Turizm sektöründe gıda tedarik coğrafyasının analizi: Alanya örneği

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, turizmin oluşturduğu gıda tedarik ağının coğrafi dağılımının belirlenmesi ve tarım sektörü üzerindeki etkilerinin turizmin ikincil ekonomik etkileri kapsamında incelenmesidir. Çalışma, Türkiye’nin önemli turizm destinasyonlarından olan Alanya’da gerçekleştirilmiştir. Temel araştırma soruları; ‘tarımsal üretici, turizm sektörü ve son tüketici(turist) arasında nasıl bir tedarik zinciri oluşmaktadır ve tedarik zinciri mekansal olarak nasıl bir ağ ortaya çıkarmaktadır?’ şeklinde belirlenmiştir. Veriler çalışma alanındaki tarım ürünleri (yaş meyve ve sebze)tedarikçileri kapsamında, yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu ile elde edilmiştir.63 firmanın 47’si çalışmaya katılmıştır. Non-parametrik testler ile turizmin tarım sektörü üzerindeki etkisi açıklanmıştır. Sonuçlar, gıda tedarikçisi firmalar açısından otellerin önemli bir müşteri potansiyeli oluşturduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca, Alanya turizm sektörünün sadece yerel ölçekte değil, bölgesel ölçekte de tarımsal üretim ve tedarik ağı kurduğunu ortaya çıkmıştır. Firma özellikleri açısından ise, turizm sektörü ile ilişkili olan tedarikçi firmaların; daha büyük firmalar olduğu ve daha fazla sayıda tedarikçi ile bağlantılı olduğu görülmüştür

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Turizm, konaklama sektörü, yerel kalkınma, tedarikçi coğrafyası, Alanya

Geography of food supply network in a tourism region: case of Alanya

Öz

Aim of the study is to identify the geographical distribution of food supply networks of tourism and to explore impacts on agriculture sector through their supplier relations in the scope of secondary economic impacts. The research is conducted in Alanya, which is one the most important destination of Turkey, owing to its natural attraction, long season period and accommodation capacity. In this context, the following questions are attempted to answer: How tourism create a food supply chain from producer to final consumer (tourist)? How is the spatial network of this chain? Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with the suppliers and middlemen of fresh fruit and vegetables within the research area. 47 out of 63 firms participated in the study. Non-parametric tests are used to explain the relations and effects of tourism sector. Results show that hotels are important customers for food supplier firms and tourism generates strong networks and enhances the supply of agricultural production within and outside of tourism region. Moreover, considering to firm features are larger than the others in terms of the firm size, and they are linking with much more suppliers

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Tourism, hospitality sector, regional development, supplier geography, Alanya

Kaynakça

1. AKTOB (2014) Turizm Sektörünün Yapısı, Büyüklüğü ve Ekonomiye Katkısı: Turizm ve Konaklama Sektörünün Sosyo- ekonomik Etkileri. Akdeniz Turistik Otelciler Birliği Yayını, Retma Matbaa, Antalya.
2. Alcacer, J.; Delgado, M. (2013). Spatial organization of firms and location choices through the value chain. Harvard
3. Business School Working Paper, 13-025, 1-31.
4. ALTSO (2016) 2015 Alanya Ekonomik Raporu. Günizi Tasarım Basım Tanıtım Ltd. Şti., Antalya.
5. ALTSO (2015) 2014 Alanya Ekonomik Raporu.GüniziTasarım BasımTanıtım Ltd. Şti., Antalya.
6. Anderson, W.; Juma, S. (2011) “Linkages at tourism destinations: challenges in Zanzibar”, ARA Journal of Tourism Research, 3(1), 27-41.
7. Ashley, C.; Boyd C.; Goodwin, H. (2000) Pro-poor tourism: putting poverty at the heart of the tourism agenda, Department for International Development Natural Resource Perspectives, Number 51(http://195.130.87.21:8080/dspace/bitstream/123456789/444/1/Propoor%20tourism%20%20putting%20poverty%2 0at%20the%20heart%20of%20the%20tourism%20agenda.pdf, 29.09.2012)
8. Ashley, C.; Briene, P.D.; Lehr, A., Wilde, H. (2007) The role of the tourism sector in expanding economic opportunity, Corporate Social Responsibility Initiative Report No:23. Cambridge, MA: Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University.

