A Feminist Geographic Reading of Masculinities: Syrian Entrepreneurs in İzmir

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 1, 312 - 330, 29.04.2021

Selin Akyuz

https://doi.org/10.33688/aucbd.901437

Cited By: 1

Öz

This research aimed to analyze migrant men’s spatial trajectories with an emphasis on how they are negotiating with intersecting hierarchies and how they refine and transform their refuge, workplaces. With a lens of feminist geography, it mapped Syrian entrepreneurs’ workplaces in Basmane and Buca, İzmir. To attend the social relations and also gendered practices of Syrian men who run small enterprises and to scrutinize the aspects of their life within broader political, socio-cultural and economic contexts, a feminist ethnographic research was conducted. While heavily relying on participant observation, informal and formal interviews were conducted with the owners of 4 restaurants, 1 barber shop, 1 grocery store and 1 confectioner. Based on the understanding of temporal and geographical contingency of masculinities, it discussed (1) how men positioned/disciplined themselves vis a vis “foreign masculinities”, (2) spatial structures that enabled men’s protector role spilling over into their workplace, (3) homosocial bonds that created continuity and stability.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Masculinities , feminist geography , Syrians , entrepreneurship , İzmir

Erkekliklerin Feminist Coğrafya ile Okunması: İzmir'deki Suriyeli Girişimciler

Öz

Bu araştırma, göçmen erkeklerin mekânsal yörüngelerini, kesişen hiyerarşiler ile nasıl müzakere ettiklerini ve işyerlerini nasıl düzenleyip dönüştürdüklerini analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu çerçevede, araştırma, feminist coğrafya merceği ile Suriyeli girişimcilerin İzmir’in Basmane ve Buca semtlerindeki işyerlerinin haritasını çıkarmıştır. Küçük işletmeleri olan Suriyeli erkeklerin sosyal ilişkilerini ve cinsiyetlendirilmiş performanslarını daha geniş bir sosyo-kültürel ve ekonomik bağlamda incelemek için etnografik araştırma yapılmıştır. Araştırma kapsamında, büyük çoğunlukla katılımcı gözleme dayanmak ile beraber 4 restoran sahibi, 1 berber, 1 bakkal ve 1 tatlıcı ile görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Bu çalışma erkekliklerin zamansal ve coğrafi olasılıklarını temeline alarak, (1) erkeklerin kendilerini “yabancı erkeklikler” karşısında nasıl konumlandırdıkları/disiplin ettiklerini, (2) erkeklerin koruyucu rolünün işyerlerine yayılmasını sağlayan mekânsal yapıları, (3) süreklilik ve istikrar yaratan homososyal bağları tartışmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Erkeklikler , feminist coğrafya , Suriyeliler , girişimcilik , İzmir

