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The World Bank's Perspective on the Sustainable Future of Tourism and Social Welfare

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 25 - 46, 04.07.2024

Özlem Küçük

https://doi.org/10.62163/aucevrebilim.1499461

Öz

Tourism is a leading industry with enormous economic impact (income, employment, and balance of payments), having been the world's third-largest export sector before Covid-19. Globally, tourism, which constitutes more than 10% of GDP, employed 334 million people before the COVID outbreak, and even with travel restrictions, succeeded in giving back 272 million jobs worldwide in 2020. The World Bank (Bank) refers to sustainable tourism as a proven development tool that benefits destinations worldwide. On the other hand, according to the Bank data, there has been a decrease in nature-based tourism diversity after the pandemic and a decline in protected areas. Sustainability is based on relationships and links between the development and environment for social welfare. The Bank based twenty reasons on the importance of sustainable tourism for development. These include sustainable tourism strengthening rural communities, providing inclusive development, supporting low-income economies, and raising awareness of climate change. This study was prepared by systematically examining the official publications, working papers, projects, and loan agreements of the World Bank Group (IBRD, IDA, and IFC) that include the economic and social benefits expected from global tourism and suggestions for the sustainability of tourism. The study aims to provide a new perspective on inclusive development that structures the economic and social benefits of tourism in a climate change-compatible manner by better understanding the World Bank's view on the sustainable future of tourism.

Anahtar Kelimeler

The World Bank climate change sustainable tourism human-wildlife conflict social welfare social investment

Kaynakça

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Dünya Bankası’nın Turizmin Sürdürülebilir Geleceğine İlişkin Bakış Açısı ve Sosyal Refah

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 25 - 46, 04.07.2024

Özlem Küçük

https://doi.org/10.62163/aucevrebilim.1499461

Öz

Kovid-19 öncesi dünyanın üçüncü en büyük ihracat sektörüne dönüşen turizm, muazzam bir sosyo-ekonomik etkisi olan (dışa açıklık, sosyal kalkınma, gelir, istihdam ve dış ödemeler dengesi v.b.) kilit bir sektördür. Küresel ölçekte, GSYİH'nın %10'undan fazlasını oluşturan turizm, Kovid salgını öncesi 334 milyon kişiye istihdam sağlarken, salgın ve sonrasındaki müdahaleler sonucunda bu sektördeki istihdam 2020’de dünya çapında 272 milyon işe gerilemiştir. Dünya Bankası (Banka), sürdürülebilir turizmi, dünyanın dört bir yanındaki destinasyonlara fayda sağlayan kalkınma için kanıtlanmış bir araç olarak görmektedir. Diğer yandan Banka verilerine göre, doğaya dayalı turizm çeşitliliğinde salgın sonrası azalma görülürken, aynı zamanda korunan alanların oranlarında da bir düşüş söz konusudur. Sürdürülebilirlik kavramı, kalkınma ile çevre arasındaki ilişkileri ve bağları sürdürülebilme yeteneği beraberinde ekonomik, çevresel ve sosyal konuların birbirine kenetlenmesini ifade etmektedir. Banka, kalkınma için sürdürülebilir turizm önemini yirmi nedene dayandırmıştır. Bunlar arasında, sürdürülebilir turizmin, kırsal toplulukları güçlendirmesi, kapsayıcı kalkınma sağlaması, düşük gelirli ekonomileri desteklemesi ile iklim değişikliği farkındalığını artırması da vardır. Nitekim 21. Yüzyılda iklim değişikliğinin ve dijital ekonomik dönüşümün küresel turizm istihdamında önemli değişikliklere neden olması beklenmektedir. Bu çalışma, Dünya Bankası Grubu’nun (IBRD, IDA ve IFC) küresel turizminden beklediği ekonomik ve sosyal faydalar ile turizmin sürdürülebilir geleceği için önerilerini de içeren resmi yayınları, çalışma raporları, projeleri ve kredi anlaşmaları sistematik olarak incelenip, analiz edilerek hazırlanmıştır. Çalışmanın amacı, doğaya dayalı turizm, kültürel miras turizmi, macera turizmi gibi küresel turizm alanında kamu ve özel sektöre finansman sağlayan Dünya Bankası’nın turizmin sürdürülebilir geleceğine ilişkin görüşünü daha iyi anlayarak, turizmin ekonomik ve sosyal faydalarını iklim değişikliğine uyumlu şekilde yapılandıran kapsayıcı bir kalkınmaya ilişkin yeni bir bakış açısı sunmaktır

