TEK ÇOCUKTAN ÜÇ ÇOCUĞA: ÇİN’İN NÜFUS POLİTİKALARINDA DÖNÜŞÜM

Öz

Çin’de tarih boyunca meydana gelen birçok sosyal-siyasi olaylara ve doğal afetlere rağmen, nüfus artışı tarih boyunca hızla artmaya devam etmiştir. Bu sebeple nüfus artışına yönelik resmî nüfus politikaları geliştirilmiştir. Mao döneminde nüfus, bir kalkınma ve üretim gücü olarak değerlendirilmiş; nüfus artışını teşvik eden politikalar uygulanmıştır. Ancak yaşanan Büyük Kıtlık sonrasında, doğum kontrol politikaları benimsenmeye başlanmıştır. Mao’nun ölümünün ardından yönetime gelen Deng Xiaoping ise, 1980 yılında tek çocuk politikasını yürürlüğe koyarak katı ve zorunlu bir nüfus politikası süreci başlatmıştır. Bu çalışmada, Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti döneminde uygulanmış olan nüfus politikaları tarihsel bir perspektifle ele alınmakta; Mao döneminden başlayarak Tek Çocuk, İki Çocuk ve Üç Çocuk Politikaları kronolojik olarak incelenmektedir. Çalışmada ayrıca bu politikaların yalnızca demografik yapıya değil, aynı zamanda toplumsal cinsiyet dengesi, yaşlı nüfusun artışı, kırsal-kentsel eşitsizlikler ve sosyal güvenlik sistemi üzerindeki etkilerine de odaklanılmaktadır. Bu bağlamda makale, Çin’in nüfus politikalarının tarihsel evrimini ortaya koyarken, bu politikaların sonuçlarını analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Çin
• Nüfus Politikası
• Tek Çocuk Politikası
• Demografik Dönüşüm
• Aile Planlaması

FROM ONE CHİLD TO THREE: THE TRANSFORMATİON OF POPULATİON POLİCİES İN CHİNA

Öz

Despite numerous socio-political events and natural disasters throughout Chinese history, population growth has continued to rise rapidly. As a result, official population policies have been developed to manage this growth. During the Mao era, the population was regarded as a driving force for development and production, and policies promoting population growth were implemented. However, following the Great Famine, birth control policies began to be adopted. After Mao’s death, Deng Xiaoping came to power and introduced the one-child policy in 1980, initiating a strict and compulsory population control process.This study examines the population policies implemented during the People's Republic of China from a historical perspective, analyzing the One-Child, Two-Child, and Three-Child Policies chronologically, starting from the Mao era. Additionally, the study focuses not only on the demographic impacts of these policies but also on their effects on gender balance, the aging population, rural-urban inequalities, and the social security system. In this context, the article aims to reveal the historical evolution of China’s population policies and analyze their outcomes.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• China
• Population Policy
• One-Child Policy
• Demographic Transformation
• Family Planning

Kaynakça

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