Kaynakça

• Ahl, H., Marlow, S. (2012). Exploring the dynamics of gender, feminism and entrepreneurship: Advancing debate to escape a dead end? Organization, 19(5), 543-562. doi:10.1177/1350508412448695
• Akyuz, S., Tursun, Ö. (2019). When Syrian ‘Girls’ Meet Turkish ‘boys’: Mapping gendered stories of mixed marriages. Middle East Critique, 28(1), 29-49. doi:10.1080/19436149.2018.1549215
• Atasü-Topcuoglu, R. (2019). Social inclusion beyond borders: Utilization of migrant capital in transnational and diaspora communities. Social Inclusion, 7(4). doi:10.17645/si.v7i4.2346
• Baines, E.K. (2004). Vulnerable Bodies: Gender, the UN and the Global Refugee Crisis (1st ed.). Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315234458
• Batnitzky, A., McDowell, L., Dyer, S. (2009). Flexible and strategic masculinities: The working lives and gendered identities of male migrants in London. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 35(8), 1275-1293. doi:10.1080/13691830903123088
• Bélanger, D., Saracoglu, C. (2020). The governance of Syrian refugees in Turkey: The state-capital nexus and its discontents. Mediterranean Politics, 25(4), 413-432. doi:10.1080/13629395.2018.1549785.
• Bircan, T., Sunata, U. (2015). Educational Assessment of Syrian Refugees in Turkey. Migration Letters, 12(3), 226-237. doi: 10.33182/ml.v12i3.276
• Boutwell, L. (2015). “I don't want to Claim America”: African Refugee girls and Discourses of othering. Girlhood Studies, 8(2). doi:10.3167/ghs.2015.080208
• Bozok, M., Bozok, N. (2019). The household, the street and the labour market: Masculinities and homosocial solidarity networks of Afghan migrant boys in squatter neighbourhood in Istanbul, NORMA, 14(2), 96-111. doi: 10.1080/18902138.2018.1519241
• Brell, C., Dustmann, C., Preston, I. (2020). The labor market integration of refugee migrants in high-income countries. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 34(1), 94-121. doi:10.1257/jep.34.1.94
• Burrell, K. (2008). Materialising the Border: Spaces of mobility and material culture in migration from Post‐Socialist Poland. Mobilities, 3(3), 353-373. doi:10.1080/17450100802376779
• Charsley, K., Wray, H. (2015). Introduction to the invisible (migrant) man. Men and Masculinites, 18 (4), 403–423. doi:10.1177/1097184X15575109
• Connell, R. W., Messerschmidt, J. W. (2005). Hegemonic masculinity. Gender & Society, 19(6), 829-859. doi:10.1177/0891243205278639
• Constant, A. F., Zimmermann, K. F. (2010). Circular and repeat migration: Counts of exits and years away from the host country. Population Research and Policy Review, 30(4), 495-515. doi:10.1007/s11113-010-9198-6
• Datta, A. (2009). This is special humour: Visual narratives of Polish masculinities in London’s building sites. In K. Burrell (Ed.), After 2004: Polish migration to the UK in the ‘new’ European Union (pp. 189–210). London: Ashgate.
• Deniz, A., Öksüz, M. (2017). Ankara’daki İran restoranları: Kültürel kimlik üzerine etnografik bir araştırma. Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi, 15(2), 167-185. doi:10.1501/Cobgil_0000000187
• Donaldson, M., Hibbins, R., Howson, R., Pease, B. (Eds.). (2009). Migrant men: Critical studies of masculinities and the migration experience. New York: Routledge.
• Duran, N. (2018). Dual Discrimination of Syrian Refugee Women in the labour markets in Europe and Turkey: Identifying the challenges. Journal of Social Policy Conferences, (75), 43-67. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/iusskd/issue/41800/504460.
• Edwards, A. (2010). Transitioning gender: Feminist engagement with international refugee law and policy 1950–2010. Refugee Survey Quarterly, 29(2), 21–45. doi: 10.1093/rsq/hdq021
• Elmhirst, R. (2007). Tigers and gangsters: masculinities and feminized migration in Indonesia. Population, Space, and Place, 13, 225-238. doi: 10.1002/psp.435
• Erel, U. (2009). Migrant women transforming citizen-ship: Lifestories from Britain and Germany. Alder-shot: Ashgate.
• Erel, U. (2010). Migrating cultural capital: Bourdieu in migration studies. Sociology, 44(4), 642–660. doi:10.1177/0038038510369363
