BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Anayasa Mahkemesi kararlarında uluslararası ve karşılaştırmalı hukuka yapılan atıflar: ampirik bir analiz

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 67 Sayı: 1, 70 - 109, 01.03.2018

Öz

Ulusal yüksek mahkemelerin uluslararası ve karşılaştırmalı hukuka kendi kararlarında atıf yapmaları son yıllarda önemli bir tartışma konusu haline gelmiştir. Bu bağlamda, Anayasa Mahkemesi’nin iptal, itiraz ve siyasi parti kapatma ve ihtar davalarında uluslararası ve karşılaştırmalı hukuka yaptığı atıflar ampirik olarak incelenecektir. AYM’nin hangi uluslararası hukuk kaynaklarına, hangi konularda, ne kadar sıklıkla ve nasıl bir şekilde göndermede bulunduğu çalışmamızın cevap arayacağı temel sorulardır. Bu amaca dönük olarak, davayı açanın, dava konusunun, dava sonucunun ve karar yönünün kararda ya da ayrışık oylarda yapılan atıflar üzerinde bir etkisinin olup olmadığı Logit analizi yoluyla incelenmiştir. Davayı açanın ve dava sonucunun kararda yapılan atıflar üzerinde zayıf olarak bir etkisi olduğu karar yönünün ve konusunun ise bir etkisi olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. AYM kararlarında yabancı hukuk kaynaklarını yardımcı/destek norm şeklinde değerlendirmektedir