Anahtar Kelimeler

Dünya Bankası, iklim değişikliği sürdürülebilir turizm insan yabani hayat çatışması sosyal refah sosyal yatırım

Destekleyen Kurum

Kocaeli Üniversitesi

Teşekkür

Çevre bilimleri dergisi orjnal çalışmalara ağırlık veren ve literatüre çok önemli katkısı bulunan bir dergisidr. Tüm yayın ekibinin emeğine sağlık

Kaynakça

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  • Bader, E. (2005). Sustainable hotel business practices. Journal of Retail & Leisure Property, 5, 70-77.
  • Berno, T. ve Bricker, K. (2001). Sustainable Tourism Development: The Long Road from Theory to Practice. International Journal of Economic Development, 3(3),1-18.
  • Bliss E. L. Kaunda & Ngoni C. Shereni (2024) Gender equality and sustainability in the tourism industry: feminist perspectives. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 23:1, 149-169, DOI: 10.1080/15332845.2023.2253685
  • Butler RW. (1991). Tourism, Environment, and Sustainable Development. Environmental Conservation, 18(3):201-209. doi:10.1017/S0376892900022104
  • Castiglioni, C., Lozza, E., Anselmi, P. ve Rossi, R. (2020) Assessing social impact in the field of sustainable tourism development: Evidence from Cabo Delgado (MZ). Development Southern Africa, 37:4, 553-569, DOI: 10.1080/0376835X.2019.1660858
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  • Choi, H.-S. C., & Sirakaya, E. (2005). Measuring Residents’ Attitude toward Sustainable Tourism: Development of Sustainable Tourism Attitude Scale. Journal of Travel Research, 43(4), 380-394. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287505274651
  • Çizmeci Ümit, E. (2018). Kültür Endüstrisi ve Kültürel Küreselleşme Kavramları Bağlamında Kore Dalgası Dizileri. Uşak Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(4), 319-332.
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  • IFC (29 Mayıs, 2023b). IFC invests in the Africa Conservation and Communities Tourism Fund to Support Ecotourism, Conservation in Sub-Saharan Africa. https://pressroom.ifc.org/all/pages/PressDetail.aspx?ID=27551
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  • Küçük, Ö. (2019). Dünya Bankası Ve İktisadi Büyüme Formülü: Yabancı Sermayenin Harekete Geçirilmesi. Stratejik Ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 3(3), 501-523. https://doi.org/10.30692/sisad.598879
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  • Küçük, Ö. (2022). Dünya Bankası ve Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma: Dijital Platformlar Ve Sürdürülebilir Turizm. Uluslararası Beşeri Bilimler ve Eğitim Dergisi, 8(17), 120-152.
  • Küçük, Ö. (2023). İklim Değişikliği ve Madenciliğin Turizmin Sürdürülebilir Geleceği Üzerine Etkileri (Latin Amerika Örneği). In: Gökçe, A. & Coşkun, G. & Eker, N. & Dilmaç, E. & Çolak, O. (eds.), Turizmde Yeni Trendler. Özgür Yayınları. DOI: https://doi.org/10.58830/ozgur.pub407.c1821
  • Lamouille-Hébert, M., Arthaud, F. ve Datry, T. (2023). Climate change and the biodiversity of alpine ponds: Challenges and perspectives. Ecology and Evoluation (Wiley)., Ecology and Evolution. 2024;14:e10883. | 1 of 14. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.10883
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  • Lopez-Cordova, Ernesto. 2020. Digital Platforms and the Demand for International Tourism Services. Policy Research Working Paper;No. 9147. © World Bank, Washington, DC. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/33352
  • Majid, G.M., Tussyadiah, I., Kim, K.Y.ve Pal, A. (2023) Intelligent automation for sustainable tourism: a systematic review. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 31:11, 2421-2440, DOI: 10.1080/09669582.2023.2246681 MOHW (South Korea). (April 17, 2019). Actual number of medical tourists from Singapore traveling to South Korea from 2009 to 2018 (in 1,000s) [Graph]. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1113903/south-korea-number-of-medical-tourists-from-singapore/
  • Morgan, N., and Pritchard, A. 2019. Gender matters in hospitality (invited paper for ‘luminaries’ 999 special issue of International Journal of Hospitality Management). International Journal of 1000 Hospitality Management, 76(Part B), 38-44. Nature-Based Solutions to the Biodiversity and Climate Crisis. Statista (2021). file:///C:/Users/%C3%96zlem/Downloads/study_id88123_nature-based-solutions-nbs-1.pdf
  • Nguyen, D. T., Kuo, K.-C., Lu, W.-M., & Nhan, D. T. (2023). How Sustainable Are Tourist Destinations Worldwide? An Environmental, Economic, and Social Analysis. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/10963480231168286
  • Padma, P., Ramakrishna, S., & Rasoolimanesh, S. M. (2022). Nature-Based Solutions in Tourism: A Review of the Literature and Conceptualization. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 46(3), 442-466. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348019890052
  • Papathanassis, A.(2024). Cruise tourism research: a horizon 2050 paper. Tourism Review. DOI: 10.1108/TR-12-2023-0829
  • Perić, J., Mujačević, E., & Šimunić, M. (2011). International Financial Institution Investments in Tourism and Hospitality.1-17. Projects. The World Bank (2024). https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/projects-summary?lang=en&countrycode_exact=TR