• Fiddian- Qasmiyeh, E. (2014). Gender and forced migration. In E. Fiddian-Qasmiyeh, G. Loescher, K. Long, N. Sigona (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Refugee and Forced Migrations Studies (pp. 399). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Foroutan, Y. (2008). Migration differentials in women's market employment: An empirical and multicultural analysis. International Migration Review, 42(3), 675-703. doi:10.1111/j.1747-7379.2008.00142.x
• Freedman, J. (2010). Protecting women asylum seekers and refugees: From international norms to national protection? International Migration, 48(1), 175-198. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2435.2009. 00549.x
• Freedman, J. (2017). Women’s experience of forced migration: Gender-based forms of insecurity and the uses of “vulnerability”. In J. Freedman, Z. Kivilcim, and N. Ö. Baklacıoğlu (Eds.), A Gendered Approach to the Syrian Refugee Crisis. New York: Routledge, 125-141.
• Gallo, E., Scrinzi, F. (2016). Introduction: Men and masculinities in the international division of reproductive labour. Migration, Masculinities and Reproductive Labour, 1-36. doi:10.1057/978-1-137-37978-8_1
• Giazitzoglu, A., Down, S. (2015). Performing entrepreneurial masculinity: Constructing gender through identity work. International Small Business Journal,35(1), 40-60. doi: 10.1177/0266242615599244
• Göktuna Yaylacı, F., Çarpar, M. (2019). Zorunlu göçün görün(e)meyen aktörleri: Temsil ve toplumsal cinsiyet bağlamında sığınmacı erkekler. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, (60), 61-85. doi: 10.26650/JECS2019-0007
• Grabska, K. (2011). Constructing ‘modern gendered civilised’ women and men: Gender mainstreaming in refugee camps. Gender and Development, 19(1), 81–93. doi: 10.1080/13552074.2011.554026
• Hammarén, N., Johansson, T. (2019). The transformation of homosociality. In L. Gottzén, U. Mellström, T. Shefer (Eds.) International Handbook of Masculinity Studies. New York: Routledge, 213-222.
• Hatoss, A., Huijser, H. (2010). Gendered barriers to educational opportunities: Resettlement of Sudanese refugees in Australia. Gender and Education, 22(2), 147-160. doi:10.1080/09540250903560497
• Hearn, J. (2013). Methods and methodologies in critical studies of men and masculinities. In B. Pini and B. Pease (eds.), Men, Masculinities and Methodologies, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 26-38.
• Hearn, J. (2015). Men of the World: Gender, Globalizations, Transnational Times. London: Sage.
• Hesse-Biber, S. (2014). Feminist approaches to in-depth interviewing. In S. Hesse-Biber (Eds.), Feminist Research Practice: A primer. London: Sage, 182-232.
• Hondagneu-Sotelo, P. (2000). Gendered Transitions: Mexican Experiences of Immigration. Berkeley: University of California Press.
• Hyndman, J. (2010). Introduction: The feminist politics of refugee migration. Gender, Place & Culture, 17(4), 453-459. doi:10.1080/0966369x.2010.485835
• Hynie, M. (2017). The social determinants of refugee mental health in the post-migration context: A critical review. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 63(5), 297-303. doi:10.1177/0706743717746666
• Jackson, P. (1991). The cultural politics of masculinity: Towards a social geography. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 199-213. doi:10.2307/622614
• Kandiyoti, D. (1987). Emancipated but unliberated? Reflections on the Turkish Case. Feminist Studies, 13(2), 317-338. doi:10.2307/3177804
• Kotzur, P., Forsbach, N., Wagner, U. (2017). Choose your words wisely: Stereotypes, emotions, and action tendencies toward fled people as a function of the group label. Social Psychology, 48(4), 226-241. doi:10.1027/1864-9335/a000312
• Krause, S. K., Jones, R. K., Purdin, S. J. (2000). Programmatic responses to refugees' reproductive health needs. International Family Planning Perspectives, 26(4), 181. doi:10.2307/2648256
• Lefkowich, M. (2019). When women study men: Gendered implications for qualitative research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods. doi:10.1177/1609406919872388