Kaynakça

  • Alford, R. P. (2006). Four mistakes in the debate on ‘outsourcing authority’. Albany Law Review 69, s. 653-681.
  • Arcioni, E. ve A. McLeod (2015). Cautious but engaged -- an Empirical study of the Australian High Court's use of foreign and international materials in constitutional cases. International Journal of Legal Information, 42(3): s. 437- 470.
  • Başlar, Kemal (2008). Türk Mahkemelerinde Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi. Avrupa Konseyi yayını. Ankara.
  • Baudenbacher, C. (2003). Judicial globalization: new development or old wine in new bottles? Texas International Law Journal, vol. 38, s. 505-526.
  • Belov,Sergey (2013). Russia: Foreign Transplants in the Russian Constitution and Invisible Foreign Precedents in Decisions of the Russian Constitutional Court. T. Groppi and M. Ponthoreau (der.) The Use of Foreign Precedents by Constitutional Judges, Oxford, Hart Publishing, s. 347-371.
  • Bentele, U. (2009). Mining for gold: the Constitutional Court of South Africa's experience with comparative constitutional law. Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law 37, s. 219-40.
  • Benvenisti, E. (2008). Reclaiming democracy: the strategic uses of foreign and international law by national courts. American Journal of International Law, 102(2), s. 241-274.
  • Benvenuto, O. J. (2006). Reevaluating the Debate Surrounding the Supreme Court’s Use of Foreign Precedent. Fordham Law Review, 38, s. 2596-2759.
  • Bertea S. ve Claudio S. (2014). Foreign precedents in judicial argument: a theoretical account. European Journal Legal Studies, 7, 2, s. 140-179.
  • Bettina-Kaiser, A. (2017). It isn’t true that England is the moon: comparative constitutional law as a means of constitutional interpretation by the courts? German Law Journal, 18, 02, s. 291-308.
  • Black, R., C. Owens, Ryan J. Walters, Daniel E., Brookhart, Jennifer L. (2014). Upending a global debate: an empirical analysis of the U.S. Supreme Court's use of transnational law to interpret domestic doctrine. Georgetown Law Journal, 103(1), s. 1-46.
  • Bobek, M. (2013). Comparative Reasoning in European Supreme Courts, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Black, Ryan C. , Ryan J. Owens and Jennifer L. Brookhart (2016), We Are the World: The U.S. Supreme Court’s Use of Foreign Sources of Law, British Journal of Political Science 46(4 ), ss: . 891-913, s. 892.
  • Buyse, A. (2015). Tacit citing: the scarcity of judicial dialogue between the global and the regional human rights mechanisms in freedom of expression cases. Tarlach McGonagle and Yvonne Donders (der.) The United Nations and Freedom of Expression and Information: Critical Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, s. 443-465
  • Canivet, G. (2006). The practice of comparative law by the supreme courts: brief reflections on the dialogue between the judges in French and European experience. Tulane Law Review, 80, s. 1377-1400.
  • Choudhry, S. (2006). Migration as a new Metaphor in Comparative Constitutional Law. in Choudhry Sujit (der.) The Migration of Constitutional Ideas, Cambridge: Cambridge Univeristy Press, s. 1-35.
  • Cross, F. B., Spriggs James.F., Johnson Timothy R., Wahlbeck Paul J. (2010). Citations in the U.S. Supreme Court: an empirical study of their use and significance. University of Illinois Law Review, 2, s. 489-575.
  • Çalı, B. (2014). Third time lucky? the dynamics of the internationalisation of domestic courts, the Turkish constitutional court and women’s right to identity in international law. https://www.ejiltalk.org/third-time-lucky-the-dynamics-of- the-internationalisation-of- and-womens-right-to-identity-in-international-law/, erişim tarihi: 24 Haziran 2017.
  • domestic-courts-the-turkish-constitutional-court
  • Daniel J. F. (2007). Constitutional Interpretation Revisited: The Effects of a Delicate Supreme Court Balance on the Inclusion of Foreign Law in American Jurisprudence. Iowa Law Review 92, s. 1037-1071.
  • De Bellis, M. (2014). The Italian Constitutional Court and comparative caw: a tale of two courts. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2428226, erişim tarihi: 30 Temmuz 2017.
  • Delahunty, Robert and John Yoo, (2005), “Against Foreign Law”, Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy, 1, s. 291-330.
  • Dietrich, F., Nielsen, Ingrid and Smyth Russell (2008). One hundred years of citation of authority on the Supreme Court of New South Wales. In University of New South Wales Law Journal 31(1), s. 189-214.