  • Raghavan, V. (2016). The World Bank and Regional Development Banks. roceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting. 2016;110:273-277. doi:10.1017/S0272503700103210
  • Ransfield, A. K., & Reichenberger, I. (2021). Māori Indigenous values and tourism business sustainability. AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples, 17(1), 49-60. https://doi.org/10.1177/1177180121994680
  • Richardson, R.B.(2021). The Role of Tourism in Sustainable Development. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science.https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.387
  • Shin, S. (2004). Economic Globalization and the Environment in China: A Comparative Case Study of Shenyang and Dalian. The Journal of Environment & Development, 13(3), 263–294. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44319696
  • Sifolo, N., & Sifolo, P. P. S. (2018). Blind Spots to Reaping Tourism Dividend: Key Strategic Developmental Lessons for Africa. Journal of African Foreign Affairs, 5(1), 63–84. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26664052
  • Statista (2024). Leading global travel markets by travel and tourism contribution to GDP 2019-2022. https://www.statista.com/statistics/292479/total-contribution-of-travel-and-tourism-to-gdp-in-selected-countries/
  • Statista (2023). Global tourism industry - statistics & facts. https://www.statista.com/topics/962/global-tourism/#editorsPicks
  • Statista (2023). Cumulative nature-based solutions (NbS) investment required worldwide from 2022 to 2050, by area. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1400397/nature-based-investment-required-worldwide-by-area/
  • Strangio, S.(2021). Report Reveals COVID-19’s Deep Impact on Cambodian Tourism Economy. https://thediplomat.com/2021/08/report-reveals-covid-19s-deep-impact-on-cambodian-tourism-economy/
  • The Polish Economic Institute. (May 15, 2020). Impact of tourism on the economic development and welfare of society in Poland in 2018 (in billion zloty) [Graph]. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1117666/poland-impact-of-tourism-on-the-economy/
  • Tourism. (2012). In Cambodian Economy: Charting the Course of a Brighter Future - A Survey of Progress, Problems and Prospects (Indochina Unit, pp. 281-292). ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute.
  • Tölkes, C. (2020). The role of sustainability communication in the attitude–behaviour gap of sustainable tourism. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 20(1), 117-128. https://doi.org/10.1177/1467358418820085
  • The World Bank Group (2019). Creating a new tourism licensing and grading system: Lessons from Rwanda. http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/971561562828095386/pdf/Creating-a-new-tourism-licensing-and-grading-system-Lessons-from-Rwanda.pdf United Nations, ed. Tourism and Recreation . In: The First Global Integrated Marine Assessment: World Ocean Assessment I. (2017). Cambridge University Press; 425-440.
  • UNWTO. (November 29, 2023a). Number of international tourist arrivals worldwide from 1950 to 2022 (in millions) https://www.statista.com/statistics/209334/total-number-of-international-tourist-arrivals/
  • UNWTO. (November 29, 2023b). Number of international tourist arrivals worldwide from 2005 to 2022, by region (in millions) [Graph]. https://www.statista.com/statistics/186743/international-tourist-arrivals-worldwide-by-region-since-2010/
  • Vogel, H. (2012). Tourism. In Travel Industry Economics: A Guide for Financial Analysis (pp. 238-256). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139198387.012
  • Walton, John K. (2024). "tourism". Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/topic/tourism. Accessed 16 February 2024.
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  • World Bank (2010b). Borrowing Agency Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) Uganda Investing in Forests and Protected Areas for Climate-Smart Development Project (P170466) (English). Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099111023170120025/P1704660b48f690680bd970a4782b8b8703
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  • World Bank (2022). World Bank Approves $68 Million to Support Diversification of Tourism in The Gambia. Press Release No: 2022/081/AFW https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/06/13/afw-world-bank-approves-68-million-to-support-diversification-of-tourism-in-the-gambia
  • World Bank (2023a). Cities Culture and Climate Change Learning from the Republic of Korea Experience (English). Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099111723085027262/P1779770cba4b40fc086490294354e98506
  • World Bank (2023b). The Business of the State (English). Washington, D.C. : World BankGroup. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099025011282357844/IDU06292f8750d6f10488b0b4af0bc626733838c
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Toplam 85 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Ekonomik Coğrafya, Kalkınma Coğrafyası, Rekreasyon, Tatil ve Turizm Coğrafyası
Bölüm Makale
Yazarlar