• Lindert, J., Schouler-Ocak, M., Heinz, A., Priebe, S. (2008). Mental health, health care utilisation of migrants in Europe. European Psychiatry, 23(S1). doi:10.1016/s0924-9338(08)70057-9
• Long, K. (2013). Introduction: Refugees and citizens. The Point of No Return, 1-3. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199673315.003.0001
• Mahler, S. J., Pessar, P. R. (2001). Gendered geographies of power: Analyzing gender across transnational spaces. Identities, 7(4), 441-459. doi:10.1080/1070289x.2001.9962675
• Mahmood, S. (2001). Feminist theory, embodiment, and the docile agent: Some reflections on the Egyptian Islamic revival. Cultural Anthropology, 16(2), 202-236. doi:10.1525/can.2001.16.2.202
• McDowell, L. (1999). Gender, Identity, and Place: Understanding Feminist Geographies. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
• McDowell, L. (2001). Men, management and multiple masculinities in organisations. Geoforum, 32(2), 181–198. doi: 10.1016/S0016-7185(00)00024-5
• McGinnis, R. (2016). Sexual victimization of male refugees and Migrants: Camps, homelessness, and survival sex. Dignity: A Journal on Sexual Exploitation and Violence, 1(1). doi:10.23860/dignity.2016.01.01.08
• Montes, V. (2013). The role of emotions in the construction of masculinity. Gender Society, 27(4), 469-490. doi:10.1177/0891243212470491
• Morokvasic, M. (2003). Transnational mobility and gender: a view from post-wall Europe, Crossing borders and shifting boundaries I. In M. Morokvasic, U. Erel, K. Shinozaki (Eds.), Gender on the Move, Opladen: Leske, Budrich, 101-133.
• Moser, C. O., Clark, F. C. (2001). Gender, conflict, and building sustainable peace: Recent lessons from Latin America. Gender & Development, 9(3), 29-39. doi:10.1080/13552070127755
• Moss, P., Falconer Al-Hindi, K. Kawabata, H. (2002). Feminist Geography in Practice: Research and Methods. Malden MA: Wiley-Blackwell Publications.
• Namer, Y., Coşkan, C., Razum, O. (2020). Discrimination as a health systems response to forced migration. Health Policy and Systems Responses to Forced Migration, 195-211. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-33812-1_11
• Nayak, A. (2003). ‘Boyz to men’: Masculinities, schooling and labour transitions in de-industrial times. Educational Review, 55(2), 147–159. doi: 10.1080/0013191032000072191
• Nobles, J. (2011). Parenting from abroad: Migration, nonresident father involvement and children’s education in Mexico. Journal of Marriage and Family, 73(4), 729–746. doi: 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2011.00842.x
• Oner, A. C., Durmaz-Drinkwater, B., Grant, R. J. (2020). Precarity of refugees: the case of Basmane-İzmir. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. doi: 10.1080/1369183X.2020.1732591
• Ryan, L., Webster, W. (Eds.). (2008). Gendering Migration: Masculinity, Femininity, and Ethnicity in Post-War Britain. Aldershot: Ashgate.
• Ryklina, V. (2004). Marriage on Export. Newsweek, 19, 11-17.
• Scheibelhofer, P. (2012). From health check to Muslim test: The shifting politics of governing migrant masculinity. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 33(3), 319–332. doi: 10.1080/07256868.2012.673474
• Scheibelhofer, P. (2017). ‘It won’t work without ugly pictures’: Images of othered masculinities and the legitimasation of restrictive refugee-politics in Austria. NORMA, 12(2), 96-111. doi:10.1080/18902138.2017.1341222
• Sigona, N. (2014). The politics of refugee voices: Representations, narratives, and memories. In E. Fiddian-Qasmiyeh, G. Loescher, K. Long, N. Sigona (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Refugee and Forced Migrations Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 369–382.
• Osella, F., Osella, C. (2000). Migration, money and masculinity in Kerala. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 6(1), 117–133. doi: 10.1111/1467-9655.t01-1-00007
• Ozcurumez, S., Akyuz, S., Bradby, H. (2020). The conceptualization problem in research and responses to sexual and gender-based violence in forced migration. Journal of Gender Studies, 30(1), 66-78. doi:10.1080/09589236.2020.1730163
