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TÜRKİYE’DE DOĞRUDAN YABANCI SERMAYE YATIRIMLARI VE BÖLGESEL DAĞILIŞI

Yıl 2003, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 19 - 42, 01.04.2003
https://doi.org/10.1501/Cogbil_0000000028

Öz

Bu makalede Türkiye’de doğrudan yabancı sermaye (DYS) yatırımları tarihsel ve bölgesel açıdan incelenmektedir. Küreselleşme çağında yabancı sermayenin önemi giderek artarken, çokuluslu şirketlerin (ÇUŞ) büyüyen rolü doğrultusunda dünyada doğrudan yabancı yatırımlarda son derece önemli dönüşümler yaşanmaktadır. Türkiye’de ilk DYS yatırımlarının başladığı Osmanlı imparatorluğundan günümüze kadar geçen süreçte yabancı sermayeli firmaların nerelere, ne miktarda ve hangi sektörlere yatırım yaptıkları incelenmiş, aynı zaman da hangi ülkelerin Türkiye’yi yatırım için tercih ettikleri belirlenmiştir. Cumhuriyet dönemi boyunca DYS yatırımları üç ayrı dönem şeklinde ele alınmış ve her bir dönemin yabancı sermayeye karşı olan siyasal ve iktisadî yaklaşımları ana hatlarıyla açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Ayrıca Türkiye’ye yatırım yapan yabancı sermayeli firmaların illere ve bölgelere göre dağılımı ve bu dağılımı belirleyen koşulların neler olduğu tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır

Kaynakça

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  • Bagchi-Sen, S. (1995) “FDI in US producer services: a temporal analysis of foreign direct investment in the finance, insurance and real estate sectors”, Regional Studies, 29, 159-70.
  • Bagchi-Sen, S.; Wheeler, J. O. (1989) “A spatial and temporal model of foreign direct investment in the United States”, Economic Geography, 65, 113-129.
  • Balasubramanyan, V. N. (1996) “Foreign direct investment in Turkey”, İn Togan, S.; Balasubramanyan, V. N. (eds), The Economy of Turkey Since Liberalization, Mcmillan Press, London, 112-130.
  • Buckley, P. J.; Casson, M. (1985) The Economic Theory of the Multinational Enterprise, Macmillan, London.
  • Buckwalter, D. (1995) “Spatial inequality, foreign investment, and economic transition in Bulgaria”, Professional Geographer, 47, 288-298.
  • Bulutoğlu, K. (1970) 100 Soruda Türkiye’de Yabancı Sermaye, Gerçek Yay., İstanbul
  • Burgess, B. (2000) “Foreign direct investment: facts and perceptions about Canada”, Canadian Geographer, 44, 98-113.
  • Clarke, C.; Carter, J. (1996) “Industrial development and foreign direct investment in Barbados”, Geography, 81, 176-180.
  • Cillov, H. (1965) Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımları, İTO Yay., İstanbul.
  • Dean M. H.; Robert G. C., (1987), “Minimizing the geographical risk of foreign direct investment”, Geoforum, 18, 247-256.
  • Deichmann, J. I. (2001) “Distribution of foreign direct investment among transition economies in Central and Eastern Europe”, Post-Soviet Geography and Economics, 42, 1-41.
  • Dicken, P. (1976) “The multiplant business enterprise and geographical space: some issues in the study of external control and regional development”, Regional Studies, 10, 401-412.
  • Dicken, P. (1986) Global Shift: Industrial Change in a Turbulent World, Paul Chapman Pub., London.
  • Dicken, P. (1988) “The changing geography of Japanese foreign investment in the manufacturing industry: a global perspective”, Environment and Planning A, 20, 633-653.
  • Dicken, P., (1992a), Global Shift: the Internationalization of Economic Activity, 2nd Edition, Paul Chapman Pub., London.
  • Dicken, P. (1992b) “International production in a volatile regulatory environment: the influence of national regulatory policies on the spatial strategies of transnational corporations”, Geoforum, 23, 303-316.
  • Dicken, P. (1998) Global Shift: Transforming the World Economy, 3rd Edition, Paul Chapman, New York.
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  • Dunning, J. H. (1979) “Explaining changing patterns of international production: some empirical tests”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 41, 269-296.
  • Dunning, J. H. (1988) Explaining international Production, Unwin Hyman, London.
  • Dunning, J. H. (1992) Multinational Enterprises and the Global Economy, Addison-Wesley, New York.
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  • Edgington, D. W. (1994) “The new wave: patterns of Japanese direct foreign investment in Canada during the 1980s”, Canadian Geographer, 38, 28-36.
  • Edgington, D. W.; Hayter, R. (2000) ) “Foreign direct investment and the flying geese model: Japanese electronics firms in Asia-Pacific”, Environment & Planning A, 32, 281-303.
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  • Erdilek, A. (1982) Direct Foreign Investment in Turkish Manufacturing : an Analysis of the Conflicting Objectives and Frustrated Expectations of a Host Country, Mohr, Tubingen.
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Foreign Direct Investments And Its Regional Distrubition In Turkey