  • Ejima, Akiko (2013). A Gap between the Apparent and Hidden Attitudes of the Supreme Court of Japan towards Foreign Precedents. T. Groppi and M. Ponthoreau (der.) The Use of Foreign Precedents by Constitutional Judges, Oxford, Hart Publishing, s. 273-299.
  • Farber, D. A. (2007). Supreme Court, the law of nations, and citations of foreign law: the lessons of history. California Law Review, Vol. 95, 1335-1365.
  • Fasone, Cristina (2013). The Supreme Court of Ireland and the Use of Foreign Precedents: The Value of Constitutional History. T. Groppi and M. Ponthoreau (der.) The Use of Foreign Precedents by Constitutional Judges, Oxford, Hart Publishing, s. 97-127.
  • Flanagan, B. ve Sinead Ahern (2011). Judicial decision-making and transnational law: a survey of common-law supreme court judges, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 60, s. 1-28.
  • Frank, Daniel J. (2007). Interpretation Revisited: The Effects of a Delicate Supreme Court Balance on the Inclusion of Foreign law in American Jurisprudence, Iowa Law Review 92, 1037-1069
  • Frishman, O. (2016). Should courts fear transnational engagement? Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, 49, 1, s. 59-105.
  • Gamper, Anna (2013). Austria: Non-cosmopolitan, but Europe-friendly-The Constitutional Court's Comparative Approach. T. Groppi and M. Ponthoreau (der.) The Use of Foreign Precedents by Constitutional Judges, Oxford, Hart Publishing, s. 213-227.
  • Gelter, M. ve Mathias M. Siems (2013). Language, Legal Origins, and Culture before the Courts: Cross-Citations between Supreme Courts in Europe, Supreme Court Economic Review, 21, s. 215-269.
  • Gelter, M. ve Mathias Siems (2012). Networks, dialogue or one-way traffic? an empirical analysis of cross-citations between ten of Europe’s highest courts. Utrecht Law Review, 8, 88-99.
  • Gelter, M. ve Siems, Mathias M. (2014). Citations to foreign courts - illegitimate and superfluous, or unavoidable - evidence from Europe, American Journal of Comparative Law, 62(1), s. 35-86.
  • Gerek, Ş. ve Ali Rıza Aydın (2004). Türk anayasa yargısında İnsan Hakları Avrupa Mahkemesinin Yeri. Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 37, 3, s. 83-110.
  • Groppi Tania. ve Marie-Claire Ponthoreau (2013). Conclusion, the use of foreign precedents by constitutional judges: a limited practice, an uncertain future, T. Groppi and M.-C. Ponthoreau (der.), The Use of Foreign Precedents By Constitutional Judges, Hart Publishing, Oxford and Portland.
  • Groppi, Tania. ve Marie-Claire Ponthoreau (2013). The Use of Foreign Precedents by Constitutional Judges, Hart Publishing, Oxford, Oregon, Portland.
  • Hailbronner, M. ve Stefan Martini (2017). Constitutional reasoning in the German Federal Constitutional Court. András Jakab, Arthur Dyevre and Giulio Itzcovich (der.), Comparative Constitutional Reasoning, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 323-355.
  • Harding, S. K. (2003). Comparative reasoning and judicial review. Yale Journal of International Law 28, s. 409-464.
  • Hirschl, R. (2017), “Judicial Review and the Politics of Comparative Citations: theory, Evidence &
  • methodological Challenges”, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2975986, erişim tarihi: 12 Ağustos 2017, s. 3.
  • Hirschl, R. (2014a). In search of an identity: voluntary foreign citations in discordant constitutional settings. American Journal of Comparative Law, 62 (3): 547-584.
  • Hirschl, R. (2014b). Comparative Matters: The Renaissance of Comparative Constitutional Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Jaegere, J. D. (2016), Addressing an external audience: an empirical analysis of citation practices of the Belgian Constitutional Court. ECPR Genel Konferansına sunulan bildiri, https://ecpr.eu/Filestore/PaperProposal/29f697d0-8404-4960-a65e- 1e3039294adf.pdf, erişim tarihi 6 Ekim 2017. Prag,
  • Kalb, J. (2013). The judicial role in new democracies: a strategic account of comparative citation. Yale Journal of International Law 38, s. 423-465.
  • Kaufman, Z. D (2015). From the Aztecs to the Kalahari bushmen -- conservative justices' citation of foreign sources: consistency, inconsistency, or evolution? Yale Journal of International Law Online, 41, s. 1-8.
  • Lambrecht, S. (2013). The attitude of four supreme courts towards the european court of human rights: Strasbourg has spoken…, The Judge in European and

