Sexual Development: Reproduction in Children's Books

Öz

Sexuality education is a concept that is effective in the process of developing a positive personality of individuals from the beginning of life. The issue of reproduction, which includes children's questions of "how did I become/where did I come from", is a part of sexuality education. In this research, 11 illustrated children's books, which were determined by purposeful sampling, were examined within the framework of the themes created, which could answer children's questions about reproduction. In order to reveal the contents of the messages in the books in detail, this research was carried out through document analysis. According to the results, it was seen that the themes determined in most of the books were included in different ways. The contents and details of the books became different. Findings were discussed considering the suitability of sexuality education for age and developmental level, standards and content of sexuality education. Specifying the content of illustrated children's books, which are a tool that can be used in sexuality education, and the age group they address, guiding parents in sexuality education, determination and implementation of standards suitable for age and developmental level in sexuality education will contribute to the healthy sexuality education of children.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Sexual development
• reproduction
• illustrated children
• sexual development and education
• sexual terminology

Cinsel Gelişim: Çocuk Kitaplarında Üreme

Öz

Cinsel eğitim yaşamın başlangıcından itibaren sağlıklı gelişim sürecinde etkili olan bir kavramdır. İnsan bedeni ve gelişimi, şiddetten korunma ve güvende olma gibi üreme konusu da cinsel eğitimin bir parçasıdır. Bu araştırmada çocukların üreme konusuna yönelik sorularına yanıt verebilecek nitelikte, amaçlı örnekleme yoluyla belirlenen 11 resimli çocuk kitabı oluşturulan temalar çerçevesinde incelenmiştir. Kitaplarda geçen iletilerin içeriklerini ayrıntılarıyla ortaya koymak amacıyla bu araştırma doküman incelemesi yoluyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sonuçlara göre kitaplarda üremeyle ilgili bilgilerin verilmesi, biyolojik cinsiyet, cinsel organlar ve özellikleri, cinsel birliktelik, döllenme, hamilelik ve doğum süreçleri, üreme ve cinsellikle ilgili resimler, çocuk sahibi olma durumu ve ebeveynlere yönelik öneriler gibi temalara çeşitli şekillerde yer verildiği görülmüştür. Kitaplarda yer alan içerikler ile ayrıntıları farklılaşmaktadır. Cinsel eğitimin yaşa ve gelişim düzeyine uygunluğu, cinsel eğitimin ölçünleri ve içeriği göz önünde bulundurularak bulgular tartışılmıştır. Cinsel eğitimde kullanılabilecek bir araç olan resimli çocuk kitaplarının içeriğinin ve hitap ettiği yaş grubunun belirtilmesi, ebeveynlere cinsel eğitimde rehberlik edilmesi, cinsel eğitimde yaş ve gelişim düzeyine uygun ölçünlerin belirlenmesi ve uygulanması çocukların sağlıklı cinsel eğitim almalarına katkı sağlayacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Cinsel gelişim
• üreme
• cinsel eğitim
• resimli çocuk kitapları
• doküman incelemesi

Kaynakça

1. Alkan Ersoy, Ö. (2016). Cinsel gelişimle ilgili temel kavramlar ve okul öncesi dönemde cinsel eğitim [Basic concepts of sexual development and sexual education in preschool]. İ. Artan (Eds.), Cinsel gelişim ve eğitim . Ankara: Hedef CS Yayıncılık.
2. Artan, İ. (2017). Cinsel gelişim ve eğitim [Sexual development and education]. N. Baysal Metin (Eds.), Doğum Öncesinden Ergenliğe Çocuk Gelişimi (Cilt 2. Baskı, s. 227-262). Ankara: Pegem Akademik Yayıncılık.
3. ASHA-American Sexual Health Association. (2021). Be an Askable Parent. American Sexual Health Association: Retrieved from https://www.ashasexualhealth.org/parents/
4. Ballal, V., Thapar, R., Sandepudi, B., Narayan, A., & Devaraj, M. (2020). Sexuality education – do our children need it? Perspective of parents from coastal South India. Sex Education. doi: 10.1080/14681811.2020.1843011.
5. Bayhan, P., & Artan, İ. (2011). Çocuk gelişimi ve eğitimi [Child development and education]. Ankara: Morpa Yayıncılık.
6. Bennett, C., Harden, J., & Anstey, S. (2018). Fathers as sexuality educators: aspirations and realities. An interpretative phenomenological analysis. Sex Education, 18(1), 74-89. doi: 10.1080/14681811.2017.1390449.
7. Breuner, C. C., & Mattson, G. (2016). Sexuality Education for children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 138(2), e20161348. doi:10.1542/peds.2016-1348
8. Bruess, C. E., & Greenberg, J. S. (2004). Sexuality education: Theory and practice. London: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. ISBN 978-443-5000.