Yıl 2003, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 19 - 42, 01.04.2003
https://doi.org/10.1501/Cogbil_0000000028

Öz

This paper examines foreign direct investment (FDI) in Turkey from historical and regional point of view. While importance of foreign investment is rapidly increasing in the globalization age at the world, by means of transnational corporations’s (TNCs) role, the FDIs have undergone extremely significant transformations. In this paper the place and the amount of FDIs, that foreign investment firms has made an investment in Turkey since the Ottoman Empire period, is throughly examined. It is also determined which countries prefer Turkey for those investment, and the reasons for Turkey to be prefered. Throughout repuclican period, FDIs are dealt with the way of three distinct periods, and political and economic approaches of Turkey toward foreign investment in every period is explained with the outlines. In addition, the distribution of foreign capital firms invested in Turkey were determined, and later the conditions and reasons that could have caused this distribution was investigated

Kaynakça

  • Aliberti, V.; Green, M. B, (2000) “Canada’s international merger activity for the period 1971-1991: a developmental, geographic and historical dimension”, Geography Online, 1, 1-17.
  • Aliberti, V.; Green, M. B. (2001) “Foreign direct investment: a Canadian dimension”, Geographical & Environmental Modelling, 5, 147-158.
  • Alpar, C. (1978) Çok Uluslu Şirketler ve Ekonomik Kalkınma, 2. Baskı, AİTİA Yay, Ankara.
  • Bagchi-Sen, S. (1995) “FDI in US producer services: a temporal analysis of foreign direct investment in the finance, insurance and real estate sectors”, Regional Studies, 29, 159-70.
  • Bagchi-Sen, S.; Wheeler, J. O. (1989) “A spatial and temporal model of foreign direct investment in the United States”, Economic Geography, 65, 113-129.
  • Balasubramanyan, V. N. (1996) “Foreign direct investment in Turkey”, İn Togan, S.; Balasubramanyan, V. N. (eds), The Economy of Turkey Since Liberalization, Mcmillan Press, London, 112-130.
  • Buckley, P. J.; Casson, M. (1985) The Economic Theory of the Multinational Enterprise, Macmillan, London.
  • Buckwalter, D. (1995) “Spatial inequality, foreign investment, and economic transition in Bulgaria”, Professional Geographer, 47, 288-298.
  • Bulutoğlu, K. (1970) 100 Soruda Türkiye’de Yabancı Sermaye, Gerçek Yay., İstanbul
  • Burgess, B. (2000) “Foreign direct investment: facts and perceptions about Canada”, Canadian Geographer, 44, 98-113.
  • Clarke, C.; Carter, J. (1996) “Industrial development and foreign direct investment in Barbados”, Geography, 81, 176-180.
  • Cillov, H. (1965) Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımları, İTO Yay., İstanbul.
  • Dean M. H.; Robert G. C., (1987), “Minimizing the geographical risk of foreign direct investment”, Geoforum, 18, 247-256.
  • Deichmann, J. I. (2001) “Distribution of foreign direct investment among transition economies in Central and Eastern Europe”, Post-Soviet Geography and Economics, 42, 1-41.
  • Dicken, P. (1976) “The multiplant business enterprise and geographical space: some issues in the study of external control and regional development”, Regional Studies, 10, 401-412.
  • Dicken, P. (1986) Global Shift: Industrial Change in a Turbulent World, Paul Chapman Pub., London.
  • Dicken, P. (1988) “The changing geography of Japanese foreign investment in the manufacturing industry: a global perspective”, Environment and Planning A, 20, 633-653.
  • Dicken, P., (1992a), Global Shift: the Internationalization of Economic Activity, 2nd Edition, Paul Chapman Pub., London.
  • Dicken, P. (1992b) “International production in a volatile regulatory environment: the influence of national regulatory policies on the spatial strategies of transnational corporations”, Geoforum, 23, 303-316.
