle mümkündür. Bu çalışma, nehir yataklarının sinüsellik ve örgülenme derecelerine dayalı sınıflama yönteminden yola çıkarak, Kızılırmak’ın yatağında (Nevşehir), 1954-2009 yılları arasında meydana gelen değişimleri ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmamızda, 1954 ve 1992 yıllarına ait hava fotoğrafları ve güncel uydu görüntülerinin yanı sıra topografya haritaları ve arazi gözlemleri değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuç olarak çalışma alanında, 1954 yılında, yatağın sinüsellik oranının 1.1 olduğu, örgülenme indeksinin ise %10 olduğu tespit edilmiştir. 1992 ve 2009 yıllarında ise sinüsellik oranı 1.1 olarak kalırken örgülenme indeksi % 3’e düşmüştür. Söz konusu 55 yıllık süreçte nehir yatağı, düşük örgülü yapısından, düşük örgülü-düşük menderesli geçiş yapısına doğru bir değişim göstermiştir. Alandaki değişimin olası nedenleri olarak, Hirfanlı Barajı’nın nehre etkisi ve iklim faktörü düşünülebilir

Kaynakça

  • Ackers, P., Charlton, F.G. (1975) “Theoriesand relationships of river channel patterns- A discussion”, Journal of Hydrology, 26, 359-362.
  • Alabyan, A. M., Chalov, R.S. (1998) “Types of river channel patterns and their naturel controls”, Earth Surf. Process Landforms, 23, 467–474.
  • Allen, J.R.L. (1963) “The classification of cross-stratified units with notes their origin”, Sedimentology 16, 93-114.
  • Allen, J.R.L. (1964a) “Studies in fluviatile sedimentation; six cyclothems from the lower old sandstone, Anglowesh Basin”, Sedimentology, 3, 163-198.
  • Allen, J.R.L. (1964b) “A Review of the Origin And Charactristics of Recent Alluvial Sediments”, Geo-Science, 5,89-191.
  • Atalay, İ. (1998) Genel Fiziki Coğrafya, Ege Üniversitesi yay, İzmir.
  • Arık A. (1985) “Avanos (Nevşehir) yöresinin jeomorfolojisi”, MTA Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Avşin, N. (2005) Sarıhıdır-Çiftedam arasında (Avanos) Kızılırmak vadisinin jeomorfolojisi, Basılmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi,
  • Ankara Üniv. Sos. Bil. Enst., Ankara.
  • Best J.L., Bristol C.S. (1993) Braided Rivers, Geological Society Special Publication.75, London.
  • Bledsoe, B.P. ve Watson, C.C. (2001) “Logistic analysis os channel pattern thresholds: meandering, braiding and incising”, Geomophology, 38, 281-300.
  • Bridge, J. S., Smith, N. D., Trent, F., Gabel, S. L., Bernstein, P. (1986) “Sedimentology and morphology of e low-sinuosity river: Calamus River, Nebraska”, Sedimentology, 33, 851-870.
  • Bridge, J. S. (2005) Rivers and Floodplains, Forms, processes and sedimentary record”, Blackwell publising.
  • Brotherton, D.I. (1979) “On the origin and characteristics of river channel patterns”, Journal of Hydrology, 44, 211-230.
  • Burroughs, B. A., Hayes, D. B., Klomp, K. D., Hansen, J. F., Mistak, J. (2008) “Effects of Stronach Dam removal on fluvial geomorphology in the Pine River”, Geomorphology, 3, 12-19.
  • Carson, M. A. (1984) “The meandering-braided river threshold: a reappraisal”, Journal of Hydrology, 73, 315-334.
  • Chang, H., Asce, M. (1985) “River channel changes: Adjustment of equilibrium”, Journal of Hydrolic Engineering, 112, 202071.
  • Charlton, F. G. (1969) “Meandering channels in alluvium”, Br. Hyrom. Res. Assoc. 2, 304-306.