Citations to the International and Comparative Law in the Decisions of the Constitutional Court: An Empirical Analysis

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 67 Sayı: 1, 70 - 109, 01.03.2018

Öz

Citations to international and comparative law by national supreme courts has been an important topic of discussion in recent years. It is within this context that this study empirically examines citations made to the international and comparative law by the Turkish Constitutional Court (TCC) in its rulings with regard to abstract and concrete review and political party closure cases. To this end, we address the following questions: Which sources of foreign law are cited by the TCC? Why and how are they cited and used? Is there any difference in citations in terms of the subject matter of the case? We have conducted a logit analysis to investigate whether litigators’ the identity, the subject-matter, the outcome and the direction of the case influence citation practices of the TCC. We have found that while the direction and the subject-matter of the case have no impact on the use of foreign citations, the identity of the litigator and the outcome of the case have a weak influence on it. The TCC employs foreign sources of law as a supportive norm in its decison-making process

Kaynakça

  • Alford, R. P. (2006). Four mistakes in the debate on ‘outsourcing authority’. Albany Law Review 69, s. 653-681.
  • Arcioni, E. ve A. McLeod (2015). Cautious but engaged -- an Empirical study of the Australian High Court's use of foreign and international materials in constitutional cases. International Journal of Legal Information, 42(3): s. 437- 470.
  • Başlar, Kemal (2008). Türk Mahkemelerinde Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi. Avrupa Konseyi yayını. Ankara.
  • Baudenbacher, C. (2003). Judicial globalization: new development or old wine in new bottles? Texas International Law Journal, vol. 38, s. 505-526.
  • Belov,Sergey (2013). Russia: Foreign Transplants in the Russian Constitution and Invisible Foreign Precedents in Decisions of the Russian Constitutional Court. T. Groppi and M. Ponthoreau (der.) The Use of Foreign Precedents by Constitutional Judges, Oxford, Hart Publishing, s. 347-371.
  • Bentele, U. (2009). Mining for gold: the Constitutional Court of South Africa's experience with comparative constitutional law. Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law 37, s. 219-40.
  • Benvenisti, E. (2008). Reclaiming democracy: the strategic uses of foreign and international law by national courts. American Journal of International Law, 102(2), s. 241-274.
  • Benvenuto, O. J. (2006). Reevaluating the Debate Surrounding the Supreme Court’s Use of Foreign Precedent. Fordham Law Review, 38, s. 2596-2759.
  • Bertea S. ve Claudio S. (2014). Foreign precedents in judicial argument: a theoretical account. European Journal Legal Studies, 7, 2, s. 140-179.
  • Bettina-Kaiser, A. (2017). It isn’t true that England is the moon: comparative constitutional law as a means of constitutional interpretation by the courts? German Law Journal, 18, 02, s. 291-308.
  • Black, R., C. Owens, Ryan J. Walters, Daniel E., Brookhart, Jennifer L. (2014). Upending a global debate: an empirical analysis of the U.S. Supreme Court's use of transnational law to interpret domestic doctrine. Georgetown Law Journal, 103(1), s. 1-46.
  • Bobek, M. (2013). Comparative Reasoning in European Supreme Courts, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Black, Ryan C. , Ryan J. Owens and Jennifer L. Brookhart (2016), We Are the World: The U.S. Supreme Court’s Use of Foreign Sources of Law, British Journal of Political Science 46(4 ), ss: . 891-913, s. 892.
  • Buyse, A. (2015). Tacit citing: the scarcity of judicial dialogue between the global and the regional human rights mechanisms in freedom of expression cases. Tarlach McGonagle and Yvonne Donders (der.) The United Nations and Freedom of Expression and Information: Critical Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, s. 443-465
  • Canivet, G. (2006). The practice of comparative law by the supreme courts: brief reflections on the dialogue between the judges in French and European experience. Tulane Law Review, 80, s. 1377-1400.
  • Choudhry, S. (2006). Migration as a new Metaphor in Comparative Constitutional Law. in Choudhry Sujit (der.) The Migration of Constitutional Ideas, Cambridge: Cambridge Univeristy Press, s. 1-35.
  • Cross, F. B., Spriggs James.F., Johnson Timothy R., Wahlbeck Paul J. (2010). Citations in the U.S. Supreme Court: an empirical study of their use and significance. University of Illinois Law Review, 2, s. 489-575.
  • Çalı, B. (2014). Third time lucky? the dynamics of the internationalisation of domestic courts, the Turkish constitutional court and women’s right to identity in international law. https://www.ejiltalk.org/third-time-lucky-the-dynamics-of- the-internationalisation-of- and-womens-right-to-identity-in-international-law/, erişim tarihi: 24 Haziran 2017.
  • domestic-courts-the-turkish-constitutional-court
  • Daniel J. F. (2007). Constitutional Interpretation Revisited: The Effects of a Delicate Supreme Court Balance on the Inclusion of Foreign Law in American Jurisprudence. Iowa Law Review 92, s. 1037-1071.
  • De Bellis, M. (2014). The Italian Constitutional Court and comparative caw: a tale of two courts. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2428226, erişim tarihi: 30 Temmuz 2017.