  • Dicken, P. (1998) Global Shift: Transforming the World Economy, 3rd Edition, Paul Chapman, New York.
  • DİE, (2003) Yıllık İmalat Sanayi İstatistikleri 1999, Ankara.
  • Doğan, H. (1981) “Türkiye’de Yabancı Sermaye, İçinde II. Türkiye İktisat Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı, DPT Yay., Ankara.
  • DPT, (1983) 6224 Sayılı Kanuna Göre Türkiye’de Yabancı Sermaye, Yabancı Sermaye Başkanlığı, Ankara.
  • DPT, (2000) VIII. Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımları Öik Raporu, Ankara.
  • Dunning, J. H. (1979) “Explaining changing patterns of international production: some empirical tests”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 41, 269-296.
  • Dunning, J. H. (1988) Explaining international Production, Unwin Hyman, London.
  • Dunning, J. H. (1992) Multinational Enterprises and the Global Economy, Addison-Wesley, New York.
  • Dunning, J. H. (1998) “Globalization and the new geography of foreign direct investment”, Oxford Development Studies, 26, 47-69.
  • Edgington, D. W. (1994) “The new wave: patterns of Japanese direct foreign investment in Canada during the 1980s”, Canadian Geographer, 38, 28-36.
  • Edgington, D. W.; Hayter, R. (2000) ) “Foreign direct investment and the flying geese model: Japanese electronics firms in Asia-Pacific”, Environment & Planning A, 32, 281-303.
  • Edgington, D. W. Hayter, R. (2001) “Japanese direct foreign investment and the Asian financial crisis”, Geoforum, 32, 103- 120.
  • Eldem, V. (1994) Osmanlı İmparatorluğunun Iktisadi Şartları Hakkında Bir Tetkik, 2. Baskı, TTK Yay., Ankara.
  • Erden, D. (1996) A Survey of Foreign Direct Investment Firms in Turkey, Boğazici University Press, İstanbul.
  • Erdilek, A. (1982) Direct Foreign Investment in Turkish Manufacturing : an Analysis of the Conflicting Objectives and Frustrated Expectations of a Host Country, Mohr, Tubingen.
  • Erdilek, A. (1988) “The role of foreign investment in the liberalization of Turkish economy”, İn Nas, T. F.; Odekon, M. (eds.), Liberalization and the Turkish Economy, Greenwood Press, New York, 141-159.
  • Green, M. B., (1990), Mergers and Acquisitions: Geographical and Spatial Perspectives, Routledge, London and New York.
  • Green, M. B.; McNaughton, R. B. (eds.), (1995) The Location of Foreign Direct Investment: Geographic and Business Approaches, Avebury Press, London.
  • Green, M. B.; Meyer, S. P. (1997) “International acquisitions: a poisson approach”, Geografiska Annaler Series B: Human Geography, 79, 97-111.
  • Green, M. B.; Meyer, S. P.; McNaughton, R. B. (2000) “A spatial-sectoral home and host country assessment of United States direct investment in Canada”, Canadian Journal of Regional Science, 23, 279-302.
  • HDTM, (1993) Yabancı Sermaye Raporu (1990-1992), Yabancı Sermaye Genel Müd., Ankara.
  • HM, (2002), Yabancı Sermaye Raporu 2001, Yabancı Sermaye Genel Müd., http://www.hazine.gov.tr.
  • İSO, (2002) “Türkiye’nin 500 Büyük Sanayi Kuruluşu 2001”, İSO Dergisi, Özel Sayı, 437, Ağustos.
  • İTO, (1967) Türkiye’de Yabancı Özel Sermaye Yatırımları, İstanbul.
  • Karakoyunlu, E. (1981) “Türkiye’de yabancı sermaye yatırımları ve uygulaması”, İçinde II. Türkiye İktisat Kongresi Bildiri- ler Kitabı, DPT Yay., Ankara, 419-438.
  • Karluk, R. (1983) Türkiye’de Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımları, İTO Yay., İstanbul.
  • Li, X.; Yeung, Y. M. (1999) “İnter-firm linkages and regional impact of transnational corporations: company case studies from Shanghai, China”, Geografiska Annaler Series B: Human Geography, 81, 61-72.
  • MacKinnon, D.; Phelps, N. A. (2001a) “Devolution and the territorial politics of foreign direct investment”, Political Geography, 20, 351-377.