9. Cacciatore, R., Korteniemi-Poikela, E., & Kaltiala, R. (2019). The steps of sexuality—A developmental, emotion-focused, child-centered model of sexual development and sexuality education from birth to adulthood. International Journal of Sexual Health, 31(3), 319-338. doi: 10.1080/19317611.2019.1645783.
10. Connel, C., & Elliott, S. (2009). Beyond the birds and the bees: Learning ınequality through sexuality education. American Journal of Sexuality Education, 4(2), 83-102. doi: 10.1080/15546120903001332.
11. Cristensen, L. B., Johnson, R. B., & Turner, L. A. (2015). Araştırma Yöntemleri: Desen ve Analiz [Research Methods: Design and Analysis]. Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
12. Crisp, T., Gardner, R., P., Almeida, M. (2018). The all-heterosexual world of children's nonfiction: a critical content analysis of LGBTQ identities in orbis pictus award books, 1990-2017. Children's Literature in Education, 49(3), 246-263. doi: 10.1007/s10583-017-9319-5
13. Çer, E. (2017). Çocuk edebiyatında toplumsal cinsiyetsiz karakterler: Bir araştırma örneği [Gender-neutral characters in children's literature: A survey sample]. Hasan Ali Yücel Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 14-1(27), 389-408.
14. Deniz, Ü., & Gözütok, A. (2017). Okul öncesi dönem çocuk kitaplarının cinsel gelişim ve cinsel eğitim açısından incelenmesi [Examination of preschool children's books in terms of sexual development and sexual education]. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 10(49), 424-432.
15. Dowshen, S. (2014, 8). Questions and Answers About Sex. Kids Health. Retrieved from https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/questions-sex.html
16. Eliküçük, A., & Sönmez, S. (2011). 6 yaş çocuklarının cinsel gelişim ve eğitimiyle ilgili ebeveyn görüşlerinin incelenmesi [Examination of parental views on sexual development and education of 6-year-old children]. Aile ve Toplum, 12(7), 45-62.
17. European Expert Group on Sexuality. (2016). Sexuality education – what is it? Sex Education, 16(4), 427-431. doi: 10.1080/14681811.2015.1100599
18. Filipović, K. (2018). Gender representation in children’s books: Case of an early childhood setting. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 32(3), 310-325. doi: 10.1080/02568543.2018.1464086.
19. Flores, D., & Barroso, J. (2017). 21st century parent–child sex communication in the united states: A process review. The Journal of Sex Research, 54(4-5), 532-548. doi: 10.1080/00224499.2016.1267693.
20. Frankham, J. (2006). Sexual antimonies and parent/child sex education: learning from foreclosure. Sexualities, 9(2), 236-254. doi: 10.1177/1363460706063120
21. Freud, S. (2015). Cinsellik Üzerine [On Sexuality]. (Öneş, & Avni, Çev.) İstanbul: Say Yayınları.
22. Ganji, J., Emamian, M. H., Maasoumi, R., Keramat, A., & Merghati Khoei, E. (2017). The existing approaches to sexuality education targeting children: a review article. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 46(7), 890-898.
23. Güder, S. Y., & Alabay, E. (2018). Children's questions and answers of parents: sexual education dilemma. International Journal of Progressive Education, 14(6), 138-151. doi: 10.29329/ijpe.2018.179.11.
24. Güzelyurt, T. (2020). Okul öncesi dönemde cinsel eğitim ve cinsel ı̇stismardan korunma: resimli çocuk kitaplarına yönelik bir ı̇nceleme [Sex education and protection from sexual abuse in preschool: a review of children's picture books]. Uluslararası Çocuk Edebiyatı ve Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(1), 54-69.
25. Guidry, L., Lake, V. E., Jones, I., & C., R. D. (2005). Literacy focused service-learning projects as a tool to augment children's literature courses. 25(3), 231-236. doi: 10.1080/1090102050250306.
26. Huberman, B. (2008, 11 17). Advocates for Youth. Growth and Development, Ages Nine to 12-What Parents Need to Know. Retrieved from https://www.advocatesforyouth.org/resources/health-information/parents-15/
27. Jung, C., G. (2018). Kişiliğin gelişimi [Development of personality]. İstanbul: Pinhan Yayıncılık. ISBN: 978-605-5302-61-0
28. Kıral, B. (2020). Nitel bir veri analizi yöntemi olarak doküman analizi [Document analysis as a qualitative data analysis method]. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(15), 170-189.
29. Kakavoulis, A. (2001). Family and Sex Education: A survey of parental attitudes. Sex Education Sexuality, Society and Learning, 1(2), 163-174. doi: 10.1080/14681810120052588.