  • Delahunty, Robert and John Yoo, (2005), “Against Foreign Law”, Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy, 1, s. 291-330.
  • Dietrich, F., Nielsen, Ingrid and Smyth Russell (2008). One hundred years of citation of authority on the Supreme Court of New South Wales. In University of New South Wales Law Journal 31(1), s. 189-214.
  • Ejima, Akiko (2013). A Gap between the Apparent and Hidden Attitudes of the Supreme Court of Japan towards Foreign Precedents. T. Groppi and M. Ponthoreau (der.) The Use of Foreign Precedents by Constitutional Judges, Oxford, Hart Publishing, s. 273-299.
  • Farber, D. A. (2007). Supreme Court, the law of nations, and citations of foreign law: the lessons of history. California Law Review, Vol. 95, 1335-1365.
  • Fasone, Cristina (2013). The Supreme Court of Ireland and the Use of Foreign Precedents: The Value of Constitutional History. T. Groppi and M. Ponthoreau (der.) The Use of Foreign Precedents by Constitutional Judges, Oxford, Hart Publishing, s. 97-127.
  • Flanagan, B. ve Sinead Ahern (2011). Judicial decision-making and transnational law: a survey of common-law supreme court judges, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 60, s. 1-28.
  • Frank, Daniel J. (2007). Interpretation Revisited: The Effects of a Delicate Supreme Court Balance on the Inclusion of Foreign law in American Jurisprudence, Iowa Law Review 92, 1037-1069
  • Frishman, O. (2016). Should courts fear transnational engagement? Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, 49, 1, s. 59-105.
  • Gamper, Anna (2013). Austria: Non-cosmopolitan, but Europe-friendly-The Constitutional Court's Comparative Approach. T. Groppi and M. Ponthoreau (der.) The Use of Foreign Precedents by Constitutional Judges, Oxford, Hart Publishing, s. 213-227.
  • Gelter, M. ve Mathias M. Siems (2013). Language, Legal Origins, and Culture before the Courts: Cross-Citations between Supreme Courts in Europe, Supreme Court Economic Review, 21, s. 215-269.
  • Gelter, M. ve Mathias Siems (2012). Networks, dialogue or one-way traffic? an empirical analysis of cross-citations between ten of Europe’s highest courts. Utrecht Law Review, 8, 88-99.
  • Gelter, M. ve Siems, Mathias M. (2014). Citations to foreign courts - illegitimate and superfluous, or unavoidable - evidence from Europe, American Journal of Comparative Law, 62(1), s. 35-86.
  • Gerek, Ş. ve Ali Rıza Aydın (2004). Türk anayasa yargısında İnsan Hakları Avrupa Mahkemesinin Yeri. Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 37, 3, s. 83-110.
  • Groppi Tania. ve Marie-Claire Ponthoreau (2013). Conclusion, the use of foreign precedents by constitutional judges: a limited practice, an uncertain future, T. Groppi and M.-C. Ponthoreau (der.), The Use of Foreign Precedents By Constitutional Judges, Hart Publishing, Oxford and Portland.
  • Groppi, Tania. ve Marie-Claire Ponthoreau (2013). The Use of Foreign Precedents by Constitutional Judges, Hart Publishing, Oxford, Oregon, Portland.
  • Hailbronner, M. ve Stefan Martini (2017). Constitutional reasoning in the German Federal Constitutional Court. András Jakab, Arthur Dyevre and Giulio Itzcovich (der.), Comparative Constitutional Reasoning, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 323-355.
  • Harding, S. K. (2003). Comparative reasoning and judicial review. Yale Journal of International Law 28, s. 409-464.
  • Hirschl, R. (2017), “Judicial Review and the Politics of Comparative Citations: theory, Evidence &
  • methodological Challenges”, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2975986, erişim tarihi: 12 Ağustos 2017, s. 3.
  • Hirschl, R. (2014a). In search of an identity: voluntary foreign citations in discordant constitutional settings. American Journal of Comparative Law, 62 (3): 547-584.
  • Hirschl, R. (2014b). Comparative Matters: The Renaissance of Comparative Constitutional Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Jaegere, J. D. (2016), Addressing an external audience: an empirical analysis of citation practices of the Belgian Constitutional Court. ECPR Genel Konferansına sunulan bildiri, https://ecpr.eu/Filestore/PaperProposal/29f697d0-8404-4960-a65e- 1e3039294adf.pdf, erişim tarihi 6 Ekim 2017. Prag,
  • Kalb, J. (2013). The judicial role in new democracies: a strategic account of comparative citation. Yale Journal of International Law 38, s. 423-465.
  • Kaufman, Z. D (2015). From the Aztecs to the Kalahari bushmen -- conservative justices' citation of foreign sources: consistency, inconsistency, or evolution? Yale Journal of International Law Online, 41, s. 1-8.
  • Lambrecht, S. (2013). The attitude of four supreme courts towards the european court of human rights: Strasbourg has spoken…, The Judge in European and
Toplam 46 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Diğer ID JA59BG53AA
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Engin Yıldırım Bu kişi benim

Serdar Gülener Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Mart 2018
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Mart 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 67 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Yıldırım, Engin, ve Serdar Gülener. “Anayasa Mahkemesi kararlarında Uluslararası Ve karşılaştırmalı Hukuka yapılan atıflar: Ampirik Bir Analiz”. Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 67, sy. 1 (Mart 2018): 70-109. https://doi.org/10.1501/Hukfak_0000001912.
.