9. Brohman, J. (1996) “New directions in tourism for third world development”, Annals of Tourism Research, 23(1), 48-70.
10. Brown, F. (2000) Tourism Reassessed: Blight or Blessing. Butterworth-Heinemann Publishing, Oxford, UK.
11. Cunha, S.K.; Cunha, J.C. (2005) “Tourism cluster competitiveness and sustainability: proposal for a systemic model to measure the impact of tourism on local development”, Brazilian Administration Review-BAR, 2(2), 47-62.
12. Clancy, M. (1998) “Commodity chains, services and development: theory and preliminary evidence from the tourism industry”, Review of International Political Economy, 5(1), 122-148.
13. Çıkın, A.; Çeken, H.; Uçar, M. (2009) “Turizmin tarım sektörüne etkisi, agro-turizm ve ekonomik sonuçları”, Tarım Ekonomisi Dergisi, 15(1),1-8.
14. Değer, M. K. (2006) “Turizme ve ihracata dayalı büyüme: 1980-2005 Türkiye deneyimi”, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 20(2), 67-86.
15. Espino-Rodriguez, T.F.; Padron-Robaina, V. (2005) “A resource-based view of outsourcing and its implications for organizational performance in the hotel sector”, Tourism Management, 26, 707-721.
16. Font, X.; Tapper, R.; Schwartz, K.; Kornilaki, M. (2008) “Sustainable supply chain management in tourism”, Business Strategy and the Environment, 17, 260-271.
17. Gezici, F.; Gül, A.Y. (2004) “Turizmde yerel kalkınma politikaları ve alternative turizm arayışları”, İçinde S. Atabay (ed.), Yeni Binyılda Turizm Politikaları: Yeni Eğilimler ve Yapısal Değişmeler, Uluslararası Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı, Istanbul: YTU Basım-Yayın Merkezi.
18. Gezici, F.; Küçüksarı, G. (2012) “An analysis of supply chain of accommodation sector: the case of Manavgat in Turkey”, İçinde ERSA Conference Papers (No. ersa 12 p.239), European Regional Science Association.
19. Hautbois, C.; Ravenel, L.; Durand, C. (2003) “Sport tourism and local economic development: the importance of an initial diagnosis of supplier's geographical concentration: a case study of France”, Journal of Sport & Tourism, 8(4),240- 259.
20. Hawkins, R.; Jackson, J.; Somerville, H.; Mahon, S.; Thomas, R. (2006) Increasing local economic benefits from the accommodation sector in the Eastern Caribbean. A report by Travel Watch for The Travel Foundation, Supported by the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office.
21. Hiamey, S. E.; Amenumey, E. K. (2013) “Exploring service outsourcing in 3–5 star hotels in the Accra metropolis of Ghana”, Tourism Management Perspectives, 8, 9-17.
22. Lejárraga, I.; Walkenhorst, P. (2010) “On linkages and leakages: measuring the secondary effects of tourism”, Applied Economics Letters, 17(5), 417-421.
23. Meyer, D. (2007) “Pro-poor tourism: from leakages to linkages. a conceptual framework for creating linkages between the accommodation sector and ‘poor’ neighbouring communities”, Current Issues in Tourism, 10(6), 558-583.
24. Milne, S.; Ateljevic, I. (2001) “Tourism, economic development and the global–local nexus: theory embracing complexity”, Tourism Geographies, 3(4), 369–393.
25. Mitchell, J.; Keane, J.; Coles, C. (2009) Trading up: how a value chain approach can benefit the rural poor, COPLA (Comercio y Pobrezaen Latino América and the Overseas Development Institute)–Trade and Poverty in Latin America Series (http://www.odi.org.uk/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/5656.pdf, 01.11.2012).
26. Mshenga, P. M.; Richardson, R. B. (2013) “Micro and small enterprise participation in tourism in coastal Kenya”, Small Business Economics, 41(3), 667-681.
27. ODI (2006) Briefing paper: tourism business and the local economy: increasing impact through a linkages approach (http://www.odi.org.uk/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/2592.pdf, 10.10. 2012)
