Dünya Bankası’nın Turizmin Sürdürülebilir Geleceğine İlişkin Bakış Açısı ve Sosyal Refah

Öz

Kovid-19 öncesi dünyanın üçüncü en büyük ihracat sektörüne dönüşen turizm, muazzam bir sosyo-ekonomik etkisi olan (dışa açıklık, sosyal kalkınma, gelir, istihdam ve dış ödemeler dengesi v.b.) kilit bir sektördür. Küresel ölçekte, GSYİH'nın %10'undan fazlasını oluşturan turizm, Kovid salgını öncesi 334 milyon kişiye istihdam sağlarken, salgın ve sonrasındaki müdahaleler sonucunda bu sektördeki istihdam 2020’de dünya çapında 272 milyon işe gerilemiştir. Dünya Bankası (Banka), sürdürülebilir turizmi, dünyanın dört bir yanındaki destinasyonlara fayda sağlayan kalkınma için kanıtlanmış bir araç olarak görmektedir. Diğer yandan Banka verilerine göre, doğaya dayalı turizm çeşitliliğinde salgın sonrası azalma görülürken, aynı zamanda korunan alanların oranlarında da bir düşüş söz konusudur. Sürdürülebilirlik kavramı, kalkınma ile çevre arasındaki ilişkileri ve bağları sürdürülebilme yeteneği beraberinde ekonomik, çevresel ve sosyal konuların birbirine kenetlenmesini ifade etmektedir. Banka, kalkınma için sürdürülebilir turizm önemini yirmi nedene dayandırmıştır. Bunlar arasında, sürdürülebilir turizmin, kırsal toplulukları güçlendirmesi, kapsayıcı kalkınma sağlaması, düşük gelirli ekonomileri desteklemesi ile iklim değişikliği farkındalığını artırması da vardır. Nitekim 21. Yüzyılda iklim değişikliğinin ve dijital ekonomik dönüşümün küresel turizm istihdamında önemli değişikliklere neden olması beklenmektedir. Bu çalışma, Dünya Bankası Grubu’nun (IBRD, IDA ve IFC) küresel turizminden beklediği ekonomik ve sosyal faydalar ile turizmin sürdürülebilir geleceği için önerilerini de içeren resmi yayınları, çalışma raporları, projeleri ve kredi anlaşmaları sistematik olarak incelenip, analiz edilerek hazırlanmıştır. Çalışmanın amacı, doğaya dayalı turizm, kültürel miras turizmi, macera turizmi gibi küresel turizm alanında kamu ve özel sektöre finansman sağlayan Dünya Bankası’nın turizmin sürdürülebilir geleceğine ilişkin görüşünü daha iyi anlayarak, turizmin ekonomik ve sosyal faydalarını iklim değişikliğine uyumlu şekilde yapılandıran kapsayıcı bir kalkınmaya ilişkin yeni bir bakış açısı sunmaktır

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Dünya Bankası,
• iklim değişikliği
• sürdürülebilir turizm
• insan yabani hayat çatışması
• sosyal refah
• sosyal yatırım

The World Bank's Perspective on the Sustainable Future of Tourism and Social Welfare

Öz

Tourism is a leading industry with enormous economic impact (income, employment, and balance of payments), having been the world's third-largest export sector before Covid-19. Globally, tourism, which constitutes more than 10% of GDP, employed 334 million people before the COVID outbreak, and even with travel restrictions, succeeded in giving back 272 million jobs worldwide in 2020. The World Bank (Bank) refers to sustainable tourism as a proven development tool that benefits destinations worldwide. On the other hand, according to the Bank data, there has been a decrease in nature-based tourism diversity after the pandemic and a decline in protected areas. Sustainability is based on relationships and links between the development and environment for social welfare. The Bank based twenty reasons on the importance of sustainable tourism for development. These include sustainable tourism strengthening rural communities, providing inclusive development, supporting low-income economies, and raising awareness of climate change. This study was prepared by systematically examining the official publications, working papers, projects, and loan agreements of the World Bank Group (IBRD, IDA, and IFC) that include the economic and social benefits expected from global tourism and suggestions for the sustainability of tourism. The study aims to provide a new perspective on inclusive development that structures the economic and social benefits of tourism in a climate change-compatible manner by better understanding the World Bank's view on the sustainable future of tourism.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• The World Bank
• climate change
• sustainable tourism
• human-wildlife conflict
• social welfare
• social investment

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