• Patemen, C., Mills, C., W. (2010). Contact theory and global change: The intersections of gender, race and class. In A. G. Jonasdottir, V. Bryson, K. B. Jones (Eds.), Sexuality, Gender and Power: Intersectional and Transnational Perspectives. New York: Routledge, 113-126.
• Pittaway, E., Bartolomei, L. (2001). Refugees, race, and gender: The multiple discrimination against refugee women. Refuge: Canada's Journal on Refugees, 21-32. doi:10.25071/1920-7336.21236
• Shakya, Y. B., Guruge, S., Hynie, M., Akbari, A., Malik, M., Htoo, S., Alley, S. (2012). Aspirations for higher education among newcomer refugee youth in Toronto: Expectations, challenges, and strategies. Refuge: Canada's Journal on Refugees, 27(2), 65-78. doi:10.25071/1920-7336.34723
• Şenses N. (2020). Gender, Women and precarity: Examples from Turkey. In Williams L., Coşkun E., Kaşka S. (eds), Women, Migration and Asylum in Turkey. Migration, Diasporas and Citizenship. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 49-67. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-28887-7_3
• Soytemel, E., Karadenizli, E. (2021). Dar Alanda Sıkışan Erkeklikler: Fener-Balat’ta Toplumsal Cinsiyet ve Mekânsal Dönüşüm. Beyond Istanbul, 10(2), 36-45.
• Suerbaum, M. (2018). Becoming and unbecoming refugees: Making sense of masculinity and refugeeness among Syrian refugee men in Egypt. Men and Masculinities. 21(3), 363-382. doi:10/1177/10971184X17748170
• Tastsoglou, E., Abidi, C. B., Brigham, S. M., Lange, E. A. (2014). (En)Gendering vulnerability: Immigrant service providers’ perceptions of needs, policies, and practices related to gender and women refugee claimants in Atlantic Canada. Refuge: Canada's Journal on Refugees, 30(2), 67-78. doi:10.25071/1920-7336.39620
• Thapar-Björkert, S., Farahani, F. (2019). Epistemic modalities of racialized knowledge production in the Swedish academy. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 42(16), 214-232. doi: 10.1080/01419870.2019.1649440
• Van Heelsum, A. (2017). Aspirations and frustrations: Experiences of recent refugees in the Netherlands. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 40(13), 2137-2150. doi:10.1080/01419870.2017.1343486
• Walter, N., Bourgois, P., Loinaz, H. M. (2004). Masculinity and undocumented labor migration: Injured Latino day laborers in San Francisco. Social Science and Medicine, 59(6), 1159-1168. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2003.12.013
• Warren, A. (2014). Crafting masculinities: A cultural economy of surfboard-making. In A. Gorman-Murray, P. Hopkins (Eds.), Masculinities and Place. Farnham: Ashgate, 415-430
• Williams, C. J., Weinberg, M. S., Rosenberger, J. G. (2013). Trans men: Embodiments, identities, and sexualities. Sociological Forum, 28(4), 719–741. doi: 10.1111/socf.12056
• Wojnicka, K., (2019). Men and masculinities in migration processes. In Gottzén, L., Mellström, U., Shefer, T., Grimbeek, M. (Eds.), Routledge International Handbook of Masculinity Studies, Routledge Handbooks Online, 283-291
• Lohokare, M., (2019). Locating critical masculinities theory: masculinities in space and place. In Gottzén, L., Mellström, U., Shefer, T., Grimbeek, M. (Eds.), Routledge International Handbook of Masculinity Studies, Routledge Handbooks Online. 292-301
• Yıldız, A., Uzgören, E. (2016). Limits to temporary protection: Non-camp Syrian refugees in İzmir. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 16(2), 195-211. doi: 10.1080/14683857.2016.1165492
• Yousaf, F. N. (2017). Forced migration, human trafficking, and human security. Current Sociology, 66(2), 209-225. doi:10.1177/0011392117736309
• Zadkowska, M., Kosakowska-Berezecka, N., Ryndyk, O. (2017). Two worlds of fatherhood: Comparing the use of parental leave among Polish fathers in Poland and in Norway. In K. Slany, Slusarczyk, M. P. Pustulka E. Guribye (Eds.), Transnational Polish families in Norway: Social Capital, Integration, Institutions and Care. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 173-197