  • Chitale, S.V. (1973) “Theoriesand relationships of river channel patterns”, Journal of Hydrology, 19, 285-308.
  • Collinson, J.D. (edited by H.G. Reading). (1996) Sedimentary Enviroments: Processes, Facies and Stratigraphy, Blackwell Science Ltd, Austria.
  • Doeglas, D. J. (1962) “The structure of sedimentary deposits of braided rivers”, Sedimentology 1, 167-190
  • Doğan, U. (2005) “Holocene fluvial development of the Upper Tigris Valley (Southeastern Turkey) as documented by archaelogical data”, Quaternary International, 129, 75-86.
  • Doğan, U. (2007) Flüvyal Jeomorfoloji, Basılmamış ders notları.
  • Doğan, U. (2009) “Fluvial response to climate change during and after Last Glacial Maximum in Central Anatolia, Turkey”, Quaternary International,1-9.
  • Doğan, U., Koçyiğit, A., Wijbrans, J. (2009) “Kızılırmak nehrinin evrimsel tarihi, Kapadokya kesimi: İç Anadolu Bölgesi’nde neotektonik rejimin başlangıcı için bir çıkarsama”, Türkiye 62. Jeoloji Kurultayı,Bildiri Özetleri Kitabı, 806-807.
  • EİE. (2000) Türkiye Akarsularında Süspanse Sediment Gözlemleri ve Sediment Taşınım Miktarları, Ankara.
  • Ercan, T. (1987) “Orta Anadolu’daki senozoik volkanizması”, MTA Dergisi 107, 119-140.
  • Erol, O. (1985) Jeomorfoloji, Basılmamış ders notları.
  • Erinç S. ( 2000) Jeomorfoloji I, Der Yay.284, 374-394, İstanbul.
  • Ferguson, R.I.( 1973) “Channel pattern and sediment type”, Area 5, 38–41.
  • Güney, E. (1999) Jeomorfoloji Uygulaması, Bilgili Yayın ve Yapım, İstanbul.
  • İzbırak, R. (1955) Sistematik Jeomorfoloji, Harita Umum Müdürlüğü. Ankara.
  • İzbırak, R. (1986) Coğrafya Terimleri Sözlüğü, Milli Eğitim Basımevi, İstanbul.
  • Innocenti, F., Mazzuoli, R., Pasquare, G., Radicatidi Brozolo, F., Villari, L. (1975) “The Neogene calcalcaline volcanism of Central Anatolia: Geochronological data on Kayseri-Niğde”, Area. Geol. Mag., 112, 349-360.
  • Karluk, R. (1999) Türkiye Ekonomisi; Tarihsel Gelişim, Yapısal ve Sosyal Değişim, Beta Yay, İstanbul.
  • Kellerhals, M. Church and D.I. Bray, A. (1976) “Classification and analysis of river processes”, Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE 102, 813–829.
  • Kloehn, K., Beechie, T. J., Morley, S. A., Coe, H. J. (2008) “Influence of Dams on river-floodplain dynamics in the Elwha River, Washington”, Northwest Science, 82.
  • Knighton, D. (1998) Fluvial Forms and Processes, Oxford University Press, Newyork.
  • Leopold, B., Wolman, M.G. (1957) “River channel patterns: braided, meandering and straight”, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 282B, 39–85.
  • Leopold L.B., Wolman M.G., Miller J.P. (1964) Fluvial process ın geomorphology, Dover Publications, Newyork.
  • Leopold L.B. (1972) “River channel change with time: an example”, Geological Society of America Bulletin, 84, 1845-1860.
  • Li, L., Lu, X., Chen, Z. (2007) “River channel change during the last 50 years in the middle Yangtze River, the Jianli reach”, Geomorphology, 85, 185–196.
  • Lunt, I. A., Bridge, J. S. (2004) “Evolution and deposition of a gravelly braid bar, Sagavanirktok River, Alaska”, Sedimentology, 51, 415-532.
  • Makaske, B. (2001) “Anastomosing rivers: A review of their classification, origin andsedimentary products”, Earth-Science Reviews, 53, 149-196.