Özlem Küçük 0000-0002-7717-2439

Yayımlanma Tarihi 4 Temmuz 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 11 Haziran 2024
Kabul Tarihi 2 Temmuz 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Küçük, Ö. (2024). Dünya Bankası’nın Turizmin Sürdürülebilir Geleceğine İlişkin Bakış Açısı ve Sosyal Refah. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi, 11(1), 25-46. https://doi.org/10.62163/aucevrebilim.1499461
AMA Küçük Ö. Dünya Bankası’nın Turizmin Sürdürülebilir Geleceğine İlişkin Bakış Açısı ve Sosyal Refah. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi. Temmuz 2024;11(1):25-46. doi:10.62163/aucevrebilim.1499461
Chicago Küçük, Özlem. “Dünya Bankası’nın Turizmin Sürdürülebilir Geleceğine İlişkin Bakış Açısı Ve Sosyal Refah”. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi 11, sy. 1 (Temmuz 2024): 25-46. https://doi.org/10.62163/aucevrebilim.1499461.
EndNote Küçük Ö (01 Temmuz 2024) Dünya Bankası’nın Turizmin Sürdürülebilir Geleceğine İlişkin Bakış Açısı ve Sosyal Refah. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi 11 1 25–46.
IEEE Ö. Küçük, “Dünya Bankası’nın Turizmin Sürdürülebilir Geleceğine İlişkin Bakış Açısı ve Sosyal Refah”, Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi, c. 11, sy. 1, ss. 25–46, 2024, doi: 10.62163/aucevrebilim.1499461.
ISNAD Küçük, Özlem. “Dünya Bankası’nın Turizmin Sürdürülebilir Geleceğine İlişkin Bakış Açısı Ve Sosyal Refah”. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi 11/1 (Temmuz 2024), 25-46. https://doi.org/10.62163/aucevrebilim.1499461.
JAMA Küçük Ö. Dünya Bankası’nın Turizmin Sürdürülebilir Geleceğine İlişkin Bakış Açısı ve Sosyal Refah. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi. 2024;11:25–46.
MLA Küçük, Özlem. “Dünya Bankası’nın Turizmin Sürdürülebilir Geleceğine İlişkin Bakış Açısı Ve Sosyal Refah”. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi, c. 11, sy. 1, 2024, ss. 25-46, doi:10.62163/aucevrebilim.1499461.
Vancouver Küçük Ö. Dünya Bankası’nın Turizmin Sürdürülebilir Geleceğine İlişkin Bakış Açısı ve Sosyal Refah. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi. 2024;11(1):25-46.
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