William Tyndale’in Papalık Eleştirisi ve Anglikan Teo-Politiğine Etkisi

Öz

Bu çalışma İngiliz Reformasyon hareketinin öncü isimlerinden biri olan William Tyndale’in (ö. 1536) Papalık eleştirisini ve bunun Anglikan Kilise geleneği üzerindeki etkilerini ele almaktadır. Tyndale, reform hareketinin ilke ve prensiplerinin dönemin İngiltere coğrafyasına yayılmasına katkıda bulunan isimlerin başında gelmektedir. Martin Luther’in (ö. 1546) Kutsal Kitap, iman ve inananların ruhsal özgürlüğüne dayanan teolojik prensiplerini rehber edinen Tyndale, Kutsal Kitabı Katolik Kilise geleneği ve hiyerarşisinin üzerinde nihai otorite olarak konumlandırmıştır. O, bütün inananların bu metinleri kendi anadillerinde okuyabilmesini savunmuş ve bu düşüncenin gerçekleşmesi için İngilizceye tercüme etmiştir. Tyndale’in metni basılı ilk İngilizce Kutsal Kitap tercümesi olması bakımından önemlidir. Nitekim kendisinin “İngilizce Kutsal Kitabın babası” şeklinde nitelenmesi bu önemi ortaya koymaktadır. O, tercüme çalışmalarının yanında kendisinin teolojik ve politik anlayışını yansıtan çeşitli eserler de kaleme almıştır. Eserlerinde Papalığın dinî ve siyasi alanda yürüttüğü faaliyetlerin Kilise’nin yozlaşmasına yol açtığını öne sürmüş, buna karşın erken dönem Hıristiyanlığın Kutsal Kitaba dayanan saf din anlayışına dönmeyi önermiştir. Tyndale’in söz konusu fikirleri İngiliz reform hareketinin gidişatını derinden etkilemiştir. Çalışmada, Tyndale’in teolojik ve politik fikirlerinin, bağımsız Anglikan Kilisesi düşüncesinin oluşumunda merkezi bir öneme sahip unsurları içerdiği ortaya konmaktadır. Ayrıca Tyndale’in çalışmalarında Papalık kurumuna yönelttiği eleştirilerden hareketle, Anglikan Kilisesi’nin kuruluşuna yol açan zihnî, entelektüel ve kuramsal arka planı ortaya koymak da çalışmanın hedefleri arasındadır. Çalışmada analitik değerlendirme yöntemiyle metinler üzerinde derinleşerek Tyndale’in konu hakkındaki görüşleri ortaya konmuştur. Bu bağlamda temel kaynaklar olarak Tyndale’in Kilise’ye ve bünyesindeki din adamlarına dönük eleştirilerini kaleme aldığı eserlerinin yanında konuyla ilgili yapılmış modern çalışmalar analiz edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Dinler Tarihi
• William Tyndale
• Papalık
• Anglikan Kilisesi
• Otorite
• Reform
• Politik-Teoloji.

William Tyndale’s Critique of the Papacy and Its Influence on Anglican Theopolitics Abstract

Öz

leading figures of the English Reformation, and its impact on the Anglican Church tradition. Tyndale was one of the foremost figures who contributed to the spread of the principles and tenets of the Reformation throughout England at that time. Guided by Martin Luther’s (d. 1546) theological principles based on the Bible, faith, and the spiritual freedom of believers, Tyndale positioned the Bible as the ultimate authority above the tradition and hierarchy of the Catholic Church. He advocated that all believers should be able to read these texts in their own native languages and translated them into English to realise this idea. Tyndale’s text is significant in that it was the first printed English translation of the Bible. Indeed, his description as the ‘father of the English Bible’ highlights this importance. In addition to his translation work, he also wrote various works reflecting his theological and political views. In his works, he argued that the activities of the Papacy in the religious and political spheres led to the corruption of the Church, and in contrast, he proposed a return to the pure understanding of religion based on the Holy Bible in early Christianity. Tyndale’s ideas had a profound impact on the course of the English Reformation. The study demonstrates that Tyndale's theological and political ideas contained elements of central importance in the formation of the independent Anglican Church’s thought. Another objective of the study is to reveal the mental, intellectual and theoretical background that led to the establishment of the Anglican Church, based on Tyndale’s criticisms of the Papacy in his works. The study uses analytical evaluation methods to delve deeply into the texts and reveal Tyndale’s views on the subject. In this context, Tyndale’s works criticising the Church and its clergy are used as primary sources, alongside modern studies on the subject.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• History of Religions
• William Tyndale
• Papacy
• Anglican Church
• Authority
• Reform
• Political-Theology.

Kaynakça

1. Avis, Paul. In Search of Authority: Anglican Theological Method From The Reformation to The Enlightenment. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2014.
2. Betteridge, Thomas. “William Tyndale and Religious Debate.” Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 40:3 (2010): 439–461.
3. Boehrer, Bruce. “Tyndale’s “The Practyse of Prelates”: Reformation Doctrine and the Royal Supremacy.” Renaissance and Reformation / Renaissance et Réforme 10:3 (1986): 257–276.
4. Brezzi, Paolo. The Papacy: Its Origins and Historical Evolution. Çev. Henry J. Yannone. Maryland: The Newman Press, 1958.
5. Canon Law Society of America, ed. Code of Canon Law: Latin–English Edition. Washington, DC: Canon Law Society of America, 1983.
6. Coast, David. “William Tyndale, Henry VIII, and The Obedience of a Christian Man.” The Historical Journal 64: 4 (2020): 1-21.
7. Collinson, Patrick. “William Tyndale and the Course of the English Reformation.” Reformation 1:1 (1996): 72–97. Corbet, James A. The Papacy: A Brief History. Princeton: Van Nostrand Anvil Books, 1956.
8. Daly, Jonathan. The Rise of Western Power: A Comparative History of Western Civilization. London & New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2014.