  • Malik, A. U., Richardson, J.S.D. (2009) “Riparian vegetation change in upstream and downstream reaches of three temparate rivers dammed for hydroelectric generation in British Columbia, Canada”, Ecological Engineering, 35, 810–819.
  • McGoven, J. H., Garner L. E. (1970) “Physiographic features and stratification types of coarse- grained point bars: modern and ancient examples”, Sedimentology,14, 77-111.
  • Miall A. D. (1977) “A Review of the braided river depositional environment”, Earth Science Reviews 13,1-62.
  • Miall A. (1996) The Geology of Fluvial Deposits, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, Newyork.
  • Newson, M. D., Clark, M. J., Sera, D. A., Brookes, A. (1998) “The geomorpgological basis for classifying rivers”, Aquatic Conser 6: Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. 8, 415–430.
  • Nichols, G. (1999) Sedimentology and Statigrapgy; Rivers: the fluvial environment, Blackwell,
  • Orfeo, O. ve Stevaux, J. (2002) “Hydraulic and morphological characteristics of middle and upper Parana River (Argentina nad Brasil)”, Geomorphology, 44, 309-322.
  • Pasquare, G. (1968) “Geology of the cenozoic volcanic area of Central Anatolia”, Memorie, IX, Sezione 11 a.
  • Rosgen, D.L. (1994) “A classification of natural rivers”, Catena, 22, 169-199.
  • Rosgen, D.L. (1996) Applied River Morpholohy, Wildland Hydrology, Pagosa Springs
  • Schumm, S.A. (1963) “A tentative classification of alluvial river channels”, U.S. Geological Survey Circular, 447.
  • Schumm, S.A. (1977) The Fluvial System, The Blackburn Press, New Jersey.
  • Schumm, S.A. (1981) “Evolution and response of the fluvial system: sedimentologic implications”, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Spec. Publ,.31,19-29.
  • Schumm, S.A., Dumont J.F., Holbrook, J. M. (2000) Active Tectonics and Alluvial Rivers, Canbridge University Press.
  • Steel,R.J., Thampson, D. B. (1983) “Structures and textures in Triassic braided stream conglomerates in the Sherwood Sandstone Group, North Staffordshire, England”, Sedimentology, 30, 341-367.
  • Sür, Ö. (1994) Strüktüral Jeomorfoloji, Ankara Üniversitesi, DTCF yay. Ankara.
  • Thorne, C.R. (2002) “Geomorphic analysis of large alluvial rivers”, Geomorphology, 44, 203-219.
  • Thornbury, W. D. (1969) Principles of Geomorphology, Wiley, New York.
  • Tiegs, S. D., Pohl, M. (2005) “Planform channel dynamics of the lower Colorado River: 1976–2000”, Geomorphology, 69, 14– 27.
  • Tokgöz, E. (1999) Türkiye’nin İktisadi Gelişme Tarihi, İmaj yay., Ankara.
  • Toprak, V. (1994) “Central Kızılırmak fault zone, northen margin of Central Anatolian volcanics”, Turkish Journal of Earth Science, 3, no: 1.
  • Xu, J. (2002) “River sedimentation and channel adjustment of the lower Yellow river as influenced by low discharges and seasonal channel dry-ups”, Geomorphology, 43, 151-164.
  • Xu, J. (2004) “Comparison of hydraulic geometry between sand and gravel bed rivers in relation to channel pattern discrimination”, Earth Surf. Process. Landforms 29, 645–657.
Toplam 67 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Diğer ID JA39MB48UP
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Nurcan Avşin Görendağlı Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Nisan 2010
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2010

Kaynak Göster

APA Avşin Görendağlı, N. (2010). 1954 ve 2009 Yılları Arasında Kızılırmak’ın Yatak Tipinde Gözlenen Değişimler, Avanos. Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi, 8(1), 93-104. https://doi.org/10.1501/Cogbil_0000000106