30. Ketting, E., Friele, M., & Michielsen, K. (2015). Evaluation of holistic sexuality education: A European expert group consensus agreement. The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care, 21(1), 68-80. doi: 10.3109/13625187.2015.1050715.
31. Kocatepe, B., & Bilgi, S. (2018). Toplumsal bir inşa olarak babalık: annelerin yaşam öykülerinde baba imgesi [Fatherhood as a social construction: Father image in mothers' life stories]. Feminist Eleştiri, 10(2), 43-59.
32. Kyman, W. (1995). The first step: Sexuality education for parents. Journal of Sex Education and Therapy, 21(3), 153-157. doi: 10.1080/01614576.1995.11074147.
33. Ladell, K. (2019). Spanish language children and teen books focusing on human sexuality and reproductive health. Public Library Quarterly, 38(2), 193-210. doi: 10.1080/01616846.2018.1561169.
34. Mercan, Z., & Tezel Şahin, F. (2017). Babalık rolü ve farklı kültürlerde babalık rolü algısı [Paternal role and perception of paternal role in different cultures]. Uluslararası Erken Çocukluk Eğitimi Çalışmaları Dergisi, 2(2), 1-10.
35. Özkızıklı, S., & Okutan, Ş. (2016). Bebeklik ve okul öncesi dönemde cinsel gelişim ve eğitim [Sexual development and education in infancy and preschool period]. İ. Artan (Eds.), Cinsel Gelişim ve Eğitim (s. 48-60). Ankara: Hedef CS Yayıncılık.
36. Öztürk Samur, A. (2018). Çocuk edebiyatı ve medya [Children's literature and media]. Ankara: Vize Yayıncılık. ISBN 978-605-4551-18-7.
37. Pakaluk, C. R., & Price, J. (2020). Are mothers and fathers interchangeable Caregivers? Marriage & Family Review, 56(8), 784-793. doi: 10.1080/01494929.2020.1778318.
38. Planned Parenthood. (2021). What should I teach my preschooler about pregnancy and reproduction? Planned Parenthood Federation of America Inc. Retrieved from https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/parents/preschool/what-should-i-teach-my-preschooler-about-pregnancy-and-reproduct
39. Rhoads, S. E., & Rhoads, C. (2012). Gender roles and infant/toddler care: Male and famele professors on the tenure track. Journal of Social, Evolutionary, and Cultural Psychology, 6(1), 13-31. doi: 10.1037/h0099227.
40. Robinson, K. H., Smith, E., & Davies, C. (2017). Responsibilities, tensions and ways forward: parents’ perspectives on children’s sexuality education. Sex Education Sexuality, Society and Learning, 17(3), 333-347. doi: 10.1080/14681811.2017.1301904.
41. Sever, S. (2008). Edebiyat (yazın) - yaşam ilişkisi [Literature (letters) - life relationship]. S. Sever (Eds.), Çocuk ve Edebiyat (s. 20). İzmir: Tudem Yayıncılık.
42. Thomas, K., Patterson, K., Nash, R., & Swabey, K. (2020). What have dads got to do with it? Australian fathers’ perspectives on communicating with their young children about relationships and sexuality. Sex Education. doi: 10.1080/14681811.2021.1908249.
43. UNESCO. (2009). International Technical Guidance on Sexuality Education: An evidence-informed approach for schools, teachers and health educators. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Programme and Meeting Document [166884].
44. Walker, J., L. (2001). A qualitative study of parents' experiences of providing sex education for their children: The implications for health education. Health Education Journal, 60(2), 132-146. doi: 10.1177/001789690106000205
45. WHO & BZgA. (2010). WHO Regional Offi ce for Europe and BZgA Standards for Sexuality Education in Europe. Köln: Federal Centre for Health Education (BZgA).
46. Wilson, E. K., & Koo, H. P. (2010). Mothers, fathers, sons, and daughters: gender differences in factors associated with parent-child communication about sexual topics. Reproductive Health, 7(1). doi: 10.1186/1742-4755-7-31.
47. Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2013). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri [Qualitative research methods in the social sciences]. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
48. Yaffe, Y. (2020). Systematic review of the differences between mothers and fathers in parenting styles and practices. Current Psychology. doi: 10.1007/s12144-020-01014-6.
49. Yameng Liang, J., & Bowcher, W. L. (2019). Legitimating sex education through children’s picture books in China. Sex Education; Sexuality, Society and Learning, 19(3), 329-345. doi: 10.1080/14681811.2018.1530104.
50. Yameng Liang, J., Tan, S., & O'Halloran, K. (2016). Representing sexuality and morality in sex education picture books in contemporary China. Social Semiotics, 27(1), 107-126. doi: 10.1080/10350330.2016.1161117.
51. Zastrow, C., & Krist-Ashman, K. K. (2016). İnsan Davranışı ve Sosyal Çevre [Understanding Human Behavior and the Social Environment]. Ankara: Nika Yayınevi.