  • MacKinnon, D.; Phelps, N. A. (2001b) “Regional governance and foreign direct investment: the dynamics of instituonal change in Wales and North East England”, Geoforum, 32, 255-269.
  • McConnel, J. (1980) “Foreign direct investment in United States”, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 70, 259-270.
  • McNaughton, R. B. (1992a) “US foreign direct investment in Canada, 1985-1989“, Canadian Geographer, 36, 181-189.
  • McNaughton, R. B (1992b) “Patterns of foreign direct investment in Canada 1985-1989: Canadian-based foreign-controlled firms versus US and overseas investors”, Canadian Geographer, 36, 50-56.
  • Meyer, S. P. (2001) ”Canadian foreign direct investment in the United States by type: mergers and acquisitions, greenfield, real estate, joint ventures and investment increases”, Canadian Geographer, 45, 513-527.
  • Meyer, S. P.; Green, M. B. (1996a) “Outward Canadian direct investment and place-specific attributes: an empirical analysis”, Geoforum, 27, 225-245.
  • Meyer, S. P.; Green, M. B. (1996b) “Foreign direct investment from Canada: an overview”, Canadian Geographer, 40, 219- 237.
  • Michalak, W. Z. (1993) “Foreign direct investment and joint ventures in East-Central Europe: a geographical perspective”, Environment & Planning A, 25, 573-591.
  • Ó hUallacháin, B. (1984a) “Linkages and foreign direct investment in the United States”, Economic Geography, 60, 238-253.
  • Ó hUallacháin, B. (1984b) “Input-output linkages and foreign direct investment in Ireland", International Regional Science Review, 9, 185-200.
  • Ó hUallacháin, B. (1985) “Spatial patterns of foreign direct investment in the United States", Professional Geographer, 37, 155-163.
  • Ó hUallacháin, B. (1986) “The role of foreign direct investment in the development of regional industrial systems: current knowledge and suggestions for a future American research agenda”, Regional Studies, 20, 151-62.
  • Ó hUallacháin, B. (1996) “Foreign direct investment in American service sectors: source country contrasts and locational determinants”, Papers in Regional Science, 75, 397-432.
  • Ó hUallacháin, B. (1997) “Acquisition versus greenfield investment: the location and growth of Japanese manufacturers in the United States", Regional Studies, 31, 403-416.
  • Ó hUallacháin, B.; Reid, N. (1990) "Comments on Japan's direct manufacturing investment", Professional Geographer, 42, 223-226.
  • Ó hUallacháin, B.; Reid, N. (1992) “Source country differences in the spatial distribution of foreign direct investment in the United States”, Professional Geographer, 44, 272-285.
  • Ó hUallacháin, B.; Reid, N. (1996) “Sectoral differences in the determinants of the location of foreign direct investment in American manufacturing”, Papers in Regional Science, 75, 201-35.
  • Ongun, M. T. (2001) “Yabancı sermaye ve dış borçlar”, Şahinöz, A. (ed.), Türkiye Ekonomisi Sektörel Analiz, İmaj Yay., Ankara, 323-355.
  • Ökçün, A. G. (1997a) Türkiye İktisat Kongresi:1923-İzmir, 4. Baskı, SPK Yay., Ankara.
  • Ökçün, A. G. (1997b) 1920-1930 Yılları Arasında Kurulan Türk Anonim Şirketlerinde Yabancı Sermaye, 2. Baskı, SPK Yay., Ankara.
  • Ökçün, A. G. (1997c) İktisat Tarihi Yazıları, SPK Yay., Ankara.
  • Öniş, Z. (1994) “Liberalization, transnational corporations and foreign direct investment in Turkey: the Experince of the 1980s”, İn Şenses, F. (ed.), Recent Industrialization Experience of Turkey in a Global Context, Greenwood Press, London, 91-109.
  • Özdemir, D. (2002) “The distribution of foreign direct investments in the service sector in İstanbul”, Cities, 19, 249-259.
  • Pamuk, S. (1994) Osmanlı Ekonomisinde Bağımlılık ve Büyüme (1820-1913), 2. Baskı, Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yay., İstanbul.
  • Pavlinek, P. (1998a) “Foreign direct investment in the Czech republic”, Professional Geographer, 50, 71-85.
  • Pavlinek, P. (1998b) “Internationalization and embeddedness in East-Central European transition: the contrasting geographies of inward investment in the Czech and Slovak republics”, Regional Studies, 32, 619-638.
  • Pavlinek, P. (2002a) “The role of foreign direct investment in the privatisation and restructuring of the Czech motor industry”, Post-Communist Economies, 14, 359-379.
  • Pavlinek, P. (2002b) “Restructuring the Central and Eastern European automobile industry: legacies, trends, and effects of foreign direct investment”, Post-Soviet Geography and Economics, 43, 41-77.
  • Pavlinek, P. (2002c) “Transformation of the Central and East European passenger car ındustry: selective peripheral ıntegration through foreign direct ınvestment”,.Environment & Planning A, 34, 1685-1707.
  • Resmi Gazete, (2002) “4764 sayılı İçel adının Mersin olarak değiştirilmesi hakkında kanun”, http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/.
  • Selik, M. (1961) Türkiye'de Yabancı Özel Sermaye (1923-1960), SBF Maliye Enstitüsü Yay., Ankara.
  • Seyidoğlu, H. (1999) Uluslararası İktisat, 13. Baskı, Güzem Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Şahin, M. (1975) Türkiye'de Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımları, Ekonomik ve Sosyal Yay., Ankara.
  • Tao, Q.; Green, M. B. (1997) Chinese Foreign Direct Investment: A Subnational Perspective on Location, Ashgate Publishing, Aldershot.
  • Tatoğlu, E.; Glaister, K.W. (2000) Dimension of Western Foreign Direct Investment in Turkey, Westport, Quorum.
  • Taylor, M. J.; Thrift, N. (eds.), (1982) The Geography of Multinationals, Croom Helm, London.
  • Taylor, M. J.; Thrift, N. (eds.), (1986) Multinationals and the Restructuring of the World Economy, Croom Helm, London.
  • Tezel, Y. S. (1994) Cumhuriyet Dönemi İktisat Tarihi (1923-1950), 3. Baskı, Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yay., İstanbul.
  • Tümertekin, E.; Özgüç, N. (1997) Ekonomik Coğrafya: Küreselleşme ve Kalkınma, Çantay Yay., İstanbul.
  • UNCTAD, (2000) Handbook of Statistics, New York and Geneva.
  • UNCTAD, (2002a) World Investment Report 2002: Transnational Corporations and Export Competitiveness, New York and Geneva.
  • UNCTAD, (2002b) “Are Transnationals Bigger Than Countries?”, Press Release, 12 August, http://www.unctad.org.
  • Uras, G. (1979) Türkiye’de Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımları, İktisadi Yay., İstanbul.
  • Uras, G. (1981) “Türkiye’de yabancı sermaye yatırımları”, İçinde II. Türkiye İktisat Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı, DPT Yay., Ankara, 407-418.
  • Vernon, R. (1966) “International investment and international trade in the product cycle”, In Dunning, J. H. (ed.), (1993) The Theory of Transnational Corporations, UNLTNC Volume 1, Roudletge, London and New York, 44-60.
  • YASED, (1988) Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımları ve Beklentiler, İstanbul.
  • Yavan, N. (2001) Türkiye Dış Ticaretinin Gelişimi ve Yapısı, Basılmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Yeung, W. C. H. (1994) “Hong Kong firms in the ASEAN region: transnational corporations and foreign direct investment”, Environment & Planning A, 26, 1931-1958.
Toplam 95 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Diğer ID JA63HP62HZ
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Nuri Yavan Bu kişi benim

Hamdi Kara Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Nisan 2003
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2003 Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Yavan, N., & Kara, H. (2003). TÜRKİYE’DE DOĞRUDAN YABANCI SERMAYE YATIRIMLARI VE BÖLGESEL DAĞILIŞI. Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi, 1(1), 19-42. https://doi.org/10.1501/Cogbil_0000000028