28. ODI (2009) Trade and poverty in Latin America briefing paper: upgrading along value chains, strategies for poverty reduction in Latin America files/5654.pdf, 10.10.2012).
29. (http://www.odi.org.uk/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion
30. Okutmuş, E.; Ergül, A. (2013) “Konaklama işletmelerinin yiyecek içecek faaliyetlerinde tedarik zinciri maliyetlerinin hedef maliyetleme ile birlikte uygulanması”, Journal of Yaşar University, 8(32), 5409-5432.
31. Pearce, D. (1998). Tourist Development (second edition), Longman Group, UK.
32. Pillay, M.; Rogerson, C. M. (2013). Agriculture-tourism linkages and pro-poor impacts: the accommodation sector of urban coastal Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa. Applied Geography, 36: 49-58.
33. Robinson, P.; Lück, M.; Stephen, S.L.J., Lackey, M. (2013). Tourism. CAB International, UK.
34. Roe, D. (2006) “How Pro-poor is tourism: new practices can reduce poverty”, Institute of Development Studies id21 Insights, 62, 1-2.
35. Rogerson, C. M. (2006) “Pro-poor local economic development in South Africa: the role of pro-poor tourism”, Local Environment, 11(1), 37-60.
36. Rogerson, C.M. (2012) “Tourism–agriculture linkages in rural South Africa: evidence from the accommodation sector”, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(3), 477-495.
37. Romero, I.; Tejada, P. (2011) “A multi-level approach to the study of production chains in the tourism sector”, Tourism Management, 32(2), 297-306.
38. Rueegg, M. (2009) The Impact of Tourism on Rural Poverty Through Supply Chain Linkages to Local Food Producers in The Bolivian Altiplano. MSc(Development Studies) dissertation, London School of Economics and Political Science (http://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?q=cache:0fzKdD40SM0J:scholar.google.com/&hl=tr&as_sdt=0,5, 30.08.2014).
39. Sakhuja, S.; Jain, V. (2012) Service supply chain: an integrated conceptual framework, CIE42 Proceedings, Cape Town, South Africa: CIE & SAIIE (http://conferences.sun.ac.za/index.php/cie/cie-42/paper/viewFile/216/184, 15.11.2013).
40. Sharply, R. (2000) “The influence of the accommodation sector on tourism development: lessons from Cyprus”, International Journal of Hospitality Management, 19(3), 275-293.
41. Stynes, D. J. (1997) Economic impacts of tourism, a handbook for tourism professionals. Illinois Bureau of Tourism, Illinois Department of Commerce and Community Affairs. Prepared by the Tourism Research Laboratory at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
42. Telfer, D.J; Wall, G. (1996) “Linkages between tourism and food production”, Annals of Tourism Research, 23(3),635-653.
43. Telfer, D.J; Wall, G. (2000) “Strengthening backward economic linkages: local food purchasing by three Indonesian hotels”, Tourism Geographies 2(4), 421-447.
44. Thomas, R.; Shaw, G.; Page, S. J. (2011) “Understanding small firms in tourism: a perspective on research trends and challenges”, Tourism Management, 32, 963-976.
45. Tinsley, R.; Lynch, P. (2001) “Small tourism business networks and destination development”, International Journal of Hospitality Management, 20, 367-378.
46. Torres, R. (2003) “Linkages between tourism and agriculture in Mexico”, Annals of Tourism Research, 30(3), 546–566.
47. Tribe, J. (2011) The Economics of Recreation, Leisure and Tourism. Routledge, New York.
48. Wanhill, S. (2000) “Small and medium tourism enterprises”, Annals of Tourism Research, 27(1), 132-147.
49. Yang, Y. (2012). “Agglomeration density and tourism development in China: an empirical research based on dynamic panel data model”, Tourism Management. 33, 1347-1359.
50. Zhang, T. C.; Wang, W.N. (2009) “Analysis on travel public services of the local government’s behaviour”, Academic Journal of Zhongzhou. China,172, 114-118.