9. Daniell, David. William Tyndale: A Biography. New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 1994.
10. Dinleyici, Mustafa Furkan. Ortaçağ Papalığının Mimarı Gregorius Magnus. İstanbul: Ayışığı Kitapları, 2023.
11. Dinleyici, Mustafa Furkan. “Roma Katolik Kilisesi’nde Bir Dönüm Noktası Olarak Papa I. Leo.” Marife Dini Araştırmalar Dergisi 22:2 (2022): 715-737.
12. Eraslan, Osman. Petrus İlk Havari, İlk Papa. Konya: Çizgi Kitabevi, 2025.
13. Fiero, Gloria K. The Humanistic Tradition Book 3. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011.
14. Foxe, John. Foxe’s Book of Martyrs: Select Narratives. Ed. John N. King. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.
15. Joyce, George. “Church, The”. The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908, 3: 744-761.
16. Granfield, Patrick. “Papacy.” The Encyclopedia of Religion. New York: Simon & Schuster Macmillan, 1995, 10: 6965-6976.
17. Huntington, Ray L. ve Marsh, W. Jeffrey Marsh. “Revisiting William Tyndale, Father of the English Bible.” Religious Educator 12:2 (2011): 12-33.
18. Kaiser, Denis. “Leo the Great on the Supremacy of the Bishop of Rome.” Andrews University Seminary Student Journal 2:1 (2015): 73-89.
19. Korhan, İbrahim. Katolik Kilisesi’nde Otorite Sorunu: Papalık ve Konsilyarizm. Ankara: Eskiyeni Yayınları, 2024.
20. Kutsal Kitap: Eski ve Yeni Antlaşma (Tevrat, Zebur, İncil). İstanbul: Kitab-ı Mukaddes Şirketi, 2001.
21. Luther, Martin. Luther’s Large Catechism. Çev. Friedemann Hebart. Adelaide: Lutheran Publishing House, 1983.
22. Luther, Martin. Luther’s Commentary on the First Twenty-Two Psalms. Haz. John Nicholas Lenker. Minneapolis: Lutherans in All Lands Co., 1904.
23. Luther, Martin. Three Treatises. Philadelphia: Muhlenberg Press, 1943.
24. Marshall, Peter. Reformation England 1480-1642. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2012.
25. Marshall, Peter. The Reformation: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.
26. McDiarmid, John F. “The Practice of Prelates: Tyndale’s Papal Narrative and its German Model.” Reformation 9:1 (2004): 25-48.
27. McGrath, Alister E. Christianity’s Dangerous Idea: The Protestant Revolution—A History from the Sixteenth Century to the Twenty-First. New York: HarperOne, 2007.
28. McLean, Antonia. Humanism and the Rise of Science in Tudor England. New York: Neale Watson Academic Publications, 1972.
29. Moynahan, Brian. God’s Bestseller: William Tyndale, Thomas More, and the Writing of the English Bible—A Story of Martyrdom and Betrayal. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2002.
30. Nielson, Jon ve Royal Skousen. “How Much of the King James Bible is William Tyndale’s? An Estimation Based on Sampling.” Reformation 3:1 (1998): 49-74.
31. Norton, David. A History of the English Bible as Literature. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
32. O’Donnell, A. M. “Tyndale, William”. The New Catholic Encyclopaedia. Washington, DC: The Gale Group, Inc., 2001, 14: 252-254.
33. Olgun, Hakan. Sekülerliğin Teolojik Kurgusu Protestanlık. İstanbul: İz Yayıncılık, 2006.
34. Prill, Thorsten. “Martin Luther, the Two Kingdoms, and the Church.” Evangel: The British Evangelical Review 23:1 (2005): 17-21.
35. Rex, Richard. Henry VIII and the English Reformation. Hong Kong: Macmillan, 1993.
36. Seyfeli, Canan. Ermeni Kilisesi'nde Sakramentler. Konya: Çizgi Kitabevi, 2015.
37. Seyfeli, Canan. “Mesih Sırrı: Sakramentler Fikrinin Kutsal Kitap’taki Dayanağı (Pavlus).” Ortadoğu ve Göç 11:2 (2021): 332–375.
38. Taşpınar, İsmail ve İbrahim Korhan. “Ortaçağ Katolik Kilisesi’nde Konsilyarizm ve Konsilyarist Hareket.” Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 3:1(2022): 101-119.
39. Tyndale, William. An Answer to Sir Thomas More’s Dialogue. Ed. Henry Walter. Cambridge: University Press, 1850.
40. Tyndale, William. Doctrinal Treatises and Introductions to Different Portions of the Holy Scriptures. Ed. Henry Walter. Cambridge: University Press, 1848.
41. Tyndale, William. Expositions and Notes on Sundry Portions of the Holy Scriptures together with the Practice of Prelates. Ed. Henry Walter. Cambridge: University Press, 1849.
42. Tyndale, William. The Obedience of a Christian Man. England: Penguin Books, 2000.
43. Ullmann, Walter. “Papacy (Early and Medieval Period).” The New Catholic Encyclopaedia. New York: The Gale Group Inc, 2001, 10:829-840.
44. Whitford, David M. (ed.). Reformation and Early Modern Europe: A Guide to Research. Missouri: Truman State